Quality Of Home Environment Research Articles

Early life adverse environmental, nutrition and infection factors are associated with lower developmental scores in Pakistani children at 5 years: a cohort study

BackgroundThe effects of multiple early adverse psychosocial and biological factors on child development at preschool age in deprived settings are not fully understood.MethodsThe ‘Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric...

아동의 표현어휘 지연 예측 요인 연구: 3세 말늦은 아동과 정상 언어발달 아동의 가정환경의 질 차이를 중심으로

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of home environment quality on children’s expressive vocabulary development by comparing the home environments of 3-year-old late talkers and typically developing children. The study used the data of 1,723 3-year-old children from the Korean Children’s Panel Study 4th wave data (2011) of the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education (KICCE). Frequency analysis, t-test, and logistic regression were performed to analyze the data. The Early Childhood HOME(ECHOME) was used to measure the quality of home environment and a new variable ‘overall home environment’ was created to represent the average of the six sub-domains of home environment quality. T-test results indicated significant differences in the overall home environment quality and every sub-domain between 3-year-old late talking children and typically developing children. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the overall home environment quality at the age of 3 was a significant predictor distinguishing the two groups. When all six sub-domains were included as an independent variable, learning materials and diversity demonstrated significant influences. This study emphasizes the significance of home environment quality as a predictor of expressive vocabulary delay and identifies specific sub-domains that influence children's language development.

Measuring Parents’ Perceptions About Adolescents’ Interactive Online Learning: A Case of the Vocational Enlightenment Education Online Program in a Middle School

Background and Aim: Traditionally, vocational schools in China have been perceived as educational institutions for adolescents with poor abilities. In contrast, the Vocational School Union middle school has implemented a new education path that employs the Vocational Enlightenment Education online program (VEEOP) as the carrier. This study investigates the factors influencing parents' interest, adolescents’ interaction, and parents' attitudes toward using VEEOP. Materials and Methods: This study emphasizes the critical role of VEEOP in education and the need for vocational enlightenment education to cultivate the artisan spirit. Despite the program's significance, research on Chinese parent's perceived vocational initiation education is limited. Therefore, this study is based on the theory of family resource management, the planned behavior theory, and the social learning theory. A quantitative research design was employed to investigate parents' perceptions of the usefulness, quality, and home environment of VEEOP after establishing the study context through a literature review. Results: The results of the structural equation model show that the content quality of VEEOP was relatively stable on the whole, parents' perceived content quality (PPCQ), parents perceived Adolescents' intention to use (PITU), parents' perceived home environment (PPHE), social influence (SI), which significantly influences parents perceived Of Adolescents' Interactive Online Learning. Social influence (SI) and parents' perceived usefulness (PPU) significantly affected parents' perceived adolescents' intention to use (PITU). Parents’ perceived adolescents' intention to use (PITU) has a mediating effect on parents' perceived usefulness (PPU) to parents' perceived adolescents' interactive online learning (PPIL). Parents’ perceived adolescents' intention to use (PITU) has a mediating effect on social influence (SI) on parents perceived adolescents' interactive online learning (PPIL). Parents' perceived home environment (PPHE) has no significant influence on parents' perceived of adolescents' interactive online learning (PPIL). Conclusion: Vocational enlightenment education is an important way for teenagers and children to better understand and explore careers, and a basic link to promote individual socialization and free and comprehensive development. It is of great significance in helping and guiding individuals to improve career cognition, cultivate career interests, design career planning, and promote career development. The findings reveal that parents hold distinct expectations regarding the quality of educational content, social influence, home environment, and interactive online learning. These expectations significantly influence their attitude towards their adolescents’ use of these platforms and their level of support. Parents expect educational content that is both engaging and educational, promoting overall development. Parents' perception of social influence and the impact of peers play a crucial role in their educational decisions. Therefore, it is imperative to disseminate positive educational messages through social channels. The study highlights that the home environment is critical to adolescents’ online learning, and factors such as parents' educational background, family economic status, and family education concepts affect adolescents’ online learning experience to varying degrees. Thus, it is essential to consider these factors when designing and implementing online education strategies that better meet different families' needs.

