Home Charging Research Articles

The accessibility of public electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure: Evidence from the cities of Nottingham and Frankfurt

AbstractThe distribution of public electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure is a widespread approach for promoting EV adoption and decarbonising transportation. A significant amount of literature explores the distribution of EV charging points at a country scale, but there is a lack of studies focusing on a district scale. This study aims to contribute to this gap by gaining insights into the distribution of EV charging points per district within cities, such as Nottingham and Frankfurt. The study investigates the current distribution of EV charging points across 38 postcode districts in Frankfurt and 9 postcode districts in Nottingham, using geographical data analysis and a linear regression approach. The following factors in response to the number of EV charging points per postcode district (ZIP code) are examined: the percentage of apartment buildings/floor area ratio, the availability of amenities, population, charging capacity (kW), area size, strategic approaches, including policy goals and principles. The results reveal disparities in access to EV charging infrastructure across districts and underscore the importance of expanding EV charging networks not only in districts located near urban centres or those with high availability of amenities but also ensuring that users without home charging options are not left behind.

Evaluation of Various Home Charging Systems for Electrical Protection and Data Communications

Evaluation of Various Home Charging Systems for Electrical Protection and Data Communications

Research of the main electromagnetic parameters during the operation of an AC charging station for electric vehicles

Problem. The increasing popularity of electric cars worldwide is also seen in Ukraine, leading to a growing need for more charging stations. Studies show that 80% of electric car charging happens at home. This home charging usually occurs either through the standard AC power grid or through dedicated AC charging stations. This raises concerns about the safety of these charging stations and their potential interference with other electrical and electronic devices nearby. Goal. The goal of this work is to determine the main electromagnetic parameters in the connection cable during the operation of an AC electric vehicle charging station. Methodology. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to study the electromagnetic parameters of the charging station connection cable when AC flows through it and to identify the electromagnetic parameters of the interference that occurs during the operation of the AC charging station. Classical electrophysical methods for calculating electric and magnetic fields and methods for determining the parameters of quadrupoles from the theoretical foundations of electrical engineering are used. Results. The main electromagnetic parameters in the connection cable during the operation of the AC electric vehicle charging station have been identified. Formulas for calculating the current strength and magnetic field strength have been obtained. Originality. New formulas for calculating the electromotive force of interference generated during the operation of the electric vehicle charging station, when AC flows through the charging cable, have been developed. Parameters of capacitive and magnetic coupling between two conductors in a common bundle have been identified. Formulas for determining the current induced by these parasitic connections have been obtained. Practical value. Accurately determining and calculating these parameters allows for the design of a charging station that operates reliably over a long period without causing interference with nearby electrical and electronic systems or devices.

UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF V2G TECHNOLOGY ON GRID STABILITY DURING PEAK HOURS IN INDIA

India has set an ambitious goal of becoming Net Zero in carbon emissions by 2070. To achieve this goal there are significant steps being taken especially in the power and electric vehicle sector. A revolution that involves symbiosis of both the sectors, is the integration of V2G (Vehicle to Grid) technology in India. This paper gives an overview of power sector and electric vehicles market in India followed by need, benefits, and infrastructure required for bringing V2G in India. It also includes theinsights froman interview with the founder of SHERU, a start-up which provides cloud energy storage and is working closely with the related concepts. The methodology to calculate crude oil saving, C02 emission, journey cost, public charging and home charging is also discussed. The paper looks into the case studies of few developed countries that have been using V2G and emphasizes on how this technology can help to achieve sustainability goals.

Exploring the Relationship between Solar Panel Adoption and Socio-Economic Factors: A Case Study of Urban Households in Developing Countries

This article will discuss the results of research on how the use of solar panels as an alternative energy source is related to social and economic factors, especially in urban areas in developing countries. This study will analyze factors such as education level, income, and people's perceptions of alternative energy to identify correlations between solar panel use and socio-economic variables. It is hoped that this article can provide new insights for public policy in promoting the use of renewable energy and creating a more inclusive society. This research can be categorized as quantitative. The research method used is the associative research method. The data analysis method used is correlation analysis. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The results of the study show that there are different characteristics of the relationship between the use of solar panels and socio-economic variables. Research on the relationship between global solar panel use and factors such as the number of prosumers, total kwh exports, GRDP, total investment, total load, home charging ev, distance to the capital city, air quality, and per capita expenditure has very important uses for stakeholders, especially in terms of sustainable energy development and reducing negative impacts on the environment. Policymakers can use the results of this research to formulate more appropriate policies to promote the use of solar energy and drive the shift to renewable energy sources.

