Home Economics Experiment Station Research Articles

Low Food Security and Diet Quality Among Midwest University Students (P04-051-19)

ObjectivesRecent reports indicate US students in higher education experience greater levels of food insecurity than the general populace. Chronic food insecurity can adversely affect health, dietary quality, and academic performance. The study objective was to describe student’s food security level and diet, and determine associations with demographic characteristics, BMI, living arrangements, employment, year in school, and campus college. We hypothesized that: 1) students with high food security are consuming less healthy foods because of the price, availability and convenience of unhealthy options; 2) students living on campus are more food secure than those living off campus; 3) students who are employed are more likely to be food insecure than those unemployed. MethodsAn online survey with questions on demographics, food security, dietary intakes, purchasing habits, and shopping patterns was developed. All students in the College of Business and the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, aged 18–34, were sent a direct email invitation to participate in the Survey Monkey (Palo Alto, CA) survey. ResultsOf the 946 responses received, 684 (72.3%) had complete data on the variables of interest. Few meet daily dietary recommendations for fruit and vegetable servings (11%), fiber (27%), and eating less than 36% of total calories from fat (50%). Over 31% of participants reported low or very low food security in contrast to 11.8% nationally. Significant findings include: students who are employed are more likely to be in the low and very low food secure category (P = .006), and those students with a higher BMI had lower food security (P = .030). Students using the university meal plans had higher fat diets than those students not using a meal plan (P = .001). Over 32% of students on campus have not, but are interested in receiving information on budgeting, and 16.2% would like to know who to talk to if they are facing problems accessing enough food. ConclusionsThe majority of Iowa State University students consume too much dietary fat and do not meet fruit/vegetable, or fiber recommendations. There is a need to provide information, resources, and food options to students having difficulty accessing food. Funding SourcesPartial research support for the project was provided by the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Project Number IOW04002, Ames, Iowa.

Genetically Diverse Soybean Cyst Nematode–Resistant Full‐Sib Soybean Germplasm Lines AR4SCN, AR5SCN, AR6SCN, AR7SCN, and AR8SCN

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields will be protected by introgressing pathogen resistance, an objective of soybean breeding for pathogen resistance at Iowa State University (ISU). Germplasms AR4SCN (Reg. No. GP‐410, PI 684651), AR5SCN (Reg. No. GP‐411, PI 684652), AR6SCN (Reg. No. GP‐412, PI 684653), AR7SCN (Reg. No. GP‐413, PI 684654), and AR8SCN (Reg. No. GP‐414, PI 684655), are resistant to soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines [HG] Ichinohe) HG type 0 (Race 3) and HG type 1.3.6.7 (Race 14). In 2007, ISU Projects 3722 of the Agronomy Department and Project 3384 of the Plant Pathology Department, the Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, and the ISU Research Foundation released the lines. Each line is an F12:13 bulk of 60 agronomically uniform plants from the cross of the genetically diverse SCN parents PI 88788 and ‘Columbia’. The cross made at the Isabela Substation, Puerto Rico, underwent generation advances in Puerto Rico and Iowa. Phenotyping/molecular characterizations of lines at Arelli's, Cianzio's and Diers’ labs confirmed the presence of high copy numbers of the full‐length sequence repeat of the highly important major PI 88788‐type rhg1‐b gene, conferring high levels of SCN resistance on each germplasm. In Iowa, average seed yield of the maturity group (MG) II line AR4SCN was 57% of the check ‘Dwight’. For MG III lines (AR5SCN, AR6SCN, AR7SCN, AR8SCN), yield was 77% of ‘Macon’. The germplasms will serve in the development of SCN‐resistant genotypes adapted to northern US regions where SCN HG type 0 and/or 1.3.6.7 may be prevalent. Lines may also serve as research genetic stocks.

