Homeland Defense Research Articles

A micro size terahertz wheel shaped antenna with non-defected ground structure

A micro dimension antenna with wheel-geometrical wide-band terahertz (THz) is suggested in this research. In the circular shaped patch, concentric circle shaped slots are incorporated to form a wheel shaped patch antenna. The suggested model is designed on a polymide substrate with dielectric constant of 4.3 and thickness of 20 µm. The suggested prototype antenna is very much compact in size of 210×160 µm2 . The designed antenna achieves a wideband operation from 8.692 THz to 9.772 THz. This prototype antenna’s maximum realized gain is 10.2 dBi at 9.0 THz. This high gain is important for wide range of wireless applications. The radiation pattern, radiation efficiency, reflection coefficient, surface current distribution and voltage standing wave ratio are examined through the simulation results. In future video rate imaging system, super fast close-range in-door wireless communication, biomedical picturing, homeland defence equipments, security scanning, explosive detection, and characterisation of materials in the THz level will be benefited from the suggested THz antenna.

ON THE ISSUE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF RATIONAL FORMALISM IN THE DISCIPLINARY PROCEDURE REGULATED BY THE ACT ON THE DEFENSE OF THE HOMELAND

The principle of rational formalism in the Homeland Defense Act is a directive according to which procedural activities in the course of military disciplinary proceedings should be carried out in a form specified by legal norms. By specifying the mechanisms for carrying out procedural steps in the course of proceedings, the Act limits the scope of discretionary power of disciplinary bodies, thereby protecting participants in proceedings against arbitrariness, including the voluntarism of jurisprudence.

Odpowiedzialność karna za podjęcie obowiązków w obcym wojsku (obcej organizacji wojskowej) lub w ramach wojskowej służby najemnej zakazanej przez prawo międzynarodowe (art. 141 §1 i 2 k.k.)

Criminal liability for undertaking duties in a foreign army (foreign military organization) or as a part of mercenary military service prohibited by international law (Article 141 §1 and 2 of the Polish Penal Code) The Constitution of the Republic of Poland imposes on a citizen of the Republic of Poland the obligation to defend the Homeland (Article 85(1) of the Act of March 11, 2022 – Homeland Defense Act; Article 3(1) of the Act also stipulates that Polish citizens capable of performing this duty due to age and health are subject to the obligation to defend the state). Violation of this obligation may lead to the realization of criteria defining criminal acts specified in Chapter XVIII of the Act of June 6, 1997 – Polish Penal Code. The subject of the analysis regards crimes under Article 141 §1 and 2 of the Polish Penal Code. The fundamental problem is the issue of the defense capacity of the Republic of Poland, which may be threatened by the participation of Polish citizens in foreign troops and the destabilization of the international community by the actions of mercenary forces. The issue of service in a foreign army or the activities of mercenaries, in the perspective of numerous armed conflicts and the tense situation in regions with high political instability, becomes a very relevant issue, especially for those who take part in activities in this area due to their professional experience (professional soldiers, officers of special services).

A Common Good-Based Justification for Non-Compliance with the Political Obligation of Homeland Defence

Non-compliance with compulsory military service as a form of homeland defence (i.e. conscription) is typically justified by various types of conscientious objections. However, in this article, I offer an alternative type of justification that is based on the common good. To achieve this, I present the concept of the common good and its relationship to the political obligation of homeland defence from the perspective of different traditions of political thought. Subsequently, I outline two types of exceptions to this political obligation: the liberal type of exceptions and the membership-based ones.

Defining the Problem: 53 Years of Firearm Violence Afflicting America's Schools.

Firearm violence and school shootings remain a significant public health problem. This study aimed to examine how publicly available data from all 50 states might improve our understanding of the situation, firearm type, and demographics surrounding school shootings. School shootings occurring in the US for 53 years ending in May 2022 were analyzed, using primary data files that were obtained from the Center for Homeland Defense and Security. Data analyzed included situation, injury, firearm type, and demographics of victims and shooters. We compared the ratio of fatalities per wounded after stratifying by type of weapon. Rates (among children) of school shooting victims, wounded, and fatalities per 1 million population were stratified by year and compared over time. A total of 2,056 school shooting incidents involving 3,083 victims were analyzed: 2,033 children, 5 to 17 years, and 1,050 adults, 18 to 74 years. Most victims (77%) and shooters (96%) were male individuals with a mean age of 18 and 19 years, respectively. Of the weapons identified, handguns, rifles, and shotguns accounted for 84%, 7%, and 4%, respectively. Rifles had a higher fatality-to-wounded ratio (0.45) compared with shooters using multiple weapons (0.41), handguns (0.35), and shotguns (0.30). Linear regression analysis identified a significant increase in the rate of school shooting victims (β = 0.02, p = 0.0003), wounded (β = 0.01, p = 0.026), and fatalities (β = 0.01, p = 0.0003) among children over time. Despite heightened public awareness, the incidence of school shooting victims, wounded, and fatalities among children has steadily and significantly increased over the past 53 years. Understanding the epidemic represents the first step in preventing continued firearm violence in our schools.

