Home Distance Research Articles

Home distance to Greenhouse Floriculture and Organophosphate, Pyrethroid, and Neonicotinoid Urinary Metabolite Concentration in Ecuadorian Adolescents

Home distance to Greenhouse Floriculture and Organophosphate, Pyrethroid, and Neonicotinoid Urinary Metabolite Concentration in Ecuadorian Adolescents

Analisa Tarikan Pergerakan Pengunjung Wisata Permandian Waterpark Matua Kecamatan Alla Kabupaten Enrekang

Waterpark Matua is one of the land use objectives that can generate development attraction as a water recreation destination that offers the potential attraction of a beautiful natural panorama because it offers a view consisting of plantations and rocky hills surrounding the tourist area so that it has a beautiful and exotic photo spot. This study aims to determine the characteristics of visitors, what factors affect the attractiveness of visitors, and the growth rate factor of future visitor attraction using the furness method. This research was conducted for 2 months with questionnaire data collection, and processed using the SPSS 24 application. The results showed that the characteristics of visitors according to gender showed that most visitors were female based on a percentage of 66%, age 11-20 years with a percentage of 38%, most visitors from the Alla, Anggeraja, Curio districts with a percentage level of 38%, Students with a percentage level of 47%, the most visitors' transportation mode is motorbike with a percentage level of 70% and the movement attraction model with multiple linear regression analysis method is Y = 2.839 + 0.340 (x1) - 0.473 (x2) + 0.196 (x3) - 0.228 (x5) + 0.190 (x9) + 0.419 (x12). Factors that influence the occurrence of attraction are variables of home distance (x1), transport costs (x2), length of travel time (x3), destination to tourist attractions (x5), food prices (x9), and building conditions (x12). The growth rate factor from the analysis results using the Furness method obtained a growth factor value of Ed = 0.9897 which has met the requirements of the error tolerance limit, with an expected visitor attraction value of Dd = 3214.

Implikasi Jarak Rumah ke Sekolah Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa

Students who have high motivation to learn will be more active in learning and strive to achieve optimal achievements. On the other hand, students who have low motivation to learn tend to be lazy to study and not enthusiastic about participating in learning. This study aims to analyze the implications of students' home distance to school on students' learning motivation. The research method used by the author, namely literature study, is a research method that uses literature sources such as books, journals, articles, and research reports to collect data and information to answer research questions. The research method used by the author, namely literature study, is a research method that uses literature sources such as books, journals, articles, and research reports to collect data and information to answer research questions. The main source of data for this research is scientific articles published in various journals and indexed by google scholar. Data analysis was carried out qualitatively with the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the analysis are known that the distance from students' homes to schools certainly affects students' motivation to learn, therefore there are several actions that can be taken so that it can help students have a spirit of learning and the distance from their homes to school is not a barrier for them to learn and of course have high motivation to learn.

Ticks and lyme disease in natural areas: A segmentation analysis of visitor perceptions of risk and preferred communication strategies

Reported Lyme disease cases have been rapidly increasing globally in recent years. Despite this, few studies have explored how the public perceives health risks associated with ticks and Lyme disease, especially within the context of visitor experiences in natural areas. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a survey of visitors to one of Ontario, Canada’s most visited provincial parks. Despite high perceptions of risk, few visitors feel sufficiently educated about ticks and Lyme disease. Further, only 51% of visitors would return to the park if future regional incidents of tick-borne illnesses increased by 10–30% (under climate change). Interestingly, no significant correlations were uncovered between home distance and tick-related risk perceptions or self-reported tick education levels. These results may be indicative of the normalization of tick-related risk throughout many of southern Ontario’s most populated regions. Finally, our results also revealed that there is no preferred “one-size-fits-all” risk communication strategy that can be used to support risk-reducing behaviour change in a natural areas context. We recommend a diversity of evidence-based, on-site, and off-site strategies, that can be considered by governing authorities not only in Canada but indeed globally to reduce tick-related health and safety risks and ultimately safeguard visitor experiences in natural areas subject to increasing tick prevalence. Management ImplicationsManagement Implications: The expanding range of ticks and increasing cases of Lyme disease are presenting significant risks to those who visit natural areas, requiring increasing management attention and action by governing authorities, including park managers and regional health units. Through a mixed-methods approach, we examined park visitor perceptions, behaviours, and preferred communication strategies regarding tick and Lyme disease risk. The results revealed a number of key findings, including:•While risk perceptions of tick bites are high, few visitors feel sufficiently educated about ticks and Lyme disease;•Only 51% of visitors would return to the park if future regional incidents of tick-borne illnesses increased by 10–30% (under climate change);•Visitors with further travel distances were significantly less likely to return to the park after experiencing an in-park tick bite; and,•There is no preferred “one-size-fits-all” risk communication strategy within a park visitor context.

