Holy Trinity Research Articles

Issue of the Holy Trinity and Marian columns in the Habsburg Monarchy in the 17th–18th centuries (with particular reference to Polish lands) – the state of studies and research demands

Celem artykułu jest zestawienie stanu badań dotyczącego problemu kolumn Trójcy Świętej i maryjnych, powstających w XVII i XVIII w. Przyjęto podział na historiografie narodowe, współczesnych państw wchodzących w skład byłej Monarchii Habsburgów: Austrii, Czech, Słowacji, Węgier, Polski ( Śląsk i Ziemia Kłodzka), Niemiec, Słowenii, Chorwacji, Rumunii oraz badaczy ze Stanów Zjednoczonych. Pomimo licznych publikacji ( w szczególności czeskich), do tej pory niedostatecznie opracowano zagadnienie wpływu wczesnonowożytnych epidemii na fundacje kolumn Trójcy Świętej i maryjnych. Na pierwszym planie są stawiane raczej walory artystyczne oraz ideowy program kontrreformacyjny. Warto, więc szerzej zainteresować się kwestią środowiska fundatorów, lokalizacją monumetów oraz społecznym wymiarem całego zjawiska.

The Medieval Slavonic Reception of Maximus the Confessor’s Circle – Center – Radii Analogy

The paper contends that certain circle diagrams discovered in 14th-century Slavonic medieval manuscripts of Dorotheus of Gaza’s Instructions, crafted during the Palamite controversy, are influenced by the concepts of Maximus the Confessor. The paper offers an in-depth analysis of select Slavonic diagrams originating from Serbian monasteries in the final decades of the 14th century. It begins by examining simple diagrams wherein the circle’s center represents God, and the radii represent created beings moving towards God, then progresses to investigate more intricate diagrams. These complex diagrams include circle or square shaped center, outer circumference, concentric rings, multicolored radii and twisted cruciform bands. It is further argued that these new diagramatic elements are employed to visualize complex ideas such as the Holy Trinity as differentiations in unity, the ontological limit of creation set by divine providence, the triadic structure of logoi of beings and the double movement of procession and reversion.

Meningkatkan Berpikir Kritis Siswa Katolik dengan Model Pembelajaran Problem Based Learning (PBL) Berbantuan Media Video Meteri Suara Hati Kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Bandar Khalipah

Something that should be thanked to the Holy Trinity (God the Father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit) God Almighty, with the policy of the Government, especially the Minister of Education and Culture (Kemendikbud) to publish the lesson books, including the lesson books for Catholic Religious Education and character. Apart from the researcher's gratitude for the publication of Catholic Religious Education and Books, the researcher also as one of the Teachers of Catholic Religious Education and character for the High School Level, that education plays an important role for the development of human for the better life , in terms of critical thinking. However, in realizing Catholic Religious Education and ethics to students, there are still many problems, one of the weakness is, the students' critical thinking skills which has an impact on decreasing their learning outcomes in class. Researcher as the teacher try to solve the problem which is faced in the classroom with a variety of learning models, one of the learning model which is used by the researcher is PBL (Problem Based Learning) .This learning model is implemented by two cycles ,that starting on Friday, September 13, 2024. Hopefully by applying this PBL model which is assisted by the video, can improve the Critical thinking of grade X Catholic students at SMA Negeri 1 Bandar Khalipah , in accordance with the vision and mission of the school and one of the objectives of National education, namely the formation of the Pancasila Student Profile (P3) character contained in the independent curriculum that is being promoted by the current government through the education minister of the Republic of Indonesia, namely Nadiem Anwar Makarim, B.A., M.B.A.