Research on digital assembly method of large-caliber optomechanical systems

Developing optomechanical systems with large-aperture output beams is increasingly important for deep space exploration, homeland defense, and modern warfare. However, the assembly process for such systems is becoming more challenging due to their complexity and size. Considering that traditional computer-aided assembly methods for optomechanical systems primarily prioritize debugging and testing, often overlooking the importance of feasibility analysis and verification in the assembly process, this paper presents a digital assembly method for large aperture optomechanical systems that integrates virtual assembly technology with misalignment error detection technology. By combining these two technologies, the proposed method aims to enhance the assembly process by providing a more comprehensive approach that includes feasibility analysis and verification, in addition to debugging and testing. Firstly, virtual assembly technology is utilized to simulate and validate the assembly process design of optomechanical systems. Secondly, a second-order sensitivity matrix method is proposed to achieve higher accuracy in solving misalignment compared to traditional methods. The new method is validated through simulation experiments on an off-axis beam expander system, showing superior solving accuracy compared to traditional approaches. Lastly, an actual assembly and adjustment platform is constructed, and the obtained assembly result exhibits a wavefront aberration RMS value better than 0.016λ (λ=632.8nm).

The effects of school shootings on risky behavior, health, and human capital

We examine the effect of school shootings on risky health behaviors, health, and human capital outcomes of exposed students as adults and on their migration during middle and high school and a few years beyond. We use shootings data compiled by the Center for Homeland Defense and Security along with 2003–2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to examine risky behaviors, health, and human capital outcomes, and the 2004–2018 American Community Survey to examine migration. We find that students exposed to school shootings experience declines in health and well-being, engage in more risky behaviors, and have worse education and labor market outcomes as young adults. There is no evidence of migration in response to school shootings.

The Changes of Leadership as the Focus of Military Operations Changes to Homeland Defence and Collective Defence

The Changes of Leadership as the Focus of Military Operations Changes to Homeland Defence and Collective Defence

PRO-DEFENSE ORGANIZATIONS AND SHOOTING ASSOCIATIONS IN SHAPING CITIZENS' DEFENSE AWARENESS

The paper discusses the role of individual arms bearing citizens and pro-defence organizations within Universal Defence System, promoted in Poland in response to rising military risks. The paper analyses current legislation, aligns it with the need to increase Polish Army, as expresses in Homeland Security Act, and provides answers on how to use citizens and pro-defence organi-zations to achieve the goals outlined in Homeland Defense Act.

MILITARIZATION AS A STATE SUPPORTING TOOL DURING A DIRECT EXTERNAL THREAT TO THE SECURITY OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND

The aim of the article is to identify and evaluate selected systemic solutions relating to militarization in the context of the provisions of the Homeland Defense Act. The article presents the issue of militarization taking into account the multi-element nature of the state. In the first part, the authors present the issue of legal conditions relating to militarization and to definition of tasks of particular importance for the security or defense of the state, justifying entry in the list of units to be militarized. The second part of the article presents considerations in relation to the activities of the authority applying for militarization, the authority that covered the unit with preparations for militarization, the head of the unit intended for militarization and the head of the militarized unit. The result of the discussed topic are conclusions and postulates regarding the method and mode of determining the units to be militarized and planning and organizational-mobilization projects of bodies involved in the process of preparation for militarization as well as after militarization. Generally applicable law acts and publicly available normative documents and scientific studies is the source material of the presented content.

Ustawa o obronie ojczyzny – nowa jakość bezpieczeństwa państwa?

Autor omawia uchwaloną 11 marca 2022 roku ustawę o obronie Ojczyzny, która ma dostosować tzw. prawo wojskowe do wymogów współczesności i w ten sposób poprawić jakość bezpieczeństwa państwa. Celem rozważań jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jakim stopniu ustawa ta stanowi nową i lepszą jakość bezpieczeństwa państwa? Ponadto, wyciągnięcie wniosków i postawienie postulatów, których zastosowanie może wpłynąć na poprawę efektywności regulacji prawnych związanych z realizacją obowiązku obrony Ojczyzny. W pracy jako wiodąca wykorzystana została metoda dogmatyczna, a pomocniczo metoda historyczna i komparatystyczna.

