Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle Research Articles

Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Mast Cells in Bovine Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis of Holstein-Friesian Dairy Cattle

Mast cells (MC)are unique members of immune system; their location and functions are of great importance in health and disease status. This study aims to evaluate MCs distribution and heterogenity in healthy and digital dermatitis lesions of dairy cattle for the first time. A total of 50 skin samples, 25 healthy and 25 with digital dermatitis (DD) lesions were sampled in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. All samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) for microscopic examination and also stained with Toluidine blue for MCs demonstration. Epidermal acanthosis and hyperkeratosis with dermal inflammatory cell infiltrations were in consistent with digital dermatitis lesions. Spirochetal agents were successfully demonstrated with Warthin-Starry staining in 22 out of 25 DD samples. Increased number of mast cell were observed in digital dermatitis samples when compared with healthy skin samples. The average number of intact MCs were 4.6 ± 2 and 9.3 ± 1 in healthy and digital dermatitis samples, respectively. Two-fold increase in the number of intact MCs in digital dermatitis samples was observed. Degranulated mast cell numbers in tissue sections were also higher in digital dermatitis samples and 4.25-fold increase was recorded in affected skin samples. Immunophenotype of MCs in skin samples were identified by immmunohistochemical stainings with anti-tryptase and chymase antibodies. Only tryptase positive MCs were observed in healthy and DD samples. In the statistical analysis, differences in the mean intact and degranulated MCs were found to be significant (mean intact: p<0.05, mean degranulated: p<0.01). Our results possibly suggest that MCs may have important roles in the pathogenesis of bovine digital dermatitis.

Genome-wide association study of age at puberty and its (co)variances with fertility and stature in growing and lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle

Reproductive performance is a key determinant of cow longevity in a pasture-based, seasonal dairy system. Unfortunately, direct fertility phenotypes such as inter-calving interval or pregnancy rate tend to have low heritabilities and occur relatively late in an animal's life. In contrast, age at puberty (AGEP) is a moderately heritable, early-in-life trait, that may be estimated using an animal's age at first measured elevation in blood plasma progesterone (AGEP4) concentrations. Understanding the genetic architecture of AGEP4 in addition to genetic relationships between AGEP4 and fertility traits in lactating cows is important, as is its relationship with body size in the growing animal. Thus, the objectives of this research were 3-fold. First, to estimate the genetic and phenotypic (co)variances between AGEP4 and subsequent fertility during first and second lactations. Second, to quantify the associations between AGEP4 and height, length, and body weight (BW) measured when animals were around 11 mo old (SD = 0.5). Third, to identify genomic regions that are likely to be associated with variation in AGEP4. We measured AGEP4, height, length, and BW in around 5,000 Holstein-Friesian or Holstein-Friesian x Jersey crossbred yearling heifers, across 54 pasture-based herds managed in seasonal calving farm systems. We also obtained calving rate (CR42: success or failure to calve within the first 42 d of the seasonal calving period), breeding rate (PB21: success or failure to be presented for breeding within the first 21 d of the seasonal breeding period) and pregnancy rate (PR42: success or failure to become pregnant within the first 42 d of the seasonal breeding period) phenotypes from their first and second lactations. The animals were genotyped using the Weatherby's Versa 50K SNP array (Illumina, USA). The estimated heritabilities of AGEP4, height, length, and BW were 0.34 (0.30, 0.37), 0.28 (0.25, 0.31), 0.21 (0.18, 0.23), and 0.33 (0.30, 0.36), respectively. In contrast, the heritabilities of CR42, PB21 and PR42 were all < 0.05 in both first and second lactations. The genetic correlations between AGEP4 and these fertility traits were generally moderate ranging from 0.11 to 0.60, whereas genetic correlations between AGEP4 and yearling body conformation traits ranged from 0.02 to 0.28. Our genome wide association study (GWAS) highlighted a genomic window on chromosome 5 that was strongly associated with variation in AGEP4. We also identified 4 regions, located on chromosomes 14, 6, 1 and 11 (in order of decreasing importance), that exhibited suggestive associations with AGEP4. Our results show that AGEP4 is a reasonable predictor of estimated breeding values (EBVs) for fertility traits in lactating cows. While the GWAS provided insights into genetic mechanisms underpinning AGEP4, further work is required to test genomic predictions of fertility that use this information.

Identification of Hub Genes and Target miRNAs Crucial for Milk Production in Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle.

