Homeopathic Dilutions Research Articles

Investigation of the Physicochemical Behaviour of Homoeopathic Dilutions of Glycerol (Glycerinum) at the Temperatures (293.15 - 318.15) K: Volumetric, Acoustic and ViscometricStudy

The physicochemical studies of homoeopathic medicines provide better understanding regarding the presence and mechanism of their action in ultra-dilutions. The physicochemical behaviour of glycerol dilutions homoeopathic dilutions has been investigated from the measurements of densities, , ultrasonic speeds, u and viscosities,  of pure ethanol control (91% ethanol in water) and 33 dilutions of glycerol dilutions of potencies ranging from 1C to 200C at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressure. From the experimental data, a number of physicochemical parameters, viz., the isentropic compressibilities, s , intermolecular free length, Lf , acoustic impedance, Z, relative association, RA, relaxation time, , ultrasonic absorption, /f 2 , pseudoGrüneisen parameter, , deviations in isentropic compressibility, s , deviations in intermolecular free length, Lf , deviations in acoustic impedance, Z, deviations in viscosity,  and deviations in pseudo-Grüneisen parameter, have been evaluated. These parameters showed diverse behaviour at certain potencies of these homoeopathic dilutions. The results have been qualitatively discussed in terms of prevailing interactions of these glycerol dilutions dilutions. The results indicated that that even in extreme dilutions (50C, 110C, 150C and 160C) the molecules of glycerol dilutions may be present in these homoeopathic formulations

Efficacy of Homeopathic Higher Dilutions in management of Sleep Disorders: A Review

Background: Sleep disorders, including insomnia, have diverse causes and can significantly impact physical and mental health. Homeopathy is explored as an alternative treatment for these disorders, but its efficacy remains uncertain. Aim/Objective: This study reviews clinical research on the efficacy of homeopathic higher dilutions remedies for sleep disorders. The goal is to provide insights into the progress in clinical and preclinical investigations on homeopathy for sleep disorders. Methodology: We conducted a comprehensive database search for original clinical studies on homeopathy and sleep disorders and its related terminology published until September 2023, applying exclusion criteria to select relevant studies. Results: We identified 11 studies meeting our criteria. These studies explored the use of homeopathic remedies for managing sleep disorders with the help of various assessment tools, like Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), STAI questionnaire, Jenkins Sleep Scale (JSS), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Sleep Diary (SD), Sleep Impairment Index (SII), Visual Analogic Scale (VAS), and Trait of Anxiety Scale (TAS). Findings included reduced anxiety and improved sleep quality with Passiflora Compose, potential benefits of individualized homeopathic treatment for insomnia, and positive outcomes in children and young adults with sleep issues. Homeopathy also showed potential effects on sleep patterns in a rat study. Conclusion: The reviewed studies suggest the potential benefits of homeopathic treatments for sleep-related conditions. Passiflora Compose, individualized homeopathic treatment, and homeopathic similimum demonstrated promise in improving sleep quality and reducing anxiety. More research and larger trials are needed for wider acceptance, but these findings highlight their value for diverse populations.

Efficacy of Homoeopathic Ultra High Dilutions in management of Dysmenorrhoea: A Review

Introduction: Dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, affects a substantial portion of women worldwide, with prevalence rates reaching up to 67 to 90% among young women. This condition, characterized by intense lower abdominal cramps and associated symptoms, has a significant impact on women's quality of life. Conventional treatments like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have limitations, leading many to explore alternative therapies such as homeopathy. Objective: This article reviews the effects of homeopathic treatments on dysmenorrhea patients and examines seven studies conducted in this context. Methods: Studies which meet the specific required criteria; involving dysmenorrhea and Homoeopathy and being published in peer-reviewed English-language scientific journals were only included. Various parameters, such as disease intensity scales, the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), Pain Rating Scale (PRS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and quality of life (QoL) using the World Health Organization Quality of Life: Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF) scale, numerical rating scale (NRS), and verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMSS), were evaluated. The results before and after treatment with homoeopathic high dilutions have been compared and summarized. Results: Clinical analysis and statistical data of reviewed studies reveal homeopathic high dilutions as effective for Primary Dysmenorrhea, reducing pain (VAS), improving quality of life (WHOQOL), and demonstrating safety, emphasizing their holistic potential.