Registration of N614, A3N615, N616, and N617 Shattercane Genetic Stocks with Cytoplasmic or Nuclear Male Sterility and Juicy or Dry Midribs

Four shattercane [Sorghum bicolor subsp. drummondii (Nees ex Steud.) de Wet ex Davidse] genetic stocks—N614 (Reg. No. GS‐652, PI 665684), A3N615 (Reg. No. GS‐651, PI 665683), N616 (Reg. No. GS‐653, PI 665685), and N617 (Reg. No. GS‐654, PI 665686)—with A3 cytoplasmic male sterility or the nuclear male sterility gene ms3 containing either juicy (dd) or dry (DD) culms were developed jointly by the USDA‐ARS; the Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University; and the Agricultural Research Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska. The stocks were released in July 2011. The source material for these genetic stocks was isolated from an archetypical shattercane population found near Lincoln, NE. Release of these genetic stocks makes available shattercane lines with both A3 cytoplasmic male sterility, and ms3 genetic (nuclear) male sterility to facilitate crossing. These genetic stocks also contain juicy (dd) or dry (DD) culms, a visible genetic marker to facilitate screening progeny resulting from crosses. The genetic stocks have immediate application for basic research involving gene flow from cultivated sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] to shattercane and on the fitness of offspring resulting from such crosses.

Impacts of Economic and Psychological Factors on Women's Obesity and Food Assistance Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY Panel

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 94, Issue 2 p. 331-337 ASSA Meeting Invited Paper Session Impacts of Economic and Psychological Factors on Women's Obesity and Food Assistance Program Participation: Evidence from the NLSY Panel Ying Huang, Corresponding Author Ying Huang [email protected] Food Economics Division, ERS, Iowa State University[email protected]Search for more papers by this authorWallace Huffman, Wallace Huffman Food Economics Division, ERS, Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorAbebayehu Tegene, Abebayehu Tegene Food Economics Division, ERS, Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Ying Huang, Corresponding Author Ying Huang [email protected] Food Economics Division, ERS, Iowa State University[email protected]Search for more papers by this authorWallace Huffman, Wallace Huffman Food Economics Division, ERS, Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorAbebayehu Tegene, Abebayehu Tegene Food Economics Division, ERS, Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 October 2011 https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aar101Citations: 3 On an earlier draft, Dian Schanzenbach, Joseph Herriges, Peter Orazem, and Ruth Litchfield provided helpful comments. Financial support was obtained from the USDA in a cooperative agreement and from the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station. The content of this paper does not reflect the views of the USDA. This article was presented in an invited paper session at the 2011 ASSA annual meeting in Denver, CO. The articles in these sessions are not subjected to the journal's standard refereeing process. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume94, Issue2January 2012Pages 331-337 RelatedInformation

Trajectories of depressive symptoms and stressful life events among male and female adolescents in divorced and nondivorced families

This 11-year longitudinal study models the trajectories of depressive symptoms among approximately 550 females and males raised in divorced and nondivorced families in the rural Midwest. Using multilevel analyses, we demonstrate that, first, depressive symptoms changed according to a curvilinear pattern, especially for females; they increased during early to midadolescence and then declined in late adolescence to young adulthood. Second, compared with males, females experienced a greater number of depressive symptoms in adolescence and early adulthood. Third, children who experienced parental divorce by age 15 manifested a sharper increase in depressive symptoms compared to those from nondivorced families. Fourth, stressful life events children experienced shortly after parental divorce mediated the effect of parental divorce on depressive symptoms. Fifth and finally, time-varying stressful life events, particularly those related to relationship and personal loss, were significantly associated with the trajectories of depressive symptoms.