The Index of Parental Activities, Context and Experiences (I-PACE): Psychometric Properties of a New Brief Early Parenting Questionnaire

Time pressures make brevity important for parent self-report measures, yet evidence highlights the multi-faceted nature of parenting and contextual influences. To straddle these competing goals, we developed a brief (23-item) yet broad Index of Parental Activities, Context, and Experiences (I-PACE) aimed at parents of toddlers and pre-schoolers. In two studies we assessed the validity and reliability of the I-PACE. Study 1 involved 870 caregivers (95% female, 75% with degrees, 90% White British) and examined I-PACE ratings alongside; (a) ratings of children’s social-emotional skills and behavior problems; and (b) child age and parental depressive symptoms, to assess its sensitivity to contrasts in child development and parental experience. Study 2 included 191 families with 14-month-olds, for whom 188 mothers and 178 fathers completed the I-PACE and an index of life satisfaction. Supporting the replicability of findings from the I-PACE, both studies showed the same differentiated 5-factor structure (i.e., parental experiences, parenting activities, home environment quality, neighborhood environment quality and childcare environment quality). Supporting the I-PACE’s validity, Study 1 showed that all 5 factors were independently related to both children’s social-emotional skills and behavior problems, with predicted associations with child age and parental depressive symptoms. Supporting the I-PACE’s inter-rater reliability, within-couple associations were significant for parenting activities, home environment, neighborhood quality and childcare quality. Together, these findings indicate that the I-PACE offers a broad yet brief index of early parenting with good psychometric properties and we discuss promising avenues for future research.

Individual, family, and environmental correlates of fundamental motor skills among school-aged children: a cross-sectional study in China

ObjectiveThis cross-sectional study examined the socio-ecological factors influencing fundamental motor skills (FMS) in Chinese school-aged children.MethodsA total of 1012 parent-child pairs were randomly sampled between March-1st and April-15th, 2022. Based on the socio-ecological model of Children’s FMS, three levels of factors: individual-level (e.g., demographic, physical, psychological, and behavioral characteristics of children), family-level (e.g., caregiver demographics, parental support, and socioeconomic status), and environmental factors (e.g., availability of physical activity equipment) were assessed using self-reported scales (e.g., the Self-perception Profile for Children, the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale, and the 12-item Psychological Well-Being Scale for Children) and objective measures (e.g., ActiGraph GT3X, the Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standard, and the Test of Gross Motor Development-Third Edition). Multi-level regression models were employed using SPSS.ResultsThe results demonstrated that children’s age, sex, physical fitness, parental support, and the quality of home and community physical activity environments consistently influenced all three types of FMS, including locomotor, ball, and composite skills. Additionally, seven individual-level factors (children’s age, sex, body mass index, light physical activity, sleep duration, perceived motor competence, and physical fitness) were associated with different types of FMS.ConclusionsThe findings underscore the multidimensional and complex nature of FMS development, with individual-level factors playing a particularly significant role. Future research should adopt rigorous longitudinal designs, comprehensive assessment tools covering various FMS skills, and objective measurement of parents’ movement behaviors to better understand the strength and direction of the relationship between socio-ecological factors and children’s FMS.

Intervention to increase physical activity and healthy eating among under-represented adolescents: GOAL trial protocol

IntroductionTo reduce obesity-related disparities, reaching economically disadvantaged and/or minority status adolescents to assist them in meeting physical activity (PA) and nutrition recommendations is important. To address the problem, a 16-week...

Welfare Reform and the Quality of Young Children's Home Environments

This study investigates the effects of welfare reform—a major policy shift in the United States that increased low-income mothers' employment and reliance on earnings instead of cash assistance—on the quality of the home environments mothers provide for their preschool-age children. Using empirical methods designed to identify plausibly causal effects, we estimate the effects of welfare reform on validated survey and observational measures of maternal behaviors that support children's cognitive skills and emotional adjustment and the material goods that parents purchase to stimulate their children's skill development. The results suggest that welfare reform did not affect the amount of time and material resources mothers devoted to cognitively stimulating activities with their young children. However, it significantly decreased emotional support provision scores, by approximately 0.3–0.4 standard deviations. The effects appear to be stronger for mothers with lower human capital. The findings provide evidence that welfare reform came at a cost to children in the form of lower quality parenting. They also underscore the importance of considering quality, and not just quantity, in assessing the effects of maternal work-incentive policies on parenting and children's home environments.