Comparison of cytotoxicity caused by Viscum album in human mesenchymal stem cells and hepatocellular carcinoma cells

Viscum album (VA), also known as Mistletoe, has various therapeutic properties, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. It has been used for treating different types of cancer, exhibiting proven efficacy against breast cancer, glioblastoma, carcinoma, and other advanced-stage tumor types. Besides promoting improvements in the clinical condition, VA also helps reduce the side effects caused by conventional treatment, thereby offering patients a better quality of life. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the effects of the homeopathic dilution of VA at the potency of D30 (1x10-30) (VA D30) on human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). The cells were grown in 75 cm² flasks until they reached approximately 80% confluence. Subsequently, they were trypsinized and plated in 96-well plates at 10,000 cells/well. After 24 hours of incubation in an oven, VA was added at 30 and 40 µL/mL concentrations. The cells were further incubated for an additional 48 hours. After the treatment, the cells underwent a cell viability test using MTT. The results indicated a decrease in HepG2 viability, while no damage to normal cells (MSCs) was detected. The findings suggest that VAD30 holds promise as a potential therapeutic agent in treating hepatocellular carcinoma due to its observed cytotoxicity towards HepG2 cells while exhibiting no adverse effects on mesenchymal stem cells at the equivalent concentration.

Acoustic, optic and absorption studies of homeopathic dilution aurum metallicum

Acoustic, optic and absorption studies of homeopathic dilution aurum metallicum

Homeopathic dilutions of Phytolacca decandra induce cytotoxicity of human breast adenocarcinoma cells

Breast cancer is a malignant tumor frequently diagnosed in the female population that representsthe main cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Recently, the use of complementary therapiessuch as homeopathy has increased to alleviate the side effects of conventional allopathic treatments.However, the cellular and molecular effects of homeopathic medicaments have not been fullyclarified. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro effects of Phytolacca decandrahomeopathic preparations on human breast adenocarcinoma cells. For this, MCF-7 breastadenocarcinoma cells were cultivated in the presence or absence of Phytolacca decandra mothertincture (PdTM) or centesimal Hahnemannian dilution (CH) of Phytolacca decandra: 30 or 200 CH.Determination of apoptosis and necrosis percentages, cytokine production and morphologicalchanges were evaluated after 24, 48 and 72 hours of culture in each of the treatments. Resultsobtained in cytotoxicity analyses showed a higher percentage of death in cells treated withhomeopathic dilutions, with similar results to that presented by cells treated with Doxorubicin orPdTM. In contrast, cells treated with homeopathic dilutions of Phytolacca decandra did not showmarked differences in the production of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines when compared tountreated. Similarly, analyses of cell morphology did not display significant differences before andafter treatment with homeopathic dilutions, when compared to untreated cells. Already, cells treatedwith PdTM presented marked cellular alterations with observation of apoptotic bodies in the threeevaluated times. Together, results show that homeopathic dilutions of Phytolacca decandra inducedcytotoxicity of human breast adenocarcinoma cells in the absence of inflammatory process.

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Activity of Homoeopathic Dilutions of Myristica sebifera against Staphylococcus aureus

Abstract Background The Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) has trend of increasing morbidity and mortality which affect the management of variety of infectious disorders in humans. Our skin is native to the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is also a frequent source of infections in both the general population and healthcare settings. On the other side, Myristica sebifera is known for its great antiseptic activity in Homoeopathy. Objective This study was aimed to explore the phytoconstituents & antimicrobial activity of Homoeopathic preparation of Myristica sebifera 12C, 30C & 200C. Materials and Methods Myristica sebifera 12C, 30C & 200C were tested for identification of its phytoconstituents and antimicrobial activity was evaluated following Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion (KBDD) method according to clinical and laboratory standard (CLSIM44 A) with slight modifications. The diameter of zone of inhibition was measured and compared with Gentamicin (Positive Control) & Alcohol (62% & 91% as Negative Controls). The experiment was performed thrice to check the accuracy and reproducibility. Result Myristica sebifera 12C & 30C showed maximum zone of inhibition up to (10.33 ± 1.52 & 11.67 ± 1.52 respectively) against Staphylococcus aureus when compared to control (Alcohol 62% & 91%) as 6.00 ± 0.00. Conclusion Phytochemical studies showed presence of alkaloids and carbohydrate in Myristica sebifera 12C and 30C. The maximum percentage of zone of inhibition (94%) was found in Myristica sebifera 30C followed by Myristica sebifera 12C (72%). This antimicrobial study suggests that Myristica sebifera 12C & 30C could be helpful for treating the disorders caused by Staphylococcus aureus.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Arnica montana (mother tincture and homeopathic dilutions) in various cell models