Exploring the Relationship between Solar Panel Adoption and Socio-Economic Factors: A Case Study of Urban Households in Developing Countries

This article will discuss the results of research on how the use of solar panels as an alternative energy source is related to social and economic factors, especially in urban areas in developing countries. This study will analyze factors such as education level, income, and people's perceptions of alternative energy to identify correlations between solar panel use and socio-economic variables. It is hoped that this article can provide new insights for public policy in promoting the use of renewable energy and creating a more inclusive society. This research can be categorized as quantitative. The research method used is the associative research method. The data analysis method used is correlation analysis. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling. The results of the study show that there are different characteristics of the relationship between the use of solar panels and socio-economic variables. Research on the relationship between global solar panel use and factors such as the number of prosumers, total kwh exports, GRDP, total investment, total load, home charging ev, distance to the capital city, air quality, and per capita expenditure has very important uses for stakeholders, especially in terms of sustainable energy development and reducing negative impacts on the environment. Policymakers can use the results of this research to formulate more appropriate policies to promote the use of solar energy and drive the shift to renewable energy sources.

Who is buying electric vehicles in Australia? A study of early adopters

ABSTRACT To design relevant policy measures and incentives to accelerate the uptake of electric vehicles in Australia, it is important to understand who the early adopters of electric vehicles are, their reasons for choosing an electric vehicle and their levels of satisfaction in driving, charging locations, home charging and other experiences. This article presents the results of a survey of early adopters in Queensland, Australia. The data have been analysed to understand the socio-demographic profiles of early adopters and to explore variations between two groups of adopters: Tesla owners, having the highest uptake of battery electric vehicles in Australia, and non-Tesla owners of battery electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The analysis suggests that both groups of early adopters are predominantly male, university educated and have substantially higher incomes than the state average. Peer and media influences, and having a test drive, play a significant role in owning a Tesla.

Analysis of PT PLN's Innovative Strategy in Supporting Electric Vehicles in Indonesia

Global transformation towards sustainable mobility, the electric vehicle (EV) industry plays an important role in creating a cleaner and environmentally friendly future with the journey towards sustainable mobility, PT PLN (Persero) plays an important role in supporting the electric vehicle ecosystem in Indonesia. With more than a thousand Public Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (SPKLU) operating by the end of 2023, PT PLN confirms its commitment to accelerate the transition to clean mobility. However, technical challenges, change management, and organizational culture are obstacles that must be overcome. This research method uses a qualitative approach to understand PT PLN's strategy in supporting the electric vehicle ecosystem in Indonesia. PT PLN's strategy in supporting clean mobility includes infrastructure development, strategic partnerships, home charging installation initiatives, and the application of digital technology. Through holistic analysis, it highlights the importance of effective change management and an inclusive organizational culture. The results of this research provide insight into best practices in supporting the electric vehicle ecosystem and provide input for designing more effective policies. By continuing to strengthen infrastructure, develop partnerships, empower communities, technological innovation and good change management, PT PLN can strengthen its role as a leader in clean mobility and contribute to global sustainable development goals.

Operating modes of grid integrated PV-solar based electric vehicle charging system- a comprehensive review

The impact of air pollution on the world has been highlighted by the World Health Organization (WHO), which has contributed to the growth of emission-free and ecologically friendly transportation options such as electric vehicles (EVs). Between 2019 and 2020, EV sales climbed by 43%, and by 2025, 14 million EVs are expected to be sold worldwide. On the other hand, EVs have drawbacks such as expensive batteries, short lifespans, lack of EV dependability, limited driving range, and long charging periods. Integrating renewable energy sources (RESs) such as biomass, solar, and wind power into EV charging infrastructures is gaining popularity. PV solar-powered EV charging has benefits like cheaper fuel costs, easier installation, less demand on the grid for power, and cost savings. Hybrid and on-board charging systems offer benefits such as reduced weight, faster charging, and improved communication protocols. On-board chargers have higher energy transfer but are more expensive and difficult to integrate with charging stations. Off-board charging systems include public, rapid, induction, and home charging stations. Advanced charging management systems can optimize charging to preserve battery life. It is recommended that future research concentrate on the development of sophisticated control algorithms, integration of wireless charging, extension of fast-charging infrastructure, innovation in materials, compatibility with many vehicles, and optimization of grid interface to enhance efficiency and user experience. The charging of electric vehicles in standalone and grid-connected photovoltaic systems is covered in this paper, along with an explanation of the various modes of operation for these systems. There is also a quick explanation of the various kinds of EV chargers, their power capacities, and their specifications. The research and comparisons in this paper are expected to be useful resources for scholars who are interested in learning more about EV charging facilities.