Effectiveness of the Interdisciplinary Home‐bAsed Reablement Program (I‐HARP) on improving functional independence of people living with dementia and process outcomes

AbstractBackgroundThis project evaluated a model of care integrating evidence‐based dementia rehabilitation strategies into a time‐limited, home‐based, interdisciplinary rehabilitation package: Interdisciplinary Home‐bAsed Reablement Program (I‐HARP). The aims were: to determine I‐HARP effectiveness on functional independence, mobility, quality of life and depression among people with dementia, their home environmental safety, carer burden and quality of life, and I‐HARP cost‐effectiveness; and to evaluate processes, outcomes and influencing factors of the I‐HARP implementation.MethodThe project was mixed‐methods action research combining a multi‐centre pragmatic RCT and realist evaluation. I‐HARP was a 4‐month model of care for community‐dwelling people with mild‐moderate dementia and family carers, incorporated into community aged care services and hospital‐based geriatric services in Sydney, Australia (2018‐22) and compared with usual care. Outcome assessments were conducted at baseline, 4‐ and 12‐month. Semi‐structured interviews with participants and focus groups with I‐HARP interventionists and participating site managers occurred post intervention. (ACTRN12618000600246)ResultOf 130 dyads of clients and their carers recruited, 116 dyads (58 per group) completed the trial (89% retention). The I‐HARP group had somewhat better mean results for most outcome measures than usual care at both 4 and 12 months, but the only statistically significant difference was a reduction in home environment hazards at 4 months. Post‐hoc sub‐group analysis of 66 clients with mild‐dementia found significantly better functional independence in the intervention group: 11.2 on Disability Assessment for Dementia (95% CI: 3.4,19.1; p = .005; ES 0.69) at 4 months and 13.7 (95% CI: 3.7,23.7; p = .007; ES 0.69) at 12 months. Preliminary results of economic evaluation pointed to potential benefits of I‐HARP over usual care. Interviews and focus group findings highlighted system and research design barriers (e.g., workforce, hospital system, communication, blinding and recruitment) and program facilitators (focus on enablement, interdisciplinary and teamwork).ConclusionThe I‐HARP model enhanced functional independence of participants with mild‐dementia but not in those with moderate‐dementia, so did not result in better outcomes in the group overall. A different type of rehabilitation model or strategies may be required as dementia becomes more severe. Key facilitators and barriers to I‐HARP implementation provide further insights to developing dementia rehabilitation model of care.

Home environment and nutritional status mitigate the wealth gap in child development: a longitudinal study in Vietnam

BackgroundInequity in child development is found at early age, but limited evidence exists on whether these gaps change over time and what are the mediators.ObjectiveWe aim to (1) quantify wealth related gaps in cognitive and socio-emotional development in early and middle childhood; (2) examine how these gaps were mitigated by maternal, child factors and home environment.MethodsWe assessed the offspring of women who participated in a randomized controlled trial of preconception micronutrient supplementation in Vietnam (n = 1599). Child development was measured by the Bayley Scales of Infant Development-III (at 1-2y) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children®—IV (at 6-7y). We used multivariable regression to estimate the changes in wealth gaps for child development over time, adjusting for potential factors that potentially influence cognitive development.ResultsWe found significant wealth gaps in cognitive development during early childhood (gaps between top and bottom quintiles: 0.5 SD); these gaps increased substantially in middle childhood (0.9 SD). Wealth disparity in social emotion did not change over time (0.26–0.28 SD). Maternal factors, quality of home environment, and child nutritional status mitigated the wealth gap in cognitive development (7-42%) in early childhood. The contribution of these mitigating factors was smaller in middle childhood (2- 15%). Wealth gap in social emotion reduced by 13% and 43% among children with better nutritional status at 2y and higher quality of home environment at 6-7y, respectively.ConclusionInterventions focusing on improving quality of home environment, maternal education, wellbeing, and child nutrition status may help reduce developmental deficits associated with poverty.

Do stimulation and support in the early childhood home environment and best friendship quality in adolescence predict adult personality?