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe plant Arnica montana L. has been shown to alleviate inflammation, pain and swelling associated with trauma, and post-operative clinical conditions, yet the mechanism of action is not well understood. Aim of the studyThe study was designed to investigate the effect of Arnica montana (A. montana) mother tincture and homeopathic dilutions on inflammation markers, oxidative stress and cell migration in diverse cell culture models. Materials and methodsWe tested A. montana mother tincture and a range of homeopathic dilutions in different human and murine cell culture models to demonstrate their anti-inflammatory properties by measuring the inflammatory markers: tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell migration. The inflammatory markers were measured by ELISA assays. The intracellular oxidative stress (ROS) in microglial cells was measured using Deep Red CellROX probe. The cell migration was examined by wound healing using the Oris Cell migration assay. ResultsThese data showed the ability of A. montana (mother tincture and mainly 1C dilution) to significantly reduce TNFα production in inflamed macrophages compared with vehicle (control). They significantly reduced both IL-6 and MCP-1 in inflamed human microglial cells and significantly decreased COX-2 expression in inflamed murine fibroblasts. Moreover, A. montana mother tincture reduced the cell migration whereas 9C dilution significantly enhanced the migration of fibroblast cells compared with vehicle. The expression of ICAM-1 was significantly reduced with A. montana mother tincture and 1C, 3C, 5C, and 9C dilutions in inflamed human endothelial cells compared with vehicle. A. montana mother tincture and 1C, 3C, 5C and 9C dilutions induced a significant and consistent effect on ROS production in inflamed murine microglial cells. A. montana 1C had the largest impact on ROS production. ConclusionsMother tincture and 1C dilution of A. montana showed anti-inflammatory properties assessed by measurement of several markers (pro-inflammatory cytokines, adhesion molecule, ROS) in various human and murine cell models. In addition, A. montana 3C, 5C, 9C dilutions have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects as highlighted on both primary endothelial cells and murine microglial cells.

Evaluation of the therapeutic potential of vomit seed (Strychnos nux-vomica) homeopathic treatment in acute acetaminophen-induced toxicity

Purpose: To investigate the effect of vomit seed homeopathic drugs (14CH and 30CH) on paracetamolinduced toxicity in rats.
 Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each (n = 8) and treated for 12 days. During the treatment period, group (G) one (G1) which constitutes the control group received filtered water, whereas groups two (G2), three (G3), and four (G4) were gavaged with a toxic dose of paracetamol 1/4 of LD50. Next, Strychnos nux-vomica (0.5 mg/kg) homeopathic dilutions of 14CH and 30CH were administered to G3 and G4, respectively. Hematological, biochemical, and antioxidant markers were assessed.
 Results: Homeopathic drug groups, namely G3 and G4, showed significant recovery in some hematological (red blood cells count and hemoglobin concentration; p < 0.01) and biochemical parameters (urea, creatinine, glutamic transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase; p < 0.001). The level of malondialdehyde significantly decreased while glutathione level significantly increased in treated rats.
 Conclusion: The antioxidant and anti-hemolytic properties of vomit seeds protect against paracetamolinduced acute toxicity in rats by reducing oxidative stress, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity in rats.

A Meta-analysis of the Efficacy of Homoeopathic Ultra High Dilutions on Wheat Plant Growth and Disease Management

Homeopathic medicines have been examined in plant models for various purposes like promotion of seed germination, growth and physiology of plants, plant disease control, secondary metabolites enhancement, metal detoxification, etc. However, a limited number of the studies question the reliability of the data, which restricts the use of homoeopathy in the plant system. Therefore this meta-analysis was undertaken to investigate the effect of various homoeopathic medicines on seed germination, growth and disease control in wheat (Triticumaestivum L.). A web search was performed on the National Library of Medicine’s PubMed search engine and 16 studies were retrieved based on inclusion and exclusion criterions. Using data from each study, two by two tables were prepared and fixed mean differences for plant growth, odd ratios for seed germination and risk ratio for disease control along with their ninety-five percent confidence intervals were calculated by Inverse Variance method using Review Manager 5.4.1 (Rev Man 5.4.1) software. Data suggests that gibberellic acid significantly reduces the wheat seedling/stalk growth in autumn season with mean difference of -3.99 (95% CI: -4.41, -3.51), with inconsistent effect in winter and spring season. Further, Arsenicum album treatment promoted the seedling growth in wheat with mean difference: 11.86 (95% CI: 11.67, 12.06), while there was no significant effect on seed germination, and odd ratio: 1.27 (95% CI: 0.87, 1.85, P = 0.22). Moreover, various homoeopathic agents significantly reduced the risk of Fusarium and Alternaria infection in wheat seeds. To conclude, meta-analysis of included studies suggests significant effects of homoeopathic agents in various aspects of wheat plant growth and disease management.