READING PREDICAMENT WITHSTOOD BY ELEMENTARY LEARNERS: HOME DISTANCE LEARNING IN FOCUS

The issue of reading becomes more significant when it comes to the English language because English is used in a number of countries as first and second language. Besides, English is used as a medium of instruction in basic school to tertiary levels in these countries. More importantly reading in English is more significant if students are needed to be competent enough in their academic achievement. This study involved teachers in grades 6 in selected public schools in Davao City. This group was chosen because, the following year, they are supposed to be in grade seven to write their examinations which are to be read and answered in English without anybodys help. These examinations are very critical as they determine whether the pupil will proceed to secondary education or not. Therefore, it is expected that by the time a pupil reaches grade six, they must be competent in reading as preparation for their Junior High School life. These participants are currently teaching in the school year 2021-2022 with more than two years of experience in teaching reading. A total of 7 participants are considered in this study who will join the in-depth interview and focused group discussion. The results of this study revealed that learners tend to have less access to and poorer quality of education than other groups. Their education often does not incorporate curricula and teaching methods that recognize their communities histories, cultures, pedagogies, traditional languages, and traditional knowledge. Thus, in teaching them teachers must boost their full courage and dedication so that proper education will be achieved. KEYWORDS: reading predicament, withstood, elementary learners, home distance learning

Telecommuting and Travel Behaviour: A Survey of White-Collar Employees in Adelaide, Australia

COVID-19 prompted a significant number of employees to shift to remote work for the first time, potentially reshaping future work patterns. This study examines the post-COVID impacts on telecommuting, commuting behaviour, travel activities, and lifestyles in the city of Adelaide, South Australia. A multivariate nominal logistic regression analysis of 305 post-restriction survey responses revealed that home distance from the CBD, industry, occupation, and income significantly influence post-COVID telecommuting trends. Individuals living over 20 kilometres from the CBD, those in professional or managerial roles, and higher-income earners (>125k) are more prone to regular telecommuting, highlighting the impact of commute lengths, job flexibility, and financial resources on the ability to work remotely. The study revealed a higher adoption of telecommuting post-COVID, with more individuals working from home and telecommuting more often each week. This led to reduced usage of private cars and public transport, indicating a decrease in overall travel frequency. Respondents also adopted flexible work schedules, resulting in fewer peak-hour commutes, which would have resulted in lower congestion and emissions and led to more sustainable travel practices. The study also investigated future telecommuting perspectives, revealing a preference for remote work 3–4 days a week. Some respondents who initially could not telecommute have since considered it feasible and want to adopt it. Notably, about 25% of respondents would even change jobs for flexible, home-based work arrangements. The study’s results suggest that remote work frequency may influence individuals’ future house location preferences. These findings offer valuable insights for sustainable transport and urban planning considerations in the post-COVID era.