The aim of this study was to determine whether stimulation and support in early childhood and best friendship quality in adolescence predict adult personality. We used data from 123 individuals from an ongoing longitudinal study, with multiple assessment phases and modalities (observation, parental rating, self-report) to investigate prospective associations between stimulation and support in the home in early childhood (age 1-2), best friendship quality in adolescence (age 15), and the Big Five personality traits in adulthood (age 29) controlling for temperament, socioeconomic status (SES), and gender. After controlling for temperament, SES, and gender, we found that early childhood stimulation and support was related to adult openness to experiences, but not the other four traits, and that best friendship quality in adolescence was related to adult extraversion and agreeableness, but not conscientiousness, neuroticism, or openness to experiences. The study contributes to research indicating that while personalities are relatively stable, they are not fixed at an early age and may be related to experiences and salient relationships throughout development. There is a dearth of research investigating such associations and the available findings are inconsistent. Conclusions about the relations between experiences such as stimulation and support in the home in early childhood or best friendship quality in adolescence and adult personality should thus be viewed skeptically until replicated.

Cognitive and functional outcomes at age 21 after prenatal cocaine/polydrug exposure and foster/adoptive care

ObjectivePrenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been linked to specific cognitive deficits and behavioral outcomes through early adolescence but there is little information on adult outcomes nor on the relationship of environmental interventions, such as foster/adoptive care, to outcomes. MethodsAt 21 years, data were available on 325 young adults, [163 PCE and 162 non-exposed (NCE)], primarily African-American, with low SES, who were followed from birth in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. Participants were administered the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II) and surveyed regarding high school completion, problematic substance use, and incarceration/probation history. In the PCE group, 32 remained in non-kinship foster/adoptive care (PCE/FA) from early in life (< 4 years) to 17 years. Group differences were examined through t-tests, MANOVA/ MANCOVA with post-hoc analyses, comparing outcomes and environmental correlates of young adults with PCE vs. NCE, as well as outcomes of PCE young adults in non-kinship foster/adoptive care (PCE/ FA) vs. PCE in birth/kinship care and NCE young adults. ResultsAt 21 years, young adults with PCE had lower mean Full Scale (83.7 ± 10.4 vs. 87.3 ± 12.5, p < .01) and Perceptual Reasoning IQs (87.3 ± 11.5 vs. 91.4 ± 13.9, (p < .02), lower high school completion rates (75% vs. 86%, p < .02), and were marginally more likely to have been on probation than NCE young adults, but did not differ in Verbal IQ, self-report of problematic substance use or incarceration. Young adults with PCE in F/A had similar lower IQ scores but had better verbal skills and high school graduation rates that did not differ from NCE young adults (80.6 vs 86.2%, p > .05). They had higher drug exposure at birth and more experiences of maltreatment (p's < 0.05) but their home environment quality was better and lead levels lower (p's < 0.05) than those of young adults with PCE in birth/kinship care. ConclusionsYoung adults with PCE had lower Perceptual Reasoning and Full-Scale IQ scores, independent of caregiving placement, compared to non-exposed young adults. Young adults with PCE placed in non-kinship foster/adoptive care had lower lead levels, more stimulating home environments, better vocabulary skills and were more likely to graduate from high school than those in birth/kinship care,but were not different in their self-report of problematic substance use, or experiences of incarceration or probation. Our data suggest that some cognitive deficits observed in young adults with PCE may be biologically based, but that some functional outcomes can be modified through environmental interventions. Our data also reflect the complexity of disentangling the effects of teratologic exposures on long term outcomes across a variety of domains and the need for studies of children in the foster care system.

Variations in early life home environment quality and children's achievement

The current study examines to what extent naturally occurring variation in the timing of home environment quality during the first five years of life differentially predicts achievement before school entry and at the end-of-elementary school. Data from two longitudinal studies were used: the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Study (EHSRE; N = 2977) and the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1364). Across both datasets, there was support for later time-specific variations in home quality during the first five years as relatively more important for school readiness. In the EHSRE dataset only, there was support for earlier time-specific variations in home quality during the first five years as relatively more important for end-of-elementary school achievement. Implications for the developmental timing of variations in home environmental quality over the first five years and children's achievement are discussed.