Ultradilutions and Formative Forces in the Blood during the Copper Chloride Crystallization Using Homeopathic Dilutions with Special Emphasis, Studied by X-ray Diffraction

Ultradilutions and Formative Forces in the Blood during the Copper Chloride Crystallization Using Homeopathic Dilutions with Special Emphasis, Studied by X-ray Diffraction

Evaluation of cell viability and nitric oxide release after treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells with a homeopathic compound of Graviola (Anonna muricata) and Purple Ipe (Handroanthus impetiginosus)

Homeopathy has become increasingly known and used in various treatments, showing excellent clinical results. One of its most common indications is to help treat chronic diseases, directly improving patients' quality of life, especially those with cancer. Hepatocellular carcinoma is a disease that depends on different factors for its development and the success of its treatment. In this context, searching for new therapeutic tools is essential, and homeopathy seems promising. Therefore, Anonna muricata (soursop/graviola) and Handroanthus impetiginosus (purple ipe) have been studied due to their action potential against tumor cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of these medicines combined in 1.1mL ampoules, in homeopathic dilutions, on HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells through in vitro tests. Cells were cultivated in 75 cm² culture bottles in an oven with controlled temperature and CO2 quantity (37 ºC, 5% CO2). Then, cells were plated in 96-well plates where treatment was performed using the products at different concentrations. After 48 hours of treatment, cell viability analyses were performed by MTT and quantification of the nitric oxide released using the Griess reaction. Treatment with the Anonna muricata D5 (1x10-5) + Handroanthus impetiginosus D5 (1x10-5) formulation resulted in decreased cell viability and increased nitric oxide production by these cells. These findings indicate that this medicine showed an antitumor effect and can be an ally in treating this type of pathology.

An Experimental Study on Efficacy of Ultra-Diluted Phytolacca decandra in Growth-Promoting Effect on Cicer areitinum (Chickpea) Seeds through Hydroponics

Homoeopathic dilutions are applied to plants to boost their active constituents, cleanse them, speed up their growth and fruit production, enhance their metabolism, and control illnesses. The purpose of this known research prospective study was to evaluate that how homoeopathic medicines worked. Cicer arietinum L. was the subject of this controlled, experimental, prospective investigation to determine the impact of the homoeopathic drugs Phytolacca decandra Mother tincture (MT) and 30CH, 200CH on plant development. This research aids in evaluating and establishing the function of homoeopathy in plant growth propagation. Cicer areitinum seeds were grown on the Research Facilitation centre, Sarada Krishna Homoeopathic Medical College campus in a specified location. These were divided into four groups: 30 Seeds each were soaked with Phytolacca decandra Mother tincture, Phytolacca decandra 30CH, Phytolacca decandra 200CH, and Phytolacca decandra 200CH, Plain alcohol. Germination index calculated. Control Group, Phytolacca decandra 30CH, Phytolacca decandra 200CH treated as nutrient medium in separate Beakers and chickpea plant were grown in hydroponics. The entire plant was measured for Root length, Shoot length after 20 days. Chlorophyll content assessed. After 5 days, Seeds treated with Phytolacca decandra shows higher germination rate than seeds treated with plain alcohol. The seeds treated with Phytolacca decandra 200 CH have growth promoting effect on Cicer areitinum L (Chick pea) seed. Cicer areitinum was the subject of this controlled, experimental, prospective investigation to determine the impact of the homoeopathic drugs Phytolacca decandra Mother tincture (MT) and 30CH, 200CH on plant development. This research aids in evaluating and establishing the function of homoeopathy in plant growth propagation.