The impact of the legal norm under Article 134.3 of the Homeland Defence Act (“Ustawa o obronie ojczyzny” - UoO) on the personnel potential resulting from the involvement of people with disabilities on thing of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland

ObjectivesTo identify assumptions of the legal norms, in the context of the impact of the involvement of people with disabilities for the implementation of the tasks and objectives of the Polish Armed Forces on the examples from the U.S, Canada and Israel.MethodsSystematic review of the literature and websites on the possible inclusion of persons with disabilities in the Armed Forces.ResultsThe analysis determined the significance of the legal norm Article 134.3 of the Act on the impact of the involvement of persons with disabilities for the implementation of tasks by the Polish Armed Forces.ConclusionsIn previous regulations related to military service, people with disabilities were not able to be on duty neither actively function within the national security system, remaining, outside the system. One of the revolutionary changes connected with implementation of the Article 134.3 of the Homeland Defence Act is the admission of people with disabilities to the military service. The article contains suggestions for the Polish Armed Forces on how to involve persons with disabilities in the effective implementation of their goals and tasks. The highly qualified, competent, and knowledgeable personnel will be engaged, e.g. in the IT area especially since a new component has been created within the Polish Armed Forces: Cyberspace Defence Forces (DK-WOC). An effective increase in the level of awareness, competence, and knowledge in the field of military service by persons with disabilities may be of key importance for shaping the state security system and provide support to the Polish Armed Forces.

Preparation for total war: ‘Military Service Preparation Camps’ in the Turkish education system in the early Republican Era (1926–1946)

Since the early nineteenth century, various ideologies have attempted to design education systems with an abundance of military attitudes for the future of the state and society, thereby benefiting paramilitary organizations and incorporating military educational practices into public education environments. In the aftermath of the two world wars, numerous countries, particularly nation-states, embraced the concept of militarised education systems. The incorporation of military methods into education dates back to the late Ottoman Period (after 1913). Following the establishment of the Republic in 1923, military courses were incorporated into the education curricula with the purpose of preparing the youth to confront the potential threats of war, fulfil security needs, and safeguard the homeland. After 1927, in addition to the theoretical courses, Military Service Preparation Camps were implemented. A decade later, this military camp approach was extended to all levels of education. As a result, the education system was transformed into learning environments where basic military skills and knowledge were taught. In this article, Military Service Preparation Camps, which were effectively implemented in the Turkish education system between 1926 and 1946, were investigated based on the primary sources and the recollections of individuals who actively participated in these camps. The primary objective of the military training camps, supervised and coordinated by the General Staff, was to ‘prepare youth for homeland defence and total war, and to promote military service’. In this vein, this study seeks to unveil the impacts of rigorous military training on Turkish society, particularly in the post-1945 era.

An Examination of the Role of Perpetrator’s Relationship to Overall School Shooting Casualties

High-profile school shootings in recent years have fueled fear and uncertainty among stakeholders (e.g., parents, teachers, and students) and the public debate on gun control legislation nationwide. These fears are reflected in the public discourse and the academic community, which focuses their investigation on rampage school shootings. To address this gap in the empirical literature, the current study’s goal is twofold: (1) to contribute to the descriptive understanding of school shooting characteristics; and (2) address the gaps in the extant literature through examining the perpetrators relationship with the school on the total number of victims during a school shooting incident. Secondary data analysis was performed on the K-12 School Shooting database (K-12 SSDB). A negative binomial and descriptive analysis were conducted on the K-12 School Shooting database, established by the Naval Postgraduate School’s Center for Homeland Defense and Security (CHDS) in 2018, which has been recently updated to reflect recent incidents. The findings and policy implications of the findings are discussed in detail in the manuscript.