Media Article Text Analysis in the Context of Distance Education: Focusing on South Korea

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic is far-reaching, encompassing the social, economic, and psychological aspects of the society. . In order to prevent the spread of COVID-19, various countries, including South Korea, have entered into long-term home care and distance learning systems. However, distance learning experiments conducted in many countries have raised whether face-to-face education can be replaced by distance learning. Therefore, this study analyzed public opinion, social perception, and field trends based on media reports on remote learning. For this purpose, 2,600 articles from 11 newspapers and four broadcasters related to remote learning were collected in this study. Based on this data, keyword trend analysis, topic modeling analysis, semantic network analysis, and emotion analysis were performed. This study provides valuable insights into the impacts and perceptions of remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights the complexities of remote education, from influencing educational policies to affecting students' and parents' emotional states. The findings underscore the potential of remote learning in driving educational innovation while also pointing out its role in widening educational disparities. This research offers essential perspectives for shaping future educational strategies in crisis situations, emphasizing a balanced approach to harness the benefits of remote learning while mitigating its challenges.

Catastrophic Health Expenditure Among Cancer Patients In National Cancer Institute (NCI), Malaysia And Its Influencing Factors

Introduction: This study looks at the patient’s perspective to determine the Catastrophic Health Expenditure (CHE) level and the possible factors which can be associated with CHE in cancer patients. Methods: This cross sectional study was done in National Cancer Institute, Malaysia with 206 patients sampled using the multilevel sampling method and data collected from interview with patients using a validated questionnaire. The CHE definition used in this study is when the monthly health expenditure exceeds more than 10% of the monthly household income. Results: This study showed a CHE level of 26.2%. CHE was higher in Indian ethnicity (P = 0.017), single marital status (P = 0.019), poverty income (P < 0.001), small household size (P = 0.006) and without Guarantee Letter (GL) (P = 0.002) groups. The significant predicting factors were poverty income aOR 5.60 (95% CI: 2.34 – 13.39), home distance near to hospital aOR 4.12 (95% CI: 1.74 – 9.76), small household size aOR 4.59 (95% CI: 1.07 – 19.72) and lack of Guarantee Letter aOR 3.21 (95% CI: 1.24 – 8.30). Conclusion: The information from this paper can be used by policy makers to formulate better strategies in terms of health financing so that high risk for CHE cancer patients groups can be protected under a better health financing system.

Free-roaming domestic cats in Natura 2000 sites of central Spain: Home range, distance travelled and management implications

Domestic cats (Felis catus) freely roaming in natural areas are considered as one of the major threats for biodiversity worldwide, especially in areas of high conservation value such as the European Union’s Natura 2000 network. Aiming to identify conservation problems and provide practical solutions derived from cats’ presence, in this study we addressed the occurrence and behaviour of free-roaming cats in seven sites belonging to the Natura 2000 network in central Spain, using transects, camera-trapping and telemetry. Cats occurred in all sites, overlapping with potential prey species and wild felids, including red-listed species. We trapped and tracked five possibly unowned adult cats (three females and two males) in four sites within farmland and wetlands habitats. Home range varied among cats (MCP 95%, 0.005–1.51 km2), and the same applied for the distance travelled (0.23–5.1 km), with higher values for those occurring in wetlands compared to farmland. In general, cats travelled longer distances during the evening compared to other time periods. In farmland, tracked cats tended to remain in close proximity to farm buildings, where anthropogenic sources of food were available, while in wetlands cats combined inhabited places with natural areas, hence behavioural patterns could be explained by a combination of food resources and hunting behaviour. Strategies to prevent or reduce the impact of free-roaming cats in natural areas should include regular monitoring during the evening and night and selective trapping during the same periods, targeting the spots where anthropogenic sources of food are available but also considering other areas where cats may hunt. In these areas, campaigns to promote responsible ownership and intensive adoption should be also considered. Owing to the large terrestrial area protected by the Natura 2000 network in Spain (138,000 km2), and the owned cat population (around 6 million), it is likely that free-roaming cats will be a prevalent conservation problem in areas with similar habitats.