ROLE OF HOME ENVIRONMENT IN LTSS USE AMONG OLDER ADULTS IN THE US

Abstract Older adults have shown increasing preference towards having help and health care in the comfort of their own homes rather than in an institutional setting. Research suggests that about 1 in 5 older adults with limitations in activities of daily living report needing more help than they receive. There is insufficient research examining how home inaccessibility and disorder relates to LTSS use for community-dwelling older adults in the U.S. This study addresses a gap in the literature by directly examining the relationship between home environment quality and LTSS use for a national sample of older adults. Data was analyzed from round eight (2018) of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), an epidemiological panel study of nationally representative Medicare beneficiaries ages 65 and older living in the communities (n = 4,806). The final analytic sample included respondents with valid data on all variables (n = 4,265). Community dwelling adults with greater home accessibility had lower odds of having two or more LTSS caregivers, compared to the counterpart with lower home accessibility (OR = 0.246, SE = 0.094, p &amp;lt; 0.01). However, poor housing conditions had lower odds of having two or more LTSS caregivers (OR = 0.333, SE = 0.156, p &amp;lt; 0.05). Community-dwelling older adults who have accessible and organized homes are more likely to be independent and are less likely to depend on LTSS caregiving. Policies to improve home environment quality could benefit both older adults and those who care for them.

Child care and family processes: Bi-directional relations between child care quality, home environments, and maternal depression.

The current study examined whether within-family changes in child care quality and quantity predicted subsequent changes in home environment quality and maternal depression across early childhood (6 to 54 months of age). Data were drawn from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (n=1239; 77% White; 48% female; data collection from 1991 to 1996), and were analyzed using Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Models. Within-family increases in child care quality predicted modest increases in home environment quality (β=.13-.17). These effects were most robust from child age 6 to 15 months. Increases in child care quality produced small, statistically non-significant, reductions in depression. Time-specific increases in child care quantity were not consistently predictive of either outcome.

Development of the Generalized Multi-Dimensional Extended Partitioned Bonferroni Mean Operator and Its Application in Hierarchical MCDM

In this article, we propose the generalized version of the extended, partitioned Bonferroni mean (EPBM) operator with a systematic investigation of its behavior and properties. It can aggregate data of various dimensions in one formulation by modeling mandatory conditions along with partitioned structure interrelationships amongst the criterion set. In addition, we generate the condition for weight vectors satisfied by the weighting triangle associated with the proposed extended aggregation operator. We employed the proposed operator to aggregate a dataset following a hierarchical structure. We found that by implementing the proposed operator one can even rank the alternatives more intuitively with respect to any intermediate perspective of the hierarchical system. Finally, we present an application of the proposed extended aggregation operator in a case-based example of a child’s home environment quality evaluation with detailed analysis.

School Readiness of Turkish Children Living in Poverty: The Mediating Roles of Home Environment and Maternal Behaviors

ABSTRACT Research Findings: The present study examined the relationship between poverty (income-to-needs ratio [INR], parent education, material hardship, and food insecurity) and children’s school readiness (vocabulary, mathematic skills, and phonological awareness) through the mediating roles of stimulation and chaos in the home environment, maternal depression, and perceived maternal rejection. Participants were 5-year-old children (N = 184) and their mothers living in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods in Turkey. Mothers completed scales regarding poverty, home quality, and depression. Children were tested for their school readiness via several assessments. Moreover, children reported the parenting quality of their mothers. The results indicated that family INR and parent education positively, and food insecurity negatively predicted children’s school readiness through the mediation of stimulation at home and perceived maternal rejection. Stimulation at home was positively related to children’s math skills and receptive vocabulary, mothers’ depression was negatively related to math skills, and perceived maternal rejection was negatively related to receptive vocabulary and phonological awareness. Practice or Policy: Implications of the findings for social policies and intervention programs are discussed. Improving home environment quality and mothers’ parenting behaviors should be targeted in future policies to contribute to children’s school readiness.