Evaluation of cell viability and nitric oxide release after treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma cells (HepG2) with Ruta graveolens

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of neoplasm of high-frequency occurrence and late diagnosis. Therefore, medicine must act in a multidisciplinary and preventive manner to give patients a better prognosis. Homeopathy appears as a possible therapeutic tool to treat these patients, emphasizing significant results regarding quality of life and longevity. This article aimed to evaluate the effect of homeopathic dilutions of Ruta graveolens in the D35 potency on the in vitro cell viability and nitric oxide quantification of hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). The results showed a critical cytotoxic activity and high production of nitric oxide of the cells when the medicine to the culture. These results indicate that Ruta D35 has action potential in inhibiting HepG2 tumor cell growth, being an important and promising therapeutic tool for treating patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma if these results be confirmed in vivo.

Cell Viability Assessment by MTT After Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells (HepG2) with Chelidonium majus

Hepatocellular carcinoma is a type of cancer with a high mortality rate since it is primarily diagnosed in an advanced stage. Therefore, searching for therapies that help in this treatment becomes increasingly important. Therapies comprising Complementary Medicine have become more popular and have shown beneficial effects in treating various types of cancer. Homeopathy, a therapy established for more than 200 years to treat various diseases, has become the target of several studies, especially regarding chronic diseases, which are difficult to control by conventional medicine. This study evaluated the effect of the homeopathic dilution of Chelidonium majus D35 (1x10-35) in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2). Cells were cultivated in an oven at 37 ºC, 5% CO2, and then trypsinized and plated in 96-well plates for product addition. Chelidonium majus D35 was added in triplicate to each well at three different concentrations. The concentrations tested were 20, 40, and 60 µL/mL. After 48 hours of incubation with the product, cell viability was measured by MTT, and it was possible to observe a decrease in the groups that received the treatment compared to the control. A decrease in cell viability was recorded compared to the control of cells without treatment, indicating a cytotoxic effect of Chelidonium majus D35 on tumor cells. Different studies confirm this result due to the evaluation of biologically active compounds present in extracts of Chelidonium majus D35 that control cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. The results of the in vitro tests performed were satisfactory.

Complementary medicine options in work-related stress in management staff—the capabilities of Gelsemium sempervirens in homeopathic dilutions

Introduction: An often overlooked, yet profoundly affected by psychoemotional stress social group is that of management staff. While presenting as a relatively minor population, the effects of work stressors are magnified in them – thus rendering the related conditions socially significant diseases. This study aims to review complementary treatment options for work-related stress disorders in managerial staff with special attention to Gelsemium sempervirens in homeopathic dilutions. Materials and Methods: A literature review was conducted using the online databases Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus using the keywords and phrases Gelsemium sempervirens , management staff , managers , stress , work, using different combinations and Boolean operators. A yield of 84 articles was obtained, of which 31 were considered pertinent to the study. Results were also compared with empirical clinical experience. Results: Complementary medicine allows for additional avenues of treatment, often without the negative effects that conventional ones have when it comes to stress-related disorders. In the case of G. sempervirens in homeopathic doses in in vivo rodent models, a notable boost in both adaptive capabilities and behavior responses has been noted. In vitro studies of the preparation in human neurocytes have shown the capacity for similar effects, however, large scale documented in vivo studies have yet to be conducted. Conclusion: Aside from psychological consultations or conventional anxiolytic therapy, other avenues of treatment are rapidly demonstrating their merits for the management of professional stress-related disorders in management staff. Complementary medicine, at least as pertains to homeopathic treatment with G. sempervirens, shows promise without the significant downsides of conventional therapy.

Investigation of the Influence of clathrate hydrate crystals on the Structuring of Homeopathic High Dilutions

High dilutions (HD) of drugs used in homeopathy are mostly too dilute to contain original drug molecules. But evidences support their specific biological and therapeutic effects. The reason behind this is thought to be water structure characteristic of the original drug. Spectroscopic studies indicate that the specific water structure in HDs can be resolved into free water molecules, hydrogen bonding strength of water hydroxyl, number of hydrogen bonds and clathrate hydrate crystals (CHC). HDs are prepared in EtOH water solution by serial dilution and mechanical agitation, and are called potencies. The objective of the present study is to further confirm the presence of CHCs in the two potencies of three drugs. Electronic spectra of the HDs of the potencies indicate two broad peaks and marked difference in intensities of absorption. Furior Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the test potencies and their control show difference in intensity shift and contour shape of OH stretching and bending bands. All the experimental data indicate the presence of CHCs in varying amounts in the test potencies.