Bi2O3 Layer‐Integrated, Double‐Sided Responsive, Waveband‐Discriminated Perovskite Photodetector for Encrypted Optical Communication

AbstractEncrypted optical communication is a critical technology in numerous fields, including remote sensing, environmental monitoring, and homeland defense. As a core of wireless interconnect systems, the conventional photodetectors generally receive optical signals from a single direction and fail to distinguish between various wavebands, severely undermining the potential for data transfer and protection. Herein, a Bi2O3 layer‐integrated waveband‐discriminated perovskite photodetector is presented. By rational design of energy band and device architecture, the novel photodetector is self‐powered, double‐sided responsive, and recognizable to the short or long‐wave UV, as well as visible optical signals. Without external bias, the device exhibits a high performance with peak responsivities of 42.1 and 72.3 mA W−1 in frontal and reverse incidence, respectively. Benefiting from these advantages, the photodetector is applicable to optical communication and encryption. In reverse incidence, reversible message delivery is achieved through the conversion and decoding of illumination patterns and binary digits. For a further step, the encrypted processing is fulfilled in frontal incidence. By virtue of the eight irradiation combinations, a secret key containing ten‐bit commands will generate over a billion encryption methods. This work realizes a new mode of communication and encryption that entirely relies on optical signals, offering new insights into wireless communication.

Identity of Christianity and Homeland Defense in Hagiography

Original Georgian martyrologic literary works cover the whole cycle of an old Georgian literature. It dates back to V-XVIII centuries. Primary reasons of the emergence of the Cult of Saints should be found in the New Testament books. Introduction of the "Martyrdom" literary genre in the hagiographic literature was caused by the martyrdom of the Christ and his apostles. Since hagiography is characterised by its syncretism, it does not even lose its actuality or contemporaneousness because of its ideology. Source criticism materials that are abundantly found in “Martyrdom of St.Eustathius of Mtskheta” make an important basis for doing historical and literary studies and making the corresponding outcomes. The literary work provides information concerning the global issues of the epoch, that is crucial for understanding the persona characteristics and strengths of Eustathius. Due to the Imperial policy of Persians, there was an interregnum period in Eastern Georgia. The supreme power of the king was replaced by the Marzban appointed by the Shah (same as the King) of Persians. At that period of time, Georgian Rulers (known as “Mamasakhlisi”) and gentlefolks were beside Persians, though their rights were rather formal and nominal. At such a difficult period, when the Persians dominated Kartli, recognition of Christianity by Eustathius, who was a Persian by descent, was the great bravery and courage. The Martyr for the Christ had also become the defender of our country’s interests. He is considered as a National hero, as martyrdom for the Christ had been associated as devotion to the country. By his actions and decisions, Eustathius was against to the cruel politics of conquerors, and here, exactly, is revealed not only his religious, but also his human, civil positions and attitudes. This position is better reflected in St. Razhden’s actions, who became an ally of the King Vakhtang. As Abo was constantly beside Nerse Eristavi, it is possible to suppose that he even shared his political ideology. Historical background of that period makes Abo’s torture more valuable and meaningful but not only of his torture, even Abo's civil position is completely explicit. By his deeds, he was apparently against the Arab conquerors that is proved by his preaching the Christian religion and his polemical discussions with Amira. In the original Georgian hagiography, authenticity of Orthodox Church for the national identity preservation is emphasized, and the paths of religious and national salvation are also intersected. Therefore, each saint is considered not only a Martyr of the Christ, but also a national hero and a fighter against aggression.

Impact of School Shootings on Adolescent School Safety, 2009-2019.

Objectives. To examine the impact of school shootings on indicators of adolescent school safety in the United States. Methods. We linked 2009-2019 Youth Risk Behavior Survey data on 211 236 adolescents aged 14 to 18 years from 24 school districts with data on high school shootings from the Center for Homeland Defense and Security. We conducted 2-way fixed-effects logistic regression models to assess the impact of shootings on self-report of 3 indicators of school safety: avoiding school because of feeling unsafe, carrying a weapon at school, and being threatened or injured with a weapon at school. Results. High school shootings were associated with adolescents having 20% greater odds of avoiding school because of feeling unsafe (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11, 1.29) than those who had not. Findings were slightly attenuated in sensitivity analyses that tested exposure to shootings at any school in the district or state. High school shootings were associated with a statistically nonsignificant (P = .08) elevated risk of carrying a weapon at school (AOR = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.99, 1.25). Conclusions. The negative ramifications of school shootings extend far beyond the event itself to adolescents' concerns about school safety. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(4):438-441. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.307206).