Dairy milk production is a quantitative trait that is controlled by many biological and environmental factors. This study employs a network-driven systems approach and clustering algorithm to uncover deeper insights into its genetic associations. We analyzed the GSE33680 dataset from the GEO database to understand the biological importance of milk production through gene expression and modules. In this study, we employed CytoNCA and ClusterONE plugins within Cytoscape for network analysis. Moreover, miRWalk software was utilized to detect miRNAs, and DAVID was employed to identify gene ontology and pathways. The results revealed 140 up-regulated genes and 312 down-regulated genes. In addition, we have identified 91 influential genes and 47 miRNAs that are closely associated with milk production. Through our examination of the network connecting these genes, we have found significant involvement in important biological processes such as calcium ion transit across cell membranes, the BMP signaling pathway, and the regulation of MAPK cascade. The conclusive network analysis further reveals that GAPDH, KDR, CSF1, PYGM, RET, PPP2CA, GUSB, and PRKCA are closely linked to key pathways essential for governing milk production. Various mechanisms can control these genes, making them valuable for breeding programs aiming to enhance selection indexes.

Lack of evidence for association between the leptin/Sau3AI gene and milk yield traits in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of leptin gene polymorphism and some environmental factors on milk production traits. Blood samples from 212 Holstein Friesian dairy cattle reared on a private farm were used. The intron 2 region of the leptin gene was digested with Sau3AI restriction enzyme using the PCR-RFLP method. A and B alleles and AA, AB, and BB genotype frequencies for the Sau3AI polymorphism were determined as 0.8821 and 0.1179, and 0.764, 0.236 and 0.000, respectively. Chi-square analysis revealed that the leptin gene polymorphism followed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, including the absence of animals with the BB genotype. The effect of leptin gene polymorphism on all milk production traits was insignificant. For milk production traits, direct heritability (ha2) varied between 0.03 ± 0.283 (for the dry period) and 0.50 ± 0.183 (for milk conductivity). Regarding the milking time (MT), the estimated breeding values (EBVs) of cattle with the AA genotype were higher than the AB genotype (P < 0.05). As a result of this study, in the selection program, allele or genotype could not be suggested as a marker for milk yield characteristics except for the possible exception of milking time and its relationship to mastitis incidence.

Effect of forage type on swallowed bolus mass and a method for counting swallows in dairy cattle

Dry matter intake (DMI) is a primary determinant of milk production in grazing dairy cows and an ability to measure the DMI of individual cows would allow herd managers to formulate supplementary rations that consider the amount of nutrients ingested from grass. The 2 related aims of this experiment were to define the mean number of swallowed boli and mass of the swallowed boli in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle offered a variety of forages commonly fed in the dairy industry of southeastern Australia, and to evaluate 2 indirect methods for counting the number of swallows. Twelve ruminally-fistulated, lactating Holstein-Friesian cows were randomly assigned to 3 replicated 4 × 4 Latin square designs and offered 4 forages: fresh chicory (FC), fresh perennial ryegrass (RP), alfalfa hay (AH), and perennial ryegrass silage (RS). The experiment was conducted over 28 d with each of 4 periods consisting of 7 d with 3 d of measurement. Forage diets were offered to individual cows following the partial evacuation of the rumen. The first 20 min after forage was offered constituted the measurement period, during which all swallowed boli were manually captured by samplers who placed their hand through the ruminal fistula and over the cardia entrance of the rumen of each cow. Concurrently, microphones and video cameras were used for the indirect measurement of swallows. The average swallowed bolus mass overall was 17.4 g dry matter (DM) per bolus with the lowest mass observed in cows offered FC (8.9 g DM/bolus), followed by RP (14.9 g DM/bolus), compared with cows offered AH (23.6 g DM/bolus) and RS (22.3 g DM/bolus). The swallowing rate was greater in cows offered FC (78 swallows/20 min) than in cows offered RP, AH, and RS (62.3 swallows/20 min). The audio recording method showed greater concordance (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient = 0.90) with the physical capturing of the boli through the rumen, than the video recording method did (Lin's concordance correlation coefficient = 0.54). It is concluded that the mass of the swallowed boli is related to forage type and that using a microphone attached to the cow's forehead can provide an accurate measure of the number of swallows when verified against the actual number of swallows counted by manual interception of the boli at the rumen cardia.