Laparoscopic peritoneal lavage – a new treatment strategy in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and liver cirrhosis

Introduction Bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients represent a major clinical problem, occuring 4-5 times more frequently compared to the general population and increasing mortality by leading to acute on chronic liver failure, subsequent decompensation, and multiorgan failure. The study’s purpose is to determine the possibilities of laparoscopy in the treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Materials and methods A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on 82 patients diagnosed with liver cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, who were admitted to the Constantin Tibirna Surgery department No2, Holy Trinity Municipal Clinical Hospital and the Scientific Research Laboratory of Hepatic Surgery, Nicolae Testemițanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova, between January 2012 and December 2021. Patients who underwent surgical drainage of the abdominal cavity by laparoscopy with postoperative peritoneal lavage with antibiotics were selected. All patients received standard treatment for the correction of liver function and complications of portal hypertension. The data were extracted from the medical records of the hospital archive, and the patient database was compiled. Data analysis was performed using simple statistical calculations. Results Positive ascitic fluid bacterial culture was in 29.2% (24 patients), while 70.7% (58 patients) had culture-negative ascites and peritonitis. The most frequent bacterial species was E. coli, present in 54.1% (13 patients). Mortality was 8.5% (7 patients) due to progressive liver failure. Recurrence of ascites and peritonitis at 1 month was 6.0% (5 patients). Conclusions The laparoscopic approach in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis allows for better sanitation of the abdominal cavity, improves peritoneal absorption, and deserves establishment as clinical practice for patients with ascites and peritonitis and cirrhosis.

The Leopoldine Society, William Unterthiner, and the Tyrolean Friars in the United States

Abstract At the invitation of Bishop John Baptist Purcell, Wilhelm Unterthiner, a Tyrolean Franciscan priest, came to Cincinnati in 1844 to minister to German-speaking Catholics. For eighteen months he worked with Francis Louis Huber, a Bavarian Franciscan priest, at Holy Trinity Parish in Cincinnati, aided financially by the recently established Leopoldine Society. Significant international tensions arose; they both had to deal with major opposition from the growing Nativist movement, fueled in part by émigrés from the failed revolutions of 1848. This article is based on letters exchanged between Unterthiner and Franciscan superiors in Tyrol. After Unterthiner successfully recruited more friars from Tyrol, a new form of Franciscan life emerged under changed circumstances. The issues of inculturation and becoming a world church will be addressed in this article.

Doa Bapa Kami dalam Perspektif Kitab Suci

The “Our Father” prayer is one of the most recited prayers for all Christians. The Gospel of Matthew and Luke (Mat 6:9-13 and Luke 11:2-4) record this prayer as a prayer taught by Jesus himself to his disciples. This article aims at exploring the richness of this prayer by putting more light on its structure and meaning of some important expressions in the prayer. In general, there are six petitions in “Our Father” prayer, divided in two main sections. The first three petitions carry our thoughts toward Our Heavenly Father, for His own sake. The other three remind our necessities. By observing that, the article reveals that this prayer is very deep in meaning to help Christians grow in their devotional and spiritual life. Through its more devotional recitation, Christians would not only pray as a daily routine activity but also could actively grow in its awareness as disciple and in its confession of The Holy Trinity God.

Contribution to the Study of the Scene of Abraham’s Hospitality in Eastern Christian Art – the Programmatic and Symbolic Aspect of the Scene

The article deals with the selected examples of the scene of Abraham’s hospitality in Eastern Christian and Serbian Medieval art. The paper analyzes the meaning of the scene and looks at the examples in the old refectory of the Monastery of St. Catherine on Sinai (fig. 1), in the chapel of King Dragutin Nemanjić in Đurđevi Stupovi near Ras (fig. 2), in the Church of the Mother of God in Dragaljevci near Sofia (fig. 3) and in the Church of St. Dimitrius in Boboševo (fig. 4) near Ćustendil. As it illustrates one of the key moments of the Holy history, the scene of Abraham’s hospitality has been frequently depicted in art since the earliest times. Due to its significance, its has been attracting the attention of scholars since ancient times and has been widely studied in international and Serbian historiography in terms of iconography and meaning. Therefore, the article discusses selected examples of the scene of Abraham’s hospitality in Eastern Christian and Serbian Medieval art which are characterized by certain iconographic and conceptual peculiarities. Abraham’s hospitality is an important, ancient, very often depicted and multifaceted theme, and the teaching about it represents the fundamental dogma of Orthodoxy – in this scene the image of the Holy Trinity is symbolically recognized. The article examines the position of this scene in the painted programme of the mentioned monuments and the dependence of the symbolism of this scene on the position it occupies in the painted programme of the church. Depending on the context in which this event is depicted in art, it carries a different meaning, i.e. different nuances of meaning. Selected examples of the scene of Abraham’s hospitality are placed in a specific conceptual context through examining their appropriate programmatic and conceptual analogies and by taking into account the place of their depiction in the given monuments. In this sense, the article places special emphasis on the fresco of Abraham’s Hospitality in the Chapel of King Dragutin Nemanjić in the Đurđevi Stupovi Monastery.