Introduction to the Workshop

296 Received for publication on 20 May 2004. Accepted for publication on 27 June 2004 This journal paper of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, was supported by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds. To whom reprint requests should be addressed; e-mail isumw@iastate.edu. Introduction to the Workshop Mark P. Widrlechner1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural research Service, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State University, Departments of Agronomy and Horticulture, Ames, IA 50011-1170

Registration of B117, B118, B119, B120, and B121 Inbred Lines of Maize

Crop ScienceVolume 44, Issue 6 p. 2280-2281 Registrations Of Parental Line Registration of B117, B118, B119, B120, and B121 Inbred Lines of Maize A.R. Hallauer, Corresponding Author A.R. Hallauer mlents@iastate.edu Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1010Corresponding author (mlents@iastate.edu)Search for more papers by this authorK.R. Lamkey, K.R. Lamkey Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1010Search for more papers by this authorP.R. White, P.R. White Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1010Search for more papers by this author A.R. Hallauer, Corresponding Author A.R. Hallauer mlents@iastate.edu Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1010Corresponding author (mlents@iastate.edu)Search for more papers by this authorK.R. Lamkey, K.R. Lamkey Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1010Search for more papers by this authorP.R. White, P.R. White Dep. of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011-1010Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 2004 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.2280Citations: 1 This journal paper of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA, Project 3742, was supported by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds. Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume44, Issue6November–December 2004Pages 2280-2281 RelatedInformation

Dehydrin variability among rhododendron species: a 25‐kDa dehydrin is conserved and associated with cold acclimation across diverse species

• Here we examine the accumulation pattern of dehydrins in non- vs cold-acclimated leaves of 21 species comprising two divergent groups of Rhododendron, Subgenus Hymenanthes and Subgenus Rhododendron. Individuals from five other Ericaceous genera were also evaluated in the same way. Quantitative comparisons of cold-inducibility of a 25-kDa dehydrin and cold acclimation ability in six Rhododendron species were also performed. • Leaf freezing tolerance assay and dehydrin detection and quantification were performed as previously described. • Eleven dehydrins, ranging from 25- to 73-kDa, were observed among the 21 species, and most were more abundant in winter-collected leaves than in summer-collected leaves. One dehydrin, a 25-kDa protein, was uniquely conserved across most (95%) of the species surveyed, and was absent only in R. brookeanum, a tropical species that may not be capable of cold acclimation. The 25-kDa dehydrin was also identified in Kalmia, a genus closely related to Rhododendron but not in four other less related Ericaceous genera. Comparison of dehydrin profiles in non- and cold-acclimated leaf tissue from six species (three very hardy, and three less hardy, species) indicated a close association (R2 =0.95) between relative changes in leaf freezing tolerance and 25-kDa dehydrin accumulation. • The taxonomic and physiological comparisons suggest a central, but as yet unknown, function for the 25-kDa dehydrin in protecting rhododendron leaves from freezing injury.

Candidate Gene Approach: Potentional Association of Caspase‐1, Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein‐1, and Prosaposin Gene Polymorphisms with Response to Salmonella enteritidis Challenge or Vaccination in Young Chicks#

Salmonella enteritidis (SE) contamination of poultry products is a major cause of food‐borne disease worldwide. Caspase‐1 and inhibitor of apoptosis protein‐1 (IAP‐1) were selected as candidate genes for chicken response to SE because their proteins play critical roles in the apoptotic pathway when intracellular bacteria interact with host cells. Prosaposin (PSAP) was selected as a positional candidate gene based on a previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) linkage study using the same population. The F1 offspring of outbred sires crossed with three diverse, highly inbred dam lines (two major histocompatibility complex‐congenic Leghorn lines named G‐B1 and G‐B2, and one Fayoumi line) were used to define the phenotypes. The F1 birds were involved in either pathogenic SE challenge, in which spleen and cecum content bacterial load were quantified, or SE vaccination, in which plasma antibody level to SE vaccine was evaluated. A polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR‐RFLP) assay was developed to identify single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the three genes. The F1 offspring of heterozygous sires for each gene were genotyped. The sire caspase‐1 gene was significantly associated with cecum content bacterial load (P = 0.04) in the three combined dam line crosses, and with spleen bacterial load in the G‐B1 cross (P = 0.02). The sire caspase‐1 gene was also significantly associated with antibody level to SE vaccine (P = 0.03) in F1 males in the three combined dam line crosses. The sire IAP‐1 gene was significantly associated with spleen bacterial load (P = 0.04) in the three combined dam‐line crosses, and interacted with dam‐line genetics (P = 0.01) for cecum content bacterial load. The sire PSAP gene significantly interacted with sex for spleen bacterial load (P = 0.004). This study is the first to demonstrate the association of SNPs for caspase‐1, IAP‐1, and PSAP genes with SE vaccine and with pathogen challenge response in chickens. #Journal paper No. 19835 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA 50011; Projects 2237 and 3521.