Policy analysis for sustainable EV charging facility adoption using SEM-ANN approach

Researchers often reported that the non-availability of public charging infrastructure is the primary concern in adopting electric vehicles (EVs) in India. Adopting a home charging facility would help at the preliminary stage of EV introduction, where there is less scope for public charging infrastructure. In addition, integrating the solar rooftop photovoltaic (PV) facility to generate electricity for EV charging would help to develop a sustainable change in the transport sector. Thus, this study aims to identify various influencing factors that affect individual householder's decisions to adopt a home charging facility supported by a rooftop PV system for EV charging. Also, this study identifies and prioritises the most suitable policy options to encourage users to adopt EVs, including home EV charging supported by rooftop PV facilities. For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was conducted with individual householders in Ahmedabad, India, and 850 samples were used for the analysis. An integrated partial least squares-structural equation modelling with the artificial neural network method was adopted in this study. The study's findings reveal that the comfort and convenience of charging a vehicle at home, reduced range anxiety, comparatively lesser charging cost, flexibility to charge the vehicle, and no waiting to charge the vehicle are significant motivating factors for adopting a home charging facility. The willingness to adopt a rooftop PV system positively influences EV charging at home. In addition, providing a combined incentive to install home EV charging and a rooftop PV facility is the most preferred policy option. The outcome of this study would significantly help transport planners, policymakers, and researchers develop effective strategies and policies to boost EV sales in the Indian context.

Effect of Policies to Accelerate the Adoption of Battery Electric Vehicles in Finland—A Delphi Study

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transport contribute significantly to climate change. Some of the transport policies with the greatest potential to mitigate climate change are related to zero-emission vehicles. This study aimed to analyse the different factors, and their importance, influencing purchase decisions for battery electric vehicles (BEV). Experts’ perceptions were collected with a Delphi study consisting of a two-round survey to assess factors that would increase the probability of a petrol- or diesel-car owner purchasing a BEV in Finland in the year 2025. Increasing the possibilities for home charging and the provision of a purchase subsidy were seen as the most important factors. Public fast charging and the difference in use costs between current technology vehicles and BEVs were also recognised as important factors. Existing systems of financial instruments and policies must be constantly evaluated and updated due to the evolving BEV industry.

Electric and gasoline vehicle total cost of ownership across US cities

AbstractVehicle electrification can significantly decarbonize the transportation sector. Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) depends on their cost relative to conventional alternatives. Here we compare the total cost of ownership (TCO) of gasoline, hybrid, and electric vehicles. First, we review previous TCO studies, showing that the components (e.g., purchase price, financing, taxes, fees, insurance, refueling, maintenance, repair, and home charging equipment for EVs), parameters (e.g., vehicle miles traveled, discount rate, and lifetime), and methods differ greatly. Then, we develop a comprehensive TCO model comparing across five vehicle classes, three powertrains, and three EV ranges. Using 14 cities in the United States and multiple charging scenarios, we investigate TCO variability based on location and use pattern. We include adjustments for local gasoline prices, electricity rate plans, home charging access, and the impact of local temperatures and drive cycles on fuel economy, among other factors. We show that for a 300‐mile range midsize electric SUV, TCO varies by $52,000, or nearly 40%, across locations. Home charging access reduces the lifetime cost by approximately $10,000 on average, and up to $26,000. EVs are more competitive in cities with high gasoline prices, low electricity prices, moderate climates, and direct purchase incentives, and for users with home charging access, time‐of‐use electricity pricing, and high annual mileage. In general, we find that small and low‐range EVs are less expensive than gasoline vehicles. Larger, long‐range EVs are currently more expensive than their gasoline counterparts. And midsize EVs can reach cost parity in some cities if incentives are applied.