S7-4 Active transport to physical exercise places among older adults living in different urban zones

Abstract Purpose Motorized transport to and from places of physical exercise (PE) causes considerable amounts of carbon emissions. We study how locations of home and PE place on urban zones (UZs), reflecting options for transport modes, relate to use of active transport (AT) among older adults. No previous knowledge on the topic exists. Methods Data of AGNES study participants reporting at least one regular PE place <10 km from home (n = 819, mean 79 years, 58% women, Jyväskylä Finland) were combined with geospatial data on UZ. Using digital mapping, participants located their PE places (N = 2171) and reported transport mode (active/passive) used. Type of UZ (pedestrian/public transport/car) of participants’ home and PE places and distance from home to PE place were defined in GIS. For analyses, participants were grouped according to home UZ, shares of PE places in each UZ defined, and differences in total number of PE places and median distance tested with Kruskal-Wallis test. In each group, use of AT (vs. passive) to PE place was regressed for PE place’s UZ and distance, and adjusted for car availability, difficulty walking 2 km, age, sex, and years of education using a mixed model nested in participants. Results In all groups, participants had more PE places in their home UZ than in other UZs. Median distance to and number of PE places did not differ across groups (for both p>.05). Overall, between-participant differences explained 22 % of total variance in AT. Compared to AT to PE place in home UZ, odds for AT were higher to PE place in car zones among those living in pedestrian (OR 5.1 95%CI 1.7-15.4) and public transport zones (OR 3.6 95%CI 1.3-8.4). The odds for AT were lower to PE place in pedestrian zones among those living in public transport (OR 0.2 95%CI 0.1-0.4) or car zones (OR 0.02 95%CI 0.001-0.3). In all groups, longer distance was negatively associated with AT. Conclusions Older adults’ transport mode choices cannot be concluded from the UZ of home or PE place. Proximity to PE places is important to facilitate AT use. Funding Source Ministry of Education and Culture.

Factors Associated Defecting Carelessly Habits in Muara Sipongi District, Mandailing Natal Regency

The achievement of proper hygiene and sanitation such as healthy latrine ownership is an aim of sustainable development from SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). WHO data states that poor sanitation is one of the causes of death from diarrhea through water borne diseases to reach 3.4 million/years. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect defecating habits in Muara Sipongi Mandailing Natal District. The type of research is quantitative with cross sectional design. The population and samples are households that do not have as many as 200 households. The results showed that there was no relationship with income = 0.394 (P> 0.05), there was a relationship with knowledge, home distance and water availability of each value P = 0.001 (P <0.05) with the habit of defecation carelessly. It is advisable to the community to try to build latrines in every house or use facilities that have been provided from the local government such as public latrines so that there is no disease through feces. To each head of the family to encourage family members to defecate in their place and forbid neighbors to defecate carelessly near the house and in a stupid.

Movedesign: Shiny R app to evaluate sampling design for animal movement studies

Abstract Projects focused on movement behaviour and home range are commonplace, but beyond a focus on choosing appropriate research questions, there are no clear guidelines for such studies. Without these guidelines, designing an animal tracking study to produce reliable estimates of space‐use and movement properties (necessary to answer basic movement ecology questions), is often done in an ad hoc manner. We developed ‘movedesign’, a user‐friendly Shiny application, which can be utilized to investigate the precision of three estimates regularly reported in movement and spatial ecology studies: home range area, speed and distance travelled. Conceptually similar to statistical power analysis, this application enables users to assess the degree of estimate precision that may be achieved with a given sampling design; that is, the choices regarding data resolution (sampling interval) and battery life (sampling duration). Leveraging the ‘ctmm’ R package, we utilize two methods proven to handle many common biases in animal movement datasets: autocorrelated kernel density estimators (AKDEs) and continuous‐time speed and distance (CTSD) estimators. Longer sampling durations are required to reliably estimate home range areas via the detection of a sufficient number of home range crossings. In contrast, speed and distance estimation requires a sampling interval short enough to ensure that a statistically significant signature of the animal's velocity remains in the data. This application addresses key challenges faced by researchers when designing tracking studies, including the trade‐off between long battery life and high resolution of GPS locations collected by the devices, which may result in a compromise between reliably estimating home range or speed and distance. ‘movedesign’ has broad applications for researchers and decision‐makers, supporting them to focus efforts and resources in achieving the optimal sampling design strategy for their research questions, prioritizing the correct deployment decisions for insightful and reliable outputs, while understanding the trade‐off associated with these choices.