Commercial Nature of Corn Germ Plasm

I applaud Daniel Charles' News Focus article on the debates over who controls the international crop germ plasms (the gene and seed banks from which new crop lines are developed) and the efforts to enhance free exchange of germ plasm (“Seeds of discontent,” 26 Oct., p. [772][1]). As a public plant breeder when the international Convention on Biological Diversity entered into force in 1993, which provided the right to nations to control the export of their genetic resources, I expected that I would be required to charge royalties on my cultivars (something that I had not done) to meet the potential requirements of returning money to countries where the parental germ plasms I used were discovered. Many U.S. crops (e.g., wheat, barley, oats, and soybeans) are introduced, and all of our parental germ plasms are derived from or are plant introductions. It is a relief to know this concern is being addressed. However, care should be taken when using corn as the example for germ plasm exchange in agricultural crops. The issues Charles addresses are of concern to those dealing with public-sector genetic resources. The approach governing the exchange of genetic resources in corn is different because elite corn germ plasms are predominantly developed in the private sector ([1][2]) and corn is commonly sold as a hybrid. To give an example of the uniqueness of the commercial presence in corn, the total number of cereal crop breeders in the United States in 1994, the last scientific census for this field ([2][3]), was 893. Of these, 599 (67%) were in corn breeding (dent, popcorn, or sweet corn), 130 (15%) in wheat breeding, 55 (6%) in sorghum breeding, 42 (5%) in rice breeding, 32 (4%) in barley breeding, and lesser numbers in other cereal crops such as oats, rye, and wild rice. In wheat, 59% of the breeders were in the public sector and 41% were in the private sector. In corn, 93% of the breeders were in the private sector and 7% were in the public sector. In addition, corn is often sold as a hybrid, and the hybrid and its parental inbred lines have great commercial value. Therefore, for fear of theft of the parental inbred lines, many lines are covered by the strictest forms of intellectual property rights (e.g., patents). In contrast, for other crops such as wheat that are sold predominantly as inbred lines, theft is much less of a concern and less restrictive forms of intellectual property rights are used (e.g., the Plant Variety Protection Act). Simply, inbred lines are much easier to identify in the marketplace, and the seed has lower commercial value because it is easier to produce and farmers can save their seed. This difference in commercial approaches between hybrid and inbred crops affects the extent of germ plasm exchange. In corn, because the inbred lines are valuable and most were privately developed, there is little exchange of elite inbred lines, whereas in wheat and many other agricultural crops, there is considerable exchange of both genes and elite genotypes (inbred lines) with relatively simple agreements ([3][4]). Germ plasm exchange in many crops is greater between developed and developing countries than in corn because breeders in these crops are routinely putting elite lines into public collections and these elite lines are exchanged for traditional crop varieties to the benefit of all. 1. [↵][5]1. P. W. Heisey, 2. C. S. Srinivasan, 3. C. Thirtle , Public Sector Plant Breeding in a Privatizing World (ERS Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 772, Resource Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, 2001). Available at . 2. [↵][6]1. K. J. Frey , National Plant Breeding Study-1. Human and Financial Fesources Devoted to Plant Breeding Research and Development in the United States in 1994, Special Report 98 (Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, 1996) 3. [↵][7]Wheat Worker Code of Ethics. Available at . [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.294.5543.772 [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #ref-2 [4]: #ref-3 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 View reference 1 in text [6]: #xref-ref-2-1 View reference 2 in text [7]: #xref-ref-3-1 View reference 3 in text