Mitigating impacts associated with a high-penetration of plug-in electric vehicles on local residential smart grid infrastructure

The transition to plug-in battery and fuel cell electric vehicles (PEVs) is emerging as a principal strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant emissions. For PEVs, this paradigm shift requires attention to the impact of home charging on the grid in an era where distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar panels and batteries, are being commercially deployed. To understand the integration of light-duty PEVs with residential DERs, a model is developed to simulate PEV charging demand profiles in combination with field data from three different home groups of varying DER configurations. A valley-filling smart charging algorithm is explored to optimize vehicle charging, more effectively utilize solar PV, reduce emissions, and reduce peak demand. The results show that (1) the impact on transformer hot spot temperature and loss of life is acceptable for all cases, (2) smart charging can increase transformer life, (3) while PEV deployment reduces GHG emissions, additional reduction can be achieved through the integration of DERs and smart charging, and (4) the addition of DERs and implementation of smart charging virtually eliminate the negative impacts of PEVs on distribution grid infrastructure, increases PV penetration, and reduces emissions and peak demand.

Battery electric vehicle energy demand in urban energy system modeling: A stochastic analysis of added flexibility for home charging and battery swapping stations

The successive upsurge in the penetration rate of battery electric vehicles (BEV) in the transport sector stresses electricity grids. Concurrently, batteries in BEVs add flexibility, while the reintroduction of battery swapping stations challenges home charging with regards to added flexibility. To address research gaps regarding the role of BEV charging systems in urban decarbonization pathways, this paper introduces an innovative modeling approach that reflects the implications of home charging and battery swapping stations in urban environments and accounts for the stochasticity of vehicle use.The developed method is demonstrated using a case study that comprises a sample residential area equipped with rooftop PV. The comparison of home charging and battery swapping stations shows that both approaches allow significant increases of self-consumption of locally provided electricity over conventional opportunistic home charging, with battery swapping stations evincing the highest increase in flexibility. This increase in added flexibility might, however, not justify a system-wide introduction of battery swapping stations for BEVs, as required surplus batteries and industry-wide standardization entail added efforts over home charging.Policy recommendations derived by this work support building regulations regarding the installation of charging stations and the utilization of PV rooftop potentials considering the anticipated market penetration of BEVs and the possibility to share electricity within local energy hubs.

Comparative techno-economic assessment of electric vehicle charging preferences: A quantitative study for sustainable EV policy in Pakistan

Sustainable induction of Electric vehicles (EV) adoption in developing countries requires a comprehensive policy and planning. Among several challenges, one of the biggest challenges is a sustainable charging station infrastructure integration to the existing weak distribution power network. Based on technological advancements, EV owners enjoy better milage in one charge. This has given a liberty to charge EVs as per the desire of user. There are two kinds of charging preferences, one is home charging and the other is fast charging. Both charging choices have distinct economic and technical aspects that need to be quantified in line with the available power infrastructure so as to develop a policy regulation. This study aims to quantitatively assess home charging, level 3 fast charging and their techno-economic aspects using social demographics of car owners. To analyze the demographics of local vehicle mobility practices in Pakistan, a comprehensive survey comprising online questionnaire was conducted. >100 car owners were surveyed about their daily driving practices to understand the driving distances and their preference of charging vehicles. The driving owners from distinct occupations ranging from cab drivers, job holders and businessmen participated in the survey. The survey facilitated to identify the demographics of the car owners which helped in conducting simulations and quantification analysis. Monte Carlo simulation was used for 1000 cars samples to estimate the level 1 and level 3 charging profiles in Python. In second step, HOMER Grid software was used to economically assess the impact of home charging and fast charging. It was revealed that charging choices have significant impact on the daily load profile of EVs. While having home charging, 59.9 % higher units are purchased from the grid. Whereas 65.5 NPC is increased for the project. On the other hand, the daily profile of preferred home charging is 61.4 % higher compared to the fast charging due to much concentrated charging impact during the limited time of the day. Results highlighted that Solar PV plays an important role for fast and home charging. Without solar PV charging stations will consume 60 % more grid units and 58 % higher Net present cost. The study concludes with a set of policy recommendations that must be taken into account to support the weak grid and lessen the EV charging impact on main utility.

Low Harmonics Plug-in Home Charging Electric Vehicle Battery Charger BMS State of Charge Balancing using Priority and Sequencing Technique

Poor battery state of health (SOH) or unit cell replacement of a damaged battery may cause an imbalance in the state of charge (SOC) or battery voltage terminal of electric vehicle (EV) batteries, which can negatively impact EV performance and EV batteries when charging. Battery Management System (BMS) monitor charges safely and efficiently. BMS can maximize battery life, can estimate SOC and State of health (SOH). EV Charger charge batteries individually in sequence (parallel) or, at once while in series connection. BMS cell balance controls battery charging in series or parallel using macro charging circuits. This study discusses series motor DC drive Electric Car (EC) Battery Management System (BMS) utilizing macro charging circuit and cell balancing control method. The MATLAB/Simulink software used to test the control algorithm shows that the proposed BMS cell balancing algorithm works effectively and meets our expectations.