Application of Orthophoto Maps Created from UAV Aerial Images for Monitoring Historical and Cultural Heritage Lands

The study investigates the methodology of creating orthophotoplans for immovable historical and cultural heritage sites, beginning from aerial surveys using various UAVs to object vectorization and plan creation. This issue is highly relevant in Ukraine due to rapid reforms in all ministries, including the Ministry of Culture. The reforms are creating a constant need for updated graphical documentation. As immovable historical and cultural heritage sites are in tourist areas with changing infrastructure, traditional surveying methods are impractical due to time constraints. Additionally, the application of UAV aerial imaging for delineating object boundaries and protective zones is more cost-effective. Existing boundaries of heritage lands and those determined from archival materials were overlaid on the created pflans. Orthophotoplans were produced and vectorized at a scale of 1:500 for two research zones: the Holy Trinity Church in Liuboml and the New Jewish Cemetery in Lviv. For the New Jewish Cemetery, boundaries were delineated to assess alignment with the current protective zone. Protective buffer zones around heritage sites were outlined according to both historical and contemporary recommendations in Ukraine. For buffer zones measured from the centroid, development is permitted up to 300 meters for undeveloped areas, with negotiated distances for developed regions, using the 300-meter protective zone as a baseline. The study's uniqueness lies in using a known methodology for creating orthophotoplans based on UAV data to explore options for modeling protective zones based on varying legislative norms over time, incorporating specific nuances. This approach can benefit not only Ukraine but also other countries undergoing reforms in this field.

The Memorial Chapel (Formerly Holy Trinity Church) in the Tempio Evangelico Valdese (Florence): Surveys and Characterization of Decorative Plasters for a Conservative Recovery

This study focuses on the Memorial Chapel, a historical site located inside the Tempio Evangelico Valdese in Florence. In 1843, the first Anglican church in Florence, known as Holy Trinity Church, was built by D. Giraldi. Around 1892, G. F. Bodley began the reconstruction of a new building of neo-Gothic style at the same site, which was completed in 1904. This new church had a space dedicated to memory called Memorial Chapel. In 1967, the monumental complex was acquired by the Waldensians, now known as the Tempio Evangelico Valdese. This interdisciplinary investigation aimed to study the most damaged painted walls of the chapel. For this purpose, samples of decorative plaster mortars were collected from various points, after carrying out a digital mapping of the degraded areas. Mineralogical, petrographic, optical, chemical, and microchemical analyses were performed. This study made it possible to highlight the composition and the characteristics of the different layers of the plaster mortars, permitting us also to identify the types of pigments used over time in the paintings; furthermore, it was possible to reconstruct the degradation phenomena on the walls and the events that caused them, providing valuable insight for targeted restoration efforts.