PETIOLE SAP NITRATE SUFFICIENCY VALUES FOR FRESH MARKET TOMATO PRODUCTION1*

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, Mtn. Spring and Jet Star, were grown on black polyethylene-mulched beds of a loam soil with an organic matter content of 2.4% for two seasons, 1996 and 1997, to evaluate preplant N rate effects on fruit yield and leaf blade total nitrogen (N) and petiole sap NO3-N concentration. Four rates of N fertilizer (0 to 136 kg ha−1), as urea, were rotovated into the bed prior to laying the plastic mulch. Samples of the most recently matured leaves were taken every two weeks for N and NO3-N content. Fruit yield and quality were associated with early season, 4 and 6 week, petiole sap NO3-N concentration. Mtn. Spring required 1050 ppm sap NO3-N compared with 900 ppm for the Jet Star cultivar. In 1996, Mtn. Spring achieved maximum yield at 31 kg N ha−1 whereas Jet Star required 67 kg N ha−1. Maximum yield occurred at 67 kg N ha−1 for both cultivars in 1997. Nitrogen rates above the optimum decreased early yields in 1996, but not in 1997. Soil N mineralization data showed > 112 kg N ha−1 by mid-July in the top 30 cm of the soil profile. On the prairie soils of the upper Midwest soil N management should be similar for both determinate and indeterminate fresh market tomatoes. *Journal Paper No. J-19063 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA. Project no. 3706, and supported by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds.

Welfare and Food Assistance at the State and Sub‐State Level: A Framework for Evaluating Economic and Programmatic Changes

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 82, Issue 3 p. 649-655 Proceeding Welfare and Food Assistance at the State and Sub-State Level: A Framework for Evaluating Economic and Programmatic Changes Maureen Kilkenny, Maureen Kilkenny assistant professor Iowa State University This is Journal Paper No. J-18701 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project Nos. 3513 and 3562, supported by the Economic Research Service, USDA, Hatch Act, and State of Iowa funds.Search for more papers by this authorHelen H. Jensen, Helen H. Jensen professor in the Economics Department Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorSteven Garasky, Steven Garasky associate professor in the Human Development/Family Studies Department Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorJennifer Olmsted, Jennifer Olmsted economist Economic Research Service, USDASearch for more papers by this author Maureen Kilkenny, Maureen Kilkenny assistant professor Iowa State University This is Journal Paper No. J-18701 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project Nos. 3513 and 3562, supported by the Economic Research Service, USDA, Hatch Act, and State of Iowa funds.Search for more papers by this authorHelen H. Jensen, Helen H. Jensen professor in the Economics Department Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorSteven Garasky, Steven Garasky associate professor in the Human Development/Family Studies Department Iowa State UniversitySearch for more papers by this authorJennifer Olmsted, Jennifer Olmsted economist Economic Research Service, USDASearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 August 2000 https://doi.org/10.1111/0002-9092.00055 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume82, Issue3August 2000Pages 649-655 RelatedInformation

Plant Growth Chamber Handbook. (Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station Special Report No. 99 (SR‐99) and North Central Regional Research Publication No. 340.). Ed. by R. W. LANGHANS and T. W. TIBBITS. 21×27·5 cm. Pp. viii+240 with 20 tables and 45 text‐figures. Ames, IA, USA: Iowa State University, 1997. Price p/b: $15.00, ISBN 0361 199X.