Low Harmonics Plug-in Home Charging Electric Vehicle Battery Charger Simulation Model of Zero Crossing

Harmonic currents are high in conventional rectifiers. The previous work proposed a new battery charger circuit to reduce harmonics effect and improve total harmonic distortion (THD). The design and development of a home charging electric vehicle battery charger circuit should anticipate potential issues. For this reason, the proposed battery charger, buck chopper, and zero cross circuits must be simulated before real hardware implementation. Simulation and simulation models are needed to describe system behaviour because experimentation might be dangerous, expensive, and time-consuming. This paper describes a simulation model of a zero-crossing circuit and its control algorithm, that provide control signals to a five-level single phase Multi Level Rectifier (MLR)) to draw the MLR for a clean sinusoidal line current with low harmonics. The proposed circuit and the algorithms perform as expected when tested using MATLAB/Simulink and PROTEUS software.

Energy consumption and carbon emission assessment of battery swapping systems for electric motorcycle

This work investigated different conceptual models for electric motorcycles, which are electric motorcycles with a home charging system, electric motorcycles using a battery swapping system, and electric motorcycles with battery swapping and photovoltaic systems, in four Southeast Asia countries. The current research focused on analyzing the impact of factors such as the number of battery packs in a swapping station, variation in battery swapping demand, the season, and photovoltaic panel size on energy utilization and carbon emissions associated with the entire energy supply chain. The objective of the current study was to evaluate and compare the well-to-wheel emissions using these different conceptual models, considering the varying energy mixes in four countries with a significant prevalence of motorcycle ownership, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The results revealed that by using a 3 kW photovoltaic system, the dependency on grid energy can be significantly reduced and thus provide the highest benefits in terms of reduction of fossil fuel use and CO2 emissions. Although switching from internal combustion engine motorcycles to electric motorcycles could substantially reduce carbon emissions, it is only feasible when the primary resources used for generating electricity are sufficiently clean or battery swapping stations are equipped with a 3 kW photovoltaic system. In these four countries, electric motorcycles with battery swapping systems could accelerate the transition to a net-zero carbon emission society by reducing CO2 emissions by around 2.6–3.0 Mt-CO2 per year in the right environment. Prioritizing the decarbonization of power generation should be the primary focus, considering its critical role as a bottleneck within the system. The findings of this research hold significant value for decision-makers and investors who are actively pursuing smart city development and aiming to harness the potential of renewable energy sources.

The Condition of Excess Electricity Supply in Indonesia

The purpose of this study is to determine the condition of electricity supply in Indonesia, which experienced a shortage in 2015, but is currently experiencing an oversupply. Starting from the existence of a 35,000 MW mega project which turned out to be in line with the Covid-19 pandemic, the use of electrical energy was stagnant, even though the addition of electrical energy supply continued to grow. This is also coupled with the problem of the proportion of fossil energy use which is still more than that of new and renewable energy. So that makes PLN have to spend a large amount of money and has not been balanced with the results obtained. The solution is to increase electricity demand, namely by adding new market niches to increase productive electricity demand. As well as through various bundling and promos to increase customer comfort, for example promos to increase power, discount home charging for electric vehicle owners, the use of electric stoves and so on.

Deployment priority of public charging speeds for increasing battery electric vehicle usability

To inform charger deployment decisions, this paper aims to understand the potential utilization and deployment priority for public charging infrastructure. A data-driven Cumulative Public Recharging (CPR) model is developed to explore the travel patterns by using 2017 National Household Travel Survey data. Given the daily trip sequence, trip distance, and dwell times, the study examines the daily expected driving range and BEV feasibility under different charging speeds, battery capacity, and charging behaviors. The results suggest that more advanced public chargers increase the daily expected driving range. Home charging is sufficient for most daily short-distance trips while public chargers are still needed for medium- and long-distance trips. Extreme fast charging (xFC) may not be necessary for people with home charging but could be more useful for people without home charging and for urgent charging. xFC becomes even less important to drivers with longer BEV ranges, a finding that contradicts conventional thinking.