Distributed MIMO Passive Radar Target Detection: Holy Trinity, Durbin, and Gradient Tests

Distributed MIMO Passive Radar Target Detection: Holy Trinity, Durbin, and Gradient Tests

Clinical and paraclinical approach to community-acquired pneumonia in obese individuals

Introduction. Obesity is a metabolic disease that presents a real challenge for the medical system due to the significant increase in the number of obese people in recent decades. Currently, 38% of the global population is overweight or obese. Obesity is an important risk factor for multiple chronic pathologies and lung infections, especially pneumonia. For obese subjects, chronic proinflammatory status due to an excess of fat cells is characteristic. Material and methods. This prospective cohort study is based on clinical and laboratory examinations of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia in the Department of Internal Medicine at Holy Trinity Municipal Hospital, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. The study included 210 patients with community-acquired pneumonia, divided into two groups: the base group (group 1) consisted of 105 patients with varying degrees of obesity, and the control group (group 2) consisted of 105 normal-weight patients. The research was conducted according to the principles of the Helsinki Declaration - WMA Declaration of Helsinki - Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Nicolae Testemiţanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, with the issuance of favorable opinion no. 46 from March 27, 2018. All patients were examined clinically and paraclinically (radiological examination, pulse oximetry screening, complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fibrinogen, LDH, C-reactive protein, oxidative stress markers). The obtained data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Results. According to the obtained data, the most common comorbidities associated with obesity were cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The main symptom that prevailed in the obese was dyspnea (97%). Obese subjects showed more frequent signs of acute respiratory failure (86.7%), required oxygen therapy with an average duration of 7.62±6.23 days, showed increased serum levels of LDH (286.31±94.66 U/L) and C-reactive protein (66.08±71.44 mg/l), data that influenced the clinical course of pneumonia. Conclusions. Patients with obesity and community-acquired pneumonia presented with infectious symptoms and acute respiratory failure, increased values of inflammatory markers, and required oxygen therapy more frequently compared to those of normal weight.

John Zizioulas’ Trinitarian Ecclesiology

The ideas of the Orthodox theologian Bishop John Zizioulas (1931–2023) particularly focus on trinitarian ecclesiology. For him, the Trinity consists of Persons in communion, and the nature of God himself is relational. Trinitarian unity is therefore the prototype, and the Church is its reflection. The essence of the Church is communion, which results from the fact that the Trinity is communion. Zizioulas’ view of the Church is steeped in a trinitarian perspective. Zizioulas pointed out that the Church is based on the double divine economy: the work of Jesus Christ and the work of the Holy Spirit. The relationship of the Holy Trinity with the Church also has consequences for the structure of the Church. In this way, the Church becomes hierarchical in the sense in which the Holy Trinity itself is hierarchical: because of the specificity of the relationship. Becoming a person means breaking down the barriers of individualism and entering into communion life. This is realized in the Church through Baptism and Eucharist. The aim of the article is therefore an attempt to present and evaluate John Zizioulas’ concept of trinitarian ecclesiology.