New PhytologistVolume 138, Issue 4 p. 743-750 Free Access Plant Growth Chamber Handbook. (Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station Special Report No. 99 (SR-99) and North Central Regional Research Publication No. 340.). Ed. by R. W. LANGHANS and T. W. TIBBITS. 21×27·5 cm. Pp. viii+240 with 20 tables and 45 text-figures. Ames, IA, USA: Iowa State University, 1997. Price p/b: $15.00, ISBN 0361 199X. Julian Franklin, Julian FranklinSearch for more papers by this author Julian Franklin, Julian FranklinSearch for more papers by this author First published: 07 July 2008 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1998.149-7.xCitations: 3AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume138, Issue4April 1998Pages 743-750 RelatedInformation

Gene Flow in Colonizing Hippodamia variegata Ladybird Beetle Populations

From the Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011. This is Journal paper no. J15929 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa; project no. 2949. Thanks to Deb Nelson and Julie Gould, USDA-APH1S Biological Control Laboratory, Niles, Michigan, for supplying laboratory-reared beetles, and Donna Ellis, University of Connecticut, and Lisa Tewkesbury, University of Rhode Island, for collecting wild beetles. This research was partly supported by USDA-APHIS grant no. 12-34-81-016&GR and CSRS USDA grant 94-373120673. Address reprint requests to Dr. E. S. Krafsur at the address above.

Introduction to the Workshop

296 Received for publication on 20 May 2004. Accepted for publication on 27 June 2004 This journal paper of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, was supported by Hatch Act and State of Iowa funds. To whom reprint requests should be addressed; e-mail isumw@iastate.edu. Introduction to the Workshop Mark P. Widrlechner1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural research Service, North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station, Iowa State University, Departments of Agronomy and Horticulture, Ames, IA 50011-1170

GATT and Environmental Policy Reform: Discussion

Agricultural protectionism in developed countries such as the United States and those in the European Community (EC) involves subsidized production which has led to excess global supply and to low farm-output prices. In response, the purported goal of the Uruguay Round of the GATT negotiations is to increase global efficiency in agricultural production and trade by eliminating distortionary subsidy programs. Additionally, GATT opens the door for more general policy reform with an explicit focus on the environment. Papers by Abler and Shortle and by Just and Rausser address how agricultural interests and environmental resources may be affected by these reforms. Just and Rausser argue that the key to policy reform is the political feasibility of the policy change. A policy reform altering the current distribution of wealth will be contested by those currently empowered. Thus reforms will fail unless empowered interests are eased out and bought off-compensated to take early retirement from the rent-seeking game. A golden parachute is necessary to ease the current patriarchs into the front-porch rocking chair. The relevant task becomes estimating the compensation package necessary to make environmental policy reform feasible to the agricultural community. Although both papers address the costs of political feasibility in GATT, as well as environmental policy reform, at least four issues remain unresolved. First, both papers address policy reform in a deterministic framework. But target prices may be useful to stabilize returns of production. The decoupling of program benefits could involve an increase in output price instability such that producer risk preferences come into play. In addition, even if we assume risk neutrality, a nonlinear production risk could induce significant shifts in behavior. The implication of adding a stochastic element moves us into the world of ex ante choice-a world that Buchanan and Helms argue is less restrictive than the world of ex post choice inasmuch as the ex ante approach incorporates risk preference. In a world of incomplete markets for environmental assets, ex ante expenditures rather than ex post realized outcomes explain choice and welfare. Second, whereas the empirical models are developed in a dynamic context, the analytics of policy reform are static. It could be useful to tie the empirical to the analytical by exploring policy reform in a dynamic setting that accounts for either repeated play or asymmetric information between players. But this is a potential problem in that a multitude of potential Nash or sequential equilibria likely exist (see Fudenberg and Maskin). The Folk Theorems for repeated games suggest that any feasible self-interested payoff can be an equilibrium, provided that the players are sufficiently patient. The range of equilibrium compensation may be quite wide, requiring explicit recognition of how expectations are formed. For signaling games, Cho and Kreps (p. 180) argue that what constitutes an equilibrium is powerfully affected by the 'interpretations' that would be given by [player] B to messages that [player] A might have sent, but in equilibrium does not send. Restrictions of out-of-equilibrium beliefs can reduce the number of acceptable equilibria but may require data that are impossible or extremely costly to acquire. Regardless, stronger links between the dynamic processes associated with policy reform will provide a more rigorous framework for empirical estimation. Although the first two issues may be dismissed as technical nitpicking, the third and fourth cannot. The third involves the potential production and yield impacts of alternative policies. The impact on the agricultural sector in both papers is large. Abler and Shortle argue that implementation of a stylized version of the EC's MacSharry plan of a two-thirds decoupling Jason F. Shogren is an associate professor in the Department of Economics, Iowa State University. Stan Johnson, Lilyan Fulginiti, and Pat Westhoff provided useful comments. Journal paper No. J-14795 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 2872.