Experiences of Older Adults During COVID-19: Loss, Boredom, Uncertainty, Worry, and Resilience.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and resulting instructions to stay home and social distance enhanced concerns of the impact of social isolation on the physical and mental well-being of older adults. Eighteen community-dwelling older adults participated in interviews describing their experiences early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants experienced loss of activities, routines, and social connection, and feelings of worry and uncertainty. Nevertheless, participants were hopeful about the future and demonstrated resilience in overcoming boredom as they became intentional in finding new activities and using technology to maintain connection with others. Older adults may need support in such situations to manage boredom and uncertainty and avoid social isolation. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 49(6), 27-32.].

Assessment of home storage of antimicrobials and its predictors in Mecha demographic surveillance and field research center: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundHome storage of antimicrobials is a worldwide practice. Irrational storage and inappropriate use of antimicrobials should get special attention in low-income countries due to limited information, knowledge, and perceptions. This study was conducted to survey home storage of antimicrobials and assess its predictors in Mecha Demographic Surveillance and Field Research Center (MDSFRC), Amhara region, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted on 868 households. Predeveloped structured questionnaire was used to collect data on sociodemographics, knowledge on antimicrobials and perception about home stored antimicrobials. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 to execute descriptive statistics, and run binary and multivariable binary logistic regression. P-value < 0.05 was considered significant at 95% confidence level.ResultsThe total number of households included in this study were 865. Female respondents represent 62.6%. The mean age (±) of respondents was 36.2 (± 13.93) years. The mean family size (±) of the household was 5.1 (± 2.5). Nearly one-fifth (21.2%) of the households stored antimicrobials at home with a condition similar to any household material. Most commonly stored antimicrobials were: Amoxicillin (30.3%), Cotrimoxazole (13.5%), Metronidazole (12.0%), and Ampicillin (9.6%). The most common immediate source of home stored antimicrobials was discontinuation of therapy (70.7%) either from symptomatic improvement (48.1%) or missing doses (22.6%). Predictors of home storage of antimicrobials with corresponding p-value were: age (0.002), family size (0.001), education status (< 0.001), home distance from the nearby healthcare institution (0.004), counseling while obtaining antimicrobials (< 0.001), knowledge level on antimicrobials (< 0.001), and perception of home stored antimicrobials as a wisdom (0.001).ConclusionSubstantial proportion of households stored antimicrobials in a condition that may exert selection pressure. To reduce home storage of antimicrobials and its consequences, stakeholders should give due attention to predictors variables related to sociodemographics, level of knowledge on antimicrobials, perception of home storage as a wisdom, and counseling service.

The Effects of COVID-19 on the Emotional and Social Stability, Motivation and Attitudes of Gifted and Non-Gifted Children in Greece

Gifted children exhibit advanced cognitive abilities, usually beyond their emotional development, which puts them at higher risk of the negative consequences of isolation. This study investigates the effects of distance learning and home confinement on the emotional and social stability, motivation, and attitudes of gifted and non-gifted children in Greece. Our study includes two subsets, from before (September 2017 to March 2020) and after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic (April 2020 to March 2022). The analysis indicated that home confinement and distance learning caused children to create a stronger attachment with their parents, and it increased the involvement of parents in their child's school experience. Non-gifted children displayed high levels of certain attitudes (perfectionism, desire for acceptance, and condescending behavior) and demonstrated elevated motivation. Gifted children in the pre-COVID-19 period had already displayed increased levels of condescending attitude, which is assumed to be the result of already existing expectations from their parents. The pandemic further increased this attitude, as a result of the higher expectations of their parents. Overall, the study highlighted the importance of children to have more than one support system and the need for them to strengthen their self-image.