아동의 적응력 유형에 따른 가정환경 질의 차이

Objectives This study was intended to investigate if there is a difference in the quality of the home environment depending on the type by clustering the adaptability of children. Methods This study was conducted on 930 people who participated in the 9th year(2016) of the Korean Children's Panel of KICCE(Korea Institute of Child Care and Education). To analyze the data, this study calculated frequency and percentage to determine general characteristics and 4 types were derived from cluster analysis to classify the type of adaptability of children. One-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and post hoc test(Scheffé) were conducted to verify if there is a difference in the quality of a child's home environment depending on the type of adaptability cluster of children. Results First, the types of adaptability of children were classified into ‘school life adaptation’ ‘teacher-dependent’ ‘frienddependent’ and ‘school life maladjustment’. Secondly, as a result of investigating if there is a difference between the quality of the home environment as psychological⋅physical home environment and parent-child interaction, it was identified that home environment makes a positive effect on children's adaptation to school life when the home environment is actively provided psychologically and physically. Conclusions The significance of this study is in providing information that can suggest ways to actively help the school life adaptation of children by preventing maladaptive behavior of children and through the link between home and school.

The relationship between the physical home environment and the event of tuberculosis

The home environment is one of the factors that significantly influence the health status of its residents. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that is caused mainly by tuberculosis bacteria. This research is a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used is total sampling. The sample is patients with tuberculosis, with as many as 41 respondents. The results showed that those who did not meet the requirements of the physical home environment were 31 (75.60%), and the event of AFB+ (acid-fast bacteria +) tuberculosis was 30 (73.2%). The statistical hypothesis test results showed a significant relationship between the physical home environment and the event of tuberculosis. These results contribute to the community and government paying more attention to and improving the quality of the physical home environment to reduce the number of tuberculosis spreads in the community.

Determinants of High Fat Mass Index in Preschoolers Living in Brazilian Urban Areas

ObjectiveDetermine the social, environmental, and personal factors associated with high fat mass index in preschoolers. DesignA quantitative, exploratory, and cross-sectional study. Setting and ParticipantsFifty-one Brazilian preschoolers from public schools living in urban areas. Main Outcome Measure(s)The preschoolers’ fat mass index was determined using dual-energy radiological absorptiometry. The quality of home and school environments were accessed using the Early Childhood Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment and Early Childhood Environment Rating Scales. The physical activity levels were recorded by accelerometers. The daily energy intake was recorded and sociodemographic data using the Brazilian Economic Classification criterion. Data on exposure time to screens and parental obesity were collected according to the parents’ reports. AnalysisData analyses were performed using simple and multiple regressions models. ResultsParental obesity (β, 0.516; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.078–5.133), high quality of environmental stimulation of home (β, 0.429; 95% CI, 1.294–4.023), and high exposure time to screens (β, 0.256; 95% CI, 0.215–2.554) explained 43% of preschoolers’ high fat mass index. Conclusions and ImplicationsIdentification of parental obesity, high quality of environmental stimulation of home, and high exposure time to screens as the most important determinants of the high fat mass index in preschoolers from Brazilian urban areas.

Relationships between maternal body mass index and child cognitive outcomes at 3 years of age are buffered by specific early environments in a prospective Canadian birth cohort.

Fetal and child development are shaped by early life exposures, including maternal health states, nutrition and educational and home environments. We aimed to determine if suboptimal pre-pregnancy maternal body mass index (BMI; underweight, overweight, obese) would associate with poorer cognitive outcomes in children, and whether early life nutritional, educational and home environments modify these relationships. Self-reported data were obtained from mother-infant dyads from the pan-Canadian prospective Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals cohort. Relationships between potential risk factors (pre-pregnancy maternal BMI, breastfeeding practices and Home Observation Measurement of the Environment [HOME] score) and child cognitive development at age three (Weschler's Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Third Edition scale and its subcategories) were each evaluated using analysis of variance, multivariable regression models and moderating analyses. Amongst the 528 mother-child dyads, increasing maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was negatively associated with scores for child full-scale IQ (β [95% CI]; -2.01 [-3.43, -0.59], p = 0.006), verbal composite (-1.93 [-3.33, -0.53], p = 0.007), and information scale (-0.41 [-0.70, -0.14], p = 0.003) scores. Higher maternal education level or HOME score attenuated the negative association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and child cognitive outcome by 30%-41% and 7%-22%, respectively, and accounted for approximately 5%-10% greater variation in male children's cognitive scores compared to females. Maternal education and higher quality home environment buffer the negative effect of elevated maternal pre-pregnancy BMI on child cognitive outcomes. Findings suggest that relationships between maternal, social and environmental factors must be considered to reveal pathways that shape risk for, and resiliency against, suboptimal cognitive outcomes in early life.