Factors Affecting Egg Predation by American Crows

We studied predation by breeding American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) on artificial duck nests in upland and overwater habitats from April to July in 1986 and 1987 in the prairie pothole region of southwestern Manitoba, Canada. Predation was higher on nests placed within home ranges of breeding crows than on nests placed at random locations outside of home ranges. However, artificial nests placed >700 m from crow nests, yet within home ranges, were relatively safe from predation. Predation was greater on upland than on overwater nests. Nests in low vegetation were most vulnerable to crows, but increases in cover height above 20-50 cm did not substantially reduce predation. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 54(3):433-437 The possibility that egg predation has depressed waterfowl nesting success throughout the prairie pothole region (Cowardin et al. 1985, Greenwood et al. 1987) is of concern to waterfowl managers because this region is an important breeding area (Smith et al. 1964, Batt et al. 1989). Increasing nest success in the prairie pothole region is a goal of the North American Waterfowl Management Plan (Can. Wildl. Serv. and U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. 1986). Electric fences are sometimes used to exclude predators from habitat managed for nesting waterfowl (Lokemoen et al. 1982). However, these fences cannot exclude avian species such as American crows, which are recognized as important predators of waterfowl eggs (e.g., Kalmbach 1937, Johnson et al. 1989). Egg predation by crows seldom has been investigated in detail, yet such data are needed to improve waterfowl management decisions in areas where crows are potential predators. Sugden and Beyersbergen (1986, 1987) found that crows that searched on foot located more artificial nests when nests were clumped rather than dispersed and were located in vegetation short and sparse rather than tall and dense. We compared rates of predation by crows on artificial duck nests: (1) during different stages of crow nesting cycles, (2) in upland and overwater sites, (3) in different vegetation types, (4) within and outside breeding crow home ranges, (5) at varying distances from active crow nests, and (6) in different heights of vegetation. Our study was not designed to estimate predation rates on wild duck nests. Rather, we used artificial nests as a tool to examine how nest site characteristics affected predation rates by crows, but Gdtmark et al. (1990) showed that predation rates on artificial and natural nests can be similar. This project was funded by the North American Wildlife Foundation through the Delta Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Station, and Iowa State University through the Department of Animal Ecology and the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station. We thank J. M. Buenger, R. J. Keith, and D. M. Richardson for assistance in collecting data, and D. C. Glenn-Lewin, R. J. Greenwood, D. H. Johnson, E. E. Klaas, and L. G. Sugden for providing critical comments on the manuscript. M. G. Anderson, A. B. Sargeant, and L. G. Sugden provided valuable insight during the formative stages of the study. This is Journal Paper J-13149 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project 2466.

In Memoriam: Theodore Alfonso Bancroft, 1907-1986

Iowa, on July 26, 1986. At the time of his death, he was Professor Emeritus in the Department of Statistics at Iowa State University, having retired in 1977. T. A. Bancroft was born January 2, 1907, in Columbus, Mississippi. His early education was in Alabama; he attended Howard College in Birmingham and received the A.B. degree in mathematics from the University of Florida in 1927. He taught in the Alabama public high schools before obtaining the M.A. degree in mathematics from the University of Michigan in 1934. He then taught at Vanderbilt University and Mercer University before coming to Iowa State University (ISU) as a graduate assistant in I94 I . He completed his doctorate in mathematical statistics in 1943 with W. G. Cochran. His dissertation was titled “Tests of Significance Considered as an Aid in Statistical Methodology.” The dissertation initiated research in the general area of preliminary testing that Bancroft conducted throughout his career. Bancroft remained on the ISU staff until 1946. when he left for a year at the University of Georgia and two years at Auburn University. In 1949 he returned to ISU, and in 1950 he became Head of the Department of Statistics. Director of the Statistical Laboratory, and head of the Statistics Department of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, positions he held until 1972. Ted was fond of saying that he wore three hats. He received an ISU Faculty Citation in 1968. In I972 he relinquished administrative responsibilities