Ruta Graveolens in Homeopathic Dilution Has In Vitro Antitumor Activity in Osteosarcoma Cells (U2OS) and Low Effect on Canine Mesenchymal Stem Cells (CTM)

Ruta graveolens belongs to the family Rutaceae, and it is used to treat inflammatory diseases and some cases of cancer due to its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. Osteosarcoma (OS) is a bone cancer that mainly affects children and adolescents and has a high index in dogs. The treatment of this cancer consists of high doses of chemotherapy, and resection of the area affected by cancer, thus making it a painful and invasive treatment for patients. Under this perspective, it is necessary to search for new forms of treatment that are less invasive and, at the same time, effective, considering that homeopathy is used as a complementary therapy and benefits the patient's quality of life. This study aimed to compare the in vitro action of the homeopathic medicine Ruta D35 on U2OS osteosarcoma cells and canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Our results demonstrate that Ruta D35 has a toxic effect on U2OS cells (IC50 16.38µL/mL), reducing cell viability compared to MSC (IC50 67.38µL/mL). Therefore, Ruta D35 showed positive results in treating the OS U2OS line, demonstrating a potential activity in treating this cancer.

In vitro evaluation of the effects of Viscum album homeopathic preparations on murine melanoma cells

Background: Viscum album extract (VA) is a complementary treatment in cancer, with in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic effects on several tumor types when applied in phytochemical doses. However, highly diluted ethanolic homeopathic preparations' effects and mechanisms need further study. Aims: To assess the in vitro effects of highly diluted VA from the subspecies V. album abietis and V. album album at different potency levels in different dilution ratios on murine melanoma cells. Methodology: The VA mother tinctures (MT) from Abies alba (MTA) and Quercus robur (MTQ) were prepared with summer and winter samples, harvested in Switzerland. They were submitted to homeopathic ethanolic maceration and a subsequent dynamization process. MTA, MTQ and the following respective potencies were tested in B16F10 murine cells: 3x, 12x, 30x, 6cH, 12cH, 200cH, 2LM, 3LM, and 5LM. Dynamized water, dynamized and non-dynamized ethanol, and carboplatin were used as control groups. The mitochondrial activity and cell viability analysis were performed at 1, 24, 48, and 72 hours by in vitro incubation. MTA and MTQ harvested in summer, as well as 12x, 200cH and 5LM potencies were also tested to cell apoptosis and necrosis markers, reactive oxygens species (ROS) production, inflammatory cytokines profile, cell morphology, and migratory capacity. Results and discussion: MTA and MTQ induced a decrease in cell metabolism and higher cytotoxicity within 1 hour, with significant morphological changes and increased production of ROS and inflammatory cytokines. Both homeopathic dilutions 12x and 5LM showed an influence on cell metabolism, cell replication, and oxidative stress modulation with inflammatory cytokines, mitosis, and migration pattern changes. On the other hand, Quercus robur and Abies alba 200cH showed increased on cytotoxicity and ROS levels, respectively. Conclusion: The in vitro effects of Viscum album homeopathic solutions in melanoma cells highlight the promising antitumoral potential and reinforce the need for further research to better understanding their mechanisms of action.

Phenotypic Changes in Mammary Adenocarcinoma (4T1) cells In Vitro after Treatment with Carcinosinum.

The present study aimed to identify possible phenotypic changes in 4T1 (murine mammary adenocarcinoma) cells in vitro, including viability, HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor-type 2) expression, and metastatic potential, after treatment with Carcinosinum in different homeopathic dilutions (12cH, 30cH, 200cH) shaken mechanically in pure, sterile, water from a commercial stock dilution. Treated cells were cultured in R10 medium, using 24-well plates, 105 cells per well, and treated with vehicle, Carcinosinum 12cH, 30cH or 200cH; untreated cells were used as the baseline control. After 24 hours of treatment, the percentage of apoptotic cells was analyzed by annexin V. Cell morphology was evaluated by microscopy after hematoxylin-eosin and Giemsa staining, whilst HER-2 expression was assessed using immunocytochemistry. The metastatic potential was determined by the expression and activity of the enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) using zymography. The cytokine profile was established using the cytometric bead array method. Treatment of 4T1 cells in vitro with Carcinosinum 30cH produced an increase in the number of annexin V-positive cells (apoptosis) and decreased expression of proactivated MMP-9. Cells treated with Carcinosinum 200cH presented hyper-expression of HER-2 on the plasma membrane, identified by immunocytochemistry. There were no differences in cytokine production among treatments. The data show promising results for Carcinosinum 30cH in vitro, but in vivo studies are also required to evaluate the role of tumor microenvironment in its effects.