Silver Furnishings of Medieval Altar of St. Stanislaus in Cracow Cathedral

The article looks at these elements of St. Stanislaus’ tomb in the Gothic Cathedral on the Wawel Hill which were made of silver. Except for one (a reliquary diptych) all were destroyed and are known only from written records. The basic issue is to establish the date and the founder of a wooden coffin covered with gilded silver plates, in which the relics of the Martyr were placed. The literature on the subject attributed the foundation of the reliquary to St. Kunegunda (1234-1292), Elizabeth of Poland (1305-1380), St. Jadwiga, Hedvig of Anjou (1374-1399) and Ladislaus the Short (1260 or 1261-1333). Thanks to the records written in 1631 by a priest Jan Wielewicki which mention the renovation of the medieval coffin, we know that it had an inscription which unequivocally pointed to the person of Elizabeth of Poland, wife of a Hungarian king Charles I Robert and mother of a king of Hungary and Poland Louis d’Anjou, as the founder. A detailed description included in the records of an inspection of the Cracow Cathedral in 1670 allows an approximate reconstruction of this work of art, which was a box-reliquary of approximate measurements: 175, 8x87, 9x43, 95 cm, closed with a ridge roof cover of unknown height. It had cast decoration. The longer sides were each interspersed with 6 and the shorter with 2 pictures with the scenes from St. Stanislaus’s life. Likenesses of 18 bishops adorned both patches of the corners and axes of the shorter sides were accentuated with buttresses. Top rims of the cover were decorated with an open-work comb (tracery). Iconographic programme cannot be reconstructed on the basis of the existing sources. After a new coffin for the remains of the Saint was funded by Sigismund III, the old one was used as a reliquary for the hand and placed in St. Peter and Paul’s chapel, which - according to tradition - originally housed the tomb. After the cathedral was looted by the Swedes in 1657, the medieval reliquary was put back in the middle of the church. Then, in the years 1669 -1671, when a new silver coffin was funded by bishop Piotr Gembicki, it was re-cast. An important element of St. Stanislaus’ altar decoration before 1512 (when Sigismund I had an imposing silver retable made) were paintings which were kept in the treasury and placed on the mensa during the liturgy. Inventories list 12 ‘plates’ in all, some of which were made of silver, some covered with silver sheet metal (frames, dresses) and some only decorated with such applique. The most imposing was a triptych with the Holy Trinity engraved on sheet metal and richly set with jewels (in the type of Throne of Mercy) and the figures of Mary with the Child and St. John the Evangelist. Among the rest the most prominent were the depictions of the Salvator and the Virgin Mary with the Child. Some were accompanied by markings indicating their Byzantine or Ruthenian origins. A painting of Mary holding little Jesus in her arms, covered with a silver plate with lilies in the background, set with jewels and pearls, in a frame decorated with Polish and Hungarian coats of arms deserves special attention. It can undoubtedly be considered as a twin work to the three paintings stored in the treasury in Aachen and one in Mariazell, funded by Louis d’Anjou. The only painting of those which used to adorn the altar of St. Stanislaus which has survived to the present is the reliquary diptych with silver appliques, set with precious stones, depicting the Virgin Mary with the Child and Vemicle. It was painted in Cracow around 1440-1450 and was funded by the cathedral curate Maciej of Grodziec.

Ideological and artistic values of the painting of the Mother of God by Adolf Hyła according to a design by Bl. Paula Zofia Tajber

The subject of the analysis is a picture of the Mother of God painted as the Immaculate in full form, in two versions, differing in the symbols of the Holy Trinity. Both paintings were made according to a preliminary design, which had been performed in pastels on carton. Artist Adolf Hyła painted them according to an account by Mother Paula Zofia Tajber, founder of the Gathering of the Most Holy Soul of Our Lord Jesus, who on 13 September 1953 had a vision in which Our Lady appeared to her in the gathering's original chapel in Prądnik Biały.

Restoration of the Painting The Baptism of Christ from the Collection of Easel Paintings of the Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra

Restoration of the Painting The Baptism of Christ from the Collection of Easel Paintings of the Holy Trinity Cathedral of the Alexander Nevsky Lavra

Erratum: Θεός, Father and the ‘Holy Trinity’ in the New Testament

Erratum: Θεός, Father and the ‘Holy Trinity’ in the New Testament

Sanctuaries of the Lviv Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine: A Historical Overview

The research aims to collect historical information on the sanctuaries of the Lviv Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine that are dedicated to the Persons of the Holy Trinity (or the Divine mystery), the Blessed Virgin Mary, saints, and blesseds. The study applies a comprehensive approach using methods of scientific analysis, systematisation and generalisation, and a combination of historical, cultural and art historical methods to provide a broader understanding of the topic. This research considers twenty sanctuaries of the Lviv Archdiocese that were officially proclaimed from June 13, 1995, to June 10, 2020, as well as the ancient Sanctuary of the Mother of God Merciful and God of Mercy. It has been established that all sanctuaries of the Lviv Archdiocese are diocesan. The study analyzed more than fifty publications. The scientific novelty of the results obtained is a comprehensive analysis of historical information about the sanctuaries of the Lviv Archdiocese of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine. The sanctuaries of the Lviv Archdiocese in Ukraine require further historical, cultural, and art historical research that will complement previous publications.