Нойон Галдама в письменной и народной традиции монгольских народов

Introduction. Oirat old-script texts tell us about the prominent historical figure of Noyon Galdma (Kalm., Oir. Һалдма, Һалдмба; Mong. Галдамаа, Галдамбаа), son of Khan Ochirtu-Tsetsen, grandson of Khan Baibagas of the Khoshuts and Khong Tayiji Erdeni-Baatar of Dzungaria. The image and memory of Galdama has been preserved in oral folklore of Mongols. Goals. The article attempts a review of studies to have dealt with Galdama, seeks to analyze the reasons underlying his popularity in Mongolic folklore traditions, and reveal peculiarities of the image characteristic of different genres. Results. The historical figure — the son of Khan Ochirtu-Tsetsen — is widely known in written and oral traditions of Mongolic peoples, e.g., Galdama is mentioned in Ratnabhadra’s Biography of Zaya Pandita and other narratives. Mongolists have been dealing with epic songs of Galdama for over a century already, a total of circa twenty legends about this hero have been recorded. The seventeenth-century Oirat nobleman’s name is nowadays integral to diverse Mongolic cultures, such as Kalmyks and Buryats of Russia, Oirats of Western Mongolia and China’s Xinjiang (Torghuts, Upper Mongols, Olots), as well as Alasha Khoshuts and Ejine Torghuts inhabiting Inner Mongolia (PRC). So, versions of Galdma-related songs number over thirty. Conclusions. The dissemination of folklore texts centered around the renown protector of native territories believed to have been a skilful warrior and chieftain of border detachments is associated with the theme of homeland defense that was most urgent during the lifetime of Noyon Galdama (1635–1667) — when all Mongols faced an increasing threat of Manchu invasion, and the Congress of 1640 developed The Great Code of Laws that proclaimed defense of Mongol-inhabited domains a supreme goal and virtue. Mythologization of Galdama’s image also attests to the significance of his personality in Oirat history, which can be traced in Oirat folklore heritage.

ORGANIZATION OF UNIVERSAL MILITARY TRAINING IN BURYATIA IN 1941–1945

The article is devoted to one of the most important tasks of the state in war conditions – preparing the population for homeland defense. The study of this problem on regional materials seems to be an urgent task for historical science, since each region is unique due to its historical, socio-economic, socio-cultural, natural-climatic and other features. Such studies expand the geographical scope and make it possible to identify similarities and differences characteristic of individual regions and the country as a whole. Therefore, on the basis of previously unpublished archival sources (which reflects the novelty of the study), the author examines the organization and progress of universal military training in the territory of the Republic of Buryatia in 1941–1945. The article analyzes the regulatory and legal foundations of the formation of universal military training, its chronology is studied in detail, seven stages (successions) of military training are characterized, the number of conscripted population by years is determined, the specifics of training programs are considered, organizational difficulties are studied, as well as the ways to solve them, the role and importance of universal military training in preparing the reserve for the front are revealed.
 
 The fundamental principles and methods of scientific research were used in the work: historicism, comprehensiveness, objectivity. This made it possible to study the problem taking into account the specific historical situation in development, interrelation and inconsistency.
 
 As a brief conclusion, it should be noted that the main tasks set at the state level by universal military training to create a reserve for staffing the Red Army were fulfilled, despite a sufficient number of shortcomings in the organization (weak material and technical base, low level of instructors’ training, low literacy of most potential cadets, short training period).
 
 The results of the study gave the opportunity to rethink the process of attracting Buryatia’s human potential to meet the needs of the front, as well as to clarify the contribution of the region to achieving the victory.
 
 The materials of the article can be used in preparing generalizing works and summaries on the history of the Great Patriotic War, for a separate study of military history, in the educational process with military personnel, as well as in developing seminars and special courses in the field of national history.

Kilowatt-Level Supercontinuum Generation in Random Raman Fiber Laser Oscillator With Full-Open Cavity

High-power supercontinuum (SC) sources are important for remote sensing, homeland defense, and scientific research. Despite recent advances in power scaling of the SC generation in optical fibers, the power record of SC fiber laser sources is still much lower than conventional high-power fiber lasers. Here we demonstrate a method for kilowatt-level SC generation based on the random Raman fiber laser (RRFL) with a full-open cavity. Theoretically, a model including cascaded Raman effect, modulation instability, and Rayleigh scattering is established to qualitatively highlight the dynamics of the kilowatt-level SC generation. Experimentally, injecting the amplified ytterbium-doped fiber laser and Raman fiber laser into the RRFL oscillator formed by a piece of long passive fiber, 3-kW-level SC spanning from 925 to 1862 nm is achieved. The experimental results suggest that the full-open-cavity RRFL is a promising approach for kilowatt-level SC generation and the theoretical model demonstrates the importance of Rayleigh backscattering during the SC generation.