Comparison of analytical approaches for estimating hedge ratios for agricultural commodities

Journal of Futures MarketsVolume 7, Issue 2 p. 135-146 Article Comparison of analytical approaches for estimating hedge ratios for agricultural commodities Harvey J. Witt, Harvey J. Witt Research Assistants, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IowaSearch for more papers by this authorTed C. Schroeder, Ted C. Schroeder Research Assistants, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IowaSearch for more papers by this authorMarvin L. Hayenga, Marvin L. Hayenga Professor in the Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa No senior authorship is assigned. We have benefitted from the suggestions of D. Starleaf, R. Dahlgran, D. DiPietre, two anonymous JFM reviewers, and NCR-134 Conference participants. Errors remain the responsibility of the authors. Journal Paper No. J-12184 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 2740.Search for more papers by this author Harvey J. Witt, Harvey J. Witt Research Assistants, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IowaSearch for more papers by this authorTed C. Schroeder, Ted C. Schroeder Research Assistants, Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, IowaSearch for more papers by this authorMarvin L. Hayenga, Marvin L. Hayenga Professor in the Department of Economics, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa No senior authorship is assigned. We have benefitted from the suggestions of D. Starleaf, R. Dahlgran, D. DiPietre, two anonymous JFM reviewers, and NCR-134 Conference participants. Errors remain the responsibility of the authors. Journal Paper No. J-12184 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 2740.Search for more papers by this author First published: April 1987 https://doi.org/10.1002/fut.3990070204Citations: 52 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume7, Issue2April 1987Pages 135-146 RelatedInformation

Subunit Structure of Desmin and Vimentin Protofilaments and How They Assemble into Intermediate Filamentsa

Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume 455, Issue 1 p. 185-199 Subunit Structure of Desmin and Vimentin Protofilaments and How They Assemble into Intermediate Filamentsa WALLACE IP, Corresponding Author WALLACE IP Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110Address correspondence to W. Ip, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521.Search for more papers by this authorJ. E. HEUSER, J. E. HEUSER Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110Search for more papers by this authorY-Y. SUSANA PANG, Y-Y. SUSANA PANG Muscle Biology Group, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011Search for more papers by this authorMICHAEL K. HARTZER, MICHAEL K. HARTZER Muscle Biology Group, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011Search for more papers by this authorRICHARD M. ROBSON, RICHARD M. ROBSON Muscle Biology Group, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011Search for more papers by this author WALLACE IP, Corresponding Author WALLACE IP Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110Address correspondence to W. Ip, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0521.Search for more papers by this authorJ. E. HEUSER, J. E. HEUSER Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110Search for more papers by this authorY-Y. SUSANA PANG, Y-Y. SUSANA PANG Muscle Biology Group, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011Search for more papers by this authorMICHAEL K. HARTZER, MICHAEL K. HARTZER Muscle Biology Group, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011Search for more papers by this authorRICHARD M. ROBSON, RICHARD M. ROBSON Muscle Biology Group, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011Search for more papers by this author First published: October 1985 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb50412.xCitations: 27 a Supported by National Institutes of Health (W. I. and R. M. R.), Muscular Dystrophy Association, and American Heart Association, Iowa Affiliate (R. M. R.). This is journal paper J- 11860 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Projects 2361 and 2127. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume455, Issue1Intermediate FilamentsOctober 1985Pages 185-199 RelatedInformation