Household access to the public electricity grid in Cameroon: Analysis of connection determinants

This article empirically examines the determinants of household access to the public electricity grid in Cameroon, using data from a survey conducted by NIS (2014) on a sample of 46560 households. The key findings reveal that social class, housing tenure, education level, area of dwelling, and distance to the electric pole all have a substantial (p 0.001) influence on public grid connection. According to multinomial logistic regression estimates, the main significant predictors of individual connection to the public grid are: residing in a villa (43.27%), higher education (34.91%), and home ownership (34.27%). Furthermore, the main significant predictors of connection without a personal subscription or through intermediaries are: residing in a concession area (42.44%), living in the western region (35.13%), and poverty (25.60%). Finally, the male gender (15.55%) and the home's distance from the electric pole of more than 8 m (9.24%) are the primary predictors of direct connections without a meter. Our findings suggest that increasing the household's access to its own housing and increasing educational attainment could raise formal demand for individual grid subscriptions. Increased investment in electricity distribution infrastructure, particularly in outlying areas, would also benefit public authorities.

Benefits and challenges of tele-dance movement psychotherapy with children with autism and their parents.

Dance movement psychotherapy can be physically and psychologically beneficial for children with autism spectrum disorder. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic required therapy to take place online. However, tele-dance movement psychotherapy with children with autism spectrum disorder has yet to be studied. This mixed methods study involving qualitative research and movement analyses entailed providing tele-dance movement psychotherapy to children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents, during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and exploring its potential benefits and challenges. The parents who completed the programme reported positive outcomes including the child's social development, enjoyment, improved understanding of their child, insight and ideas, as well as relationship-building. Movement analyses using the Parent Child Movement Scale (PCMS) lent greater insight into these developments. All of the parents reported challenges in participating in tele-dance movement psychotherapy. These were related to screen-to-screen interactions, home, and physical distance. There was a relatively high attrition rate. These findings highlight the challenges of tele-dance movement psychotherapy with children with autism spectrum disorder and the unique benefits of meeting in person whilst the positive outcomes may indicate that tele-dance movement psychotherapy can be beneficial, perhaps particularly as an interim or adjunct form of therapy. Specific measures can be taken to enhance engagement.

2353. Distance and Time to Clinic Are Associated with Increased Risk of Detectable HIV-1 Viral Load at a Peripheral Health Center in Rural Western Uganda

Abstract Background Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the health of people living with HIV (PLHIV) and reduces HIV transmission. While availability and efficacy of ART have improved in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), access remains a challenge. Travel burden, measured as travel time, distance, and cost, has been posited as a potential barrier to ART. For example, a previous study at a large, urban referral center in Uganda showed GPS-measured distance was associated with clinic absenteeism. However, others suggest that PLHIV are willing to travel farther for HIV care because of stigma or for higher quality care. Less is known about the effect of travel burden in rural settings where transportation infrastructure is sparse, and there are few transportation options. Therefore, the objective of this study funded by the IDSA GERM Program was to explore potential associations between distance- and time-to-clinic in a highland area of rural western Uganda with HIV outcomes including viral suppression. Methods We enrolled 129 adult participants receiving care at the Bugoye ART clinic. Using a handheld GPS device, we mapped routes between participants’ home and clinic recording trip distance, time, and mode of transportation. We abstracted clinical outcomes from participant medical records. Modified Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate risk ratios of associations between main exposures (e.g., distance to clinic, time to clinic) and primary outcomes (e.g., detectable viral load, missed an ART dose, and history of opportunistic infection [OI]). Results Distance and time to clinic were significantly and positively associated with probability of detectable viral load. In adjusted analyses, for every 10-km increase in distance, participants were almost twice as likely to have detectable viral loads (PR: 1.95 [95% CI 1.12, 3.41]). For every 10 additional minutes spent traveling, risk of viral non-suppression increased by almost 40% (PR=1.39 [95% CI 1.08, 1.78]). Neither distance nor time to clinic was associated with increased risk having missed an ART dose or history of OI. Conclusion These results suggest travel burden may adversely affect achievement of 90/90/90 goals, and novel, decentralized ART distribution mechanisms may be required. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Geospatial determinants of urinary insecticide concentrations and internalizing disorders in Ecuadorian adolescents