Contemporaneity of the Tree of Life Image in the Towels of Poltava Region of the 19th and 20th Centuries

The purpose of the article consists in identifying and analysing the ornaments of traditional towel embroidery of the Poltava region of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the peculiarities of the technique and technology of their production with a focus on the Tree of Life motif for the full reproduction of its authentic meaning in contemporary design.
 Research methodology is based on the methods of comparison, analysis and analogies used for a detailed literature analysis. Induction and deduction methods were useful for identifying the characteristic manifestations of the Poltava tradition against the background of embroidered towels of Ukraine. The typological and comparative methods were used in the study of the Poltava region territorial features. The historical method made it possible to study and identify the sequence of embroidery formation, symbolic and semantic features in embroidered towels. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the comparison of the principles of depicting the Tree of Life in embroidered towels of Podillia, Polissia, and Poltava region of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; in the formation of a semiotic meanings list of the Tree of Life in towels of Poltava region, which have been scattered in various scientific works. The article provides recommendations for compliance with the authentic content in the interpretation of the symbolic elements of the Tree of Life image in the products of modern designer clothing brands. Conclusions. The Tree of Life is a complex ornamental element of embroidery, especially evident in the Poltava region, and has a wide range of symbolic meanings: a cosmogonic model of the world, the trinity of the three worlds, Family Tree, Mother Guardian, Holy Trinity, and Our Lady Oranta. In the Poltava region, the image of the Tree of Life in towels has been a well-established tradition since the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with characteristic details in the form of fancy flowers. One of the reasons for the levelling of the sacred and magical load of the Tree-Flower in the ornamental compositions of modern clothing brands can be considered a tendency to generally lighten the informational and philosophical content of the product following consumer tastes. Some Ukrainian designers and brands demonstrate options for models of a successful combination of folklore motifs and authentic tradition with modern fashion trends. Individual Ukrainian designers and brands demonstrate variants of models that successfully combine folklore motifs and authentic tradition with modern fashion trends. Brands recreate traditional embroidery in their own interpretation, so the variety of techniques and technologies for demonstrating embroidery has a rich potential for development.

유교 성론(性論)에서 동중서(董仲舒)의 위상

[Objective] The purpose of this study is to re-establish the flow of Confucian human nature theory by examining the status of Dong Zhongshu’s human nature theory in Confucian nature theory.
 [Contents] To accomplish this purpose, the theory of personality before and after Dong Zhongshu was analyzed at the level of abstract idealism about nature, and the theory of personality of Dong Zhongshu was investigated as a theoretical system and guideline that is very specific and can be put into practice in reality. First, the characteristics of the traditional theory of personality from Confucius, Tzu-Tzu, Mencius, Xunzi, and Zhu Xi were briefly established. Next, the characteristics of Dong Zhongshu’s theories of personality were discussed, and the status of the Dong Zhongshu’s theories of personality based on the history and content of Confucian personality theory was established.
 [Conclusions] Based on the results of the study are as follows. First, the existing Confucian theory of personality has been organized at the level of abstract idealism from Confucius to Zhu Xi. Second, Dong Zhongshu’s theory of the Holy Trinity synthesized the characteristics of primitive Confucianism and at the same time provided a starting point for opening up the character of Confucianism. Third, Dong Zhongshu’s theory of the Holy Trinity formed a middle ground with the Confucian theory of human nature and was embodied in Orthodoxy with specific reality.

The Pastor as the Father of the Parish

The aim of this article is to present the parson as a father. The necessity of being a father for particular parishioners and for the parish community results from the Church’s teaching. Fatherhood of a priest is based on the theological grounds mainly the patrylogical ones. It results from the inner relations of the Holy Trinity – of the Father with the Son and with the Holy Spirit as well as from the relations of the Father with people. The need for the realization of the parson’s service in the paternal way also results from the current pastoral conditions. These consist in the believers’ expectations that the parson should be in a personal relationship with them in a paternal way and their need to build Christian communities on the direct relationships between their particular members.