Background: Depression and anxiety are top 5 contributors of increased disability-adjusted life years. Pesticide exposure has been linked to increased depression and anxiety; evidence in adolescents is limited. This study assesses clustering patterns of mental health symptoms and urinary pesticide metabolites, and their relationships with home proximity to floricultural crops in an Ecuadorean agricultural county. Methods: We assessed 514 adolescents (11-17 years) who lived in the 5 parishes of Pedro Moncayo County, Ecuador. We measured 8 urinary metabolites for neonicotinoid, pyrethroid and organophosphate pesticides, and assessed depression and anxiety symptoms using standardized questionnaires. Getis-Ord Gi* evaluated spatial clustering to identify hot and cold spots of pesticide metabolites, depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms. The association between home distance to floricultural greenhouses and anxiety/depression scores were tested using generalized estimating equations, adjusting for confounders. Results: The floricultural surface areas (% of total land) across parishes were: Tocachi: 0.12 km2 (0.001%), La Esperanza: 0.43 km2 (0.01%), Malchingui: 0.04 km2 (0.05%), Tupigachi: 5.36 km2 (12.5%), and Tabacundo: 9.36 km2 (13.2%). The average scores for anxiety (53.0 [SD=9.31]) and depression (58.8 [SD=9.61]) were in the anticipated range. We observed hotspots for anxiety and depression symptoms in Tupigachi (95-99%C [confidence]) and Tabacundo (90-95%C). There were hotpots for organophosphate and pyrethroid metabolites in Tupigachi, coinciding with anxiety and depression hotspots (malathion dicarboxylic acid [90%-99%C], para-nitrophenol [95%], 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine, trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid [90%C], and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid [95%C]). Additionally, greater proximity to greenhouses was associated with greater depression (βper100m=0.94 [95%CI: 0.53, 1.36]) and anxiety (βper100m= 0.32 [95%CI: 0.11, 0.54]) scores. Conclusions: We observed hotspots in Tupigachi for both anxiety, depression, and multiple organophosphate/pyrethroid metabolites. Throughout the county, residential proximity to floricultural crops was associated with higher anxiety and depression symptoms. This suggests that off-target pesticide drift from crops may be a contributor to increased internalizing behaviors. Keywords: Pesticides

The Effectiveness of Lecturer-made Videos on YouTube for Open and Distance Learning among University Students

In late 2019, the world was shaken when an unprecedented infectious pandemic, Coronavirus Disease, or Covid-19, broke out. As a result, all Malaysians are obligated to comply with and follow the new regulations based on guidelines provided by the Malaysian Ministry of Health (MOH). The situation affects the entire national education system regarding the Teaching and Learning (T&L) process. To ensure continuity in students' learning, the structure of T&L, which was previously conducted conventionally or face-to-face and centred on educators and students directly, has been changed to virtual and digital using the methods of Teaching and Learning at Home or Open and Distance Learning (ODL). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to find out the students in UiTM Melaka's perceptions on the effectiveness of teacher-made videos on YouTube as a teaching and learning tool during ODL. A set of questionnaires was distributed to students to seek input for this quantitative study. The data was analysed, and findings suggest that most of the students are highly interested in using lecturer-made videos in learning. In addition, students found that the use of YouTube assists them effectively in completing their course assignments and study assessments. As a result, it can be deduced that the use of lecturer-made videos in YouTube encourage the students to have meaningful learning experience and serve the aims of Open and Distance Learning.