Genome-wide association study of anogenital distance and its (co)variances with fertility in growing and lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle

Anogenital distance (AGD) is a moderately heritable trait that can be measured at a young age that may provide an opportunity to indirectly select for improved fertility in dairy cattle. In this study, we characterized AGD and its genetic and phenotypic relationships with a range of body stature and fertility traits. We measured AGD, shoulder height, body length, and body weight in a population of 5,010 Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian × Jersey crossbred heifers at approximately 11 mo of age (AGD1). These animals were born in 2018 across 54 seasonal calving, pasture-based dairy herds. A second measure of AGD was collected in a subset of herds (n = 17; 1,956 animals) when the animals averaged 29 mo of age (AGD2). Fertility measures included age at puberty (AGEP), then time of calving, breeding, and pregnancy during the first and second lactations. We constructed binary traits reflecting the animal's ability to calve during the first 42 d of their herd's seasonal calving period (CR42), be presented for breeding during the first 21 d of the seasonal breeding period (PB21) and become pregnant during the first 42 d of the seasonal breeding period (PR42). The posterior mean of sampled heritabilities for AGD1 was 0.23, with 90% of samples falling within a credibility interval (90% CRI) of 0.20 to 0.26, whereas the heritability of AGD2 was 0.29 (90% CRI 0.24 to 0.34). The relationship between AGD1 and AGD2 was highly positive, with a genetic correlation of 0.89 (90% CRI 0.82 to 0.94). Using a GWAS analysis of 2,460 genomic windows based on 50k genotype data, we detected a region on chromosome 20 that was highly associated with variation in AGD1, and a second region on chromosome 13 that was moderately associated with variation in AGD1. We did not detect any genomic regions associated with AGD2 which was measured in fewer animals. The genetic correlation between AGD1 and AGEP was 0.10 (90% CRI 0.00 to 0.19), whereas the genetic correlation between AGD2 and AGEP was 0.30 (90% CRI 0.15 to 0.44). The timing of calving, breeding, and pregnancy (CR42, PB21, and PR42) during first or second lactations exhibited moderate genetic relationships with AGD1 (0.19 to 0.52) and AGD2 (0.46 to 0.63). Genetic correlations between AGD and body stature traits were weak (≤0.16). We conclude that AGD is a moderately heritable trait, which may have value as an early-in-life genetic predictor for reproductive success during lactation.

Enteric and manure emissions from Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle fed grass silage–based or corn silage–based diets

This study aimed to evaluate trade-offs between enteric and manure CH4 emissions, and the size of synergistic effects for CH4 and nitrogenous emissions (NH3 and N2O). Sixty-four Holstein-Friesian cows were blocked in groups of 4 based on parity, lactation stage, and milk yield. Cows within a block were randomly allocated to a dietary sequence in a crossover design with a grass silage-based diet (GS) and a corn silage-based diet (CS). The GS diet consisted of 50% grass silage and 50% concentrate, and CS consisted of 10% grass silage, 40% corn silage, and 50% concentrate (dry matter basis). The composition of the concentrate was identical for both diets. Cows were housed in groups of 16 animals, in 4 mechanically ventilated barn units for independent emission measurement. Treatment periods were composed of a 2-wk adaptation period followed by a 5-wk measurement period, 1 wk of which was without cows to allow separation of enteric and manure emissions. In each barn unit, ventilation rates and concentrations of CH4, CO2, NH3, and N2O in incoming and outgoing air were measured. Cow excretion of organic matter was higher for CS compared with GS. Enteric CH4 and cow-associated NH3 and N2O emissions (i.e., manure emissions excluded) were lower for CS compared with GS (-11, -40, and -45%, respectively). The CH4 and N2O emissions from stored manure (i.e., in absence of cows) were not affected by diet, whereas that of NH3 emission tended to be lower for CS compared with GS. In conclusion, there was no trade-off between enteric and manure CH4 emissions, and there were synergistic effects for CH4 and nitrogenous emissions when grass silage was exchanged for corn silage, without balancing the diets for crude protein content, in this short-term study.

Evaluation of 3 northwest European seaweed species on enteric methane production and lactational performance of Holstein-Friesian dairy cows

Seaweeds have been studied for their ability to reduce enteric methane emissions of ruminants when fed as a feed supplement. In vivo research with dairy cattle is mainly limited to the seaweed species Ascophyllum nodosum and Asparagopsis taxiformis, whereas in vitro gas production research covers a broader range of brown, red, and green seaweed species from different regions. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta), Saccharina latissima (Phaeophyta), and Fucus serratus (Phaeophyta), 3 common northwest European seaweeds, on enteric methane production and lactational performance of dairy cattle. Sixty-four Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle (16 primiparous, 48 multiparous) averaging (mean ± standard deviation) 91 ± 22.6 d in milk and 35.4 ± 8.13 kg/d fat- and protein-corrected milk yield (FPCM) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Cows were fed a partial mixed ration [54.2% grass silage, 20.8% corn silage, and 25.0% concentrate; dry matter (DM) basis] with additional concentrate bait in the milking parlor and the GreenFeed system (C-Lock Inc.). The 4 treatments consisted of a control diet without seaweed supplement (CON), or CON supplemented with 150 g/d (fresh weight of dried seaweed) of either C. crispus (CC), S. latissima (SL), or a 50/50 mix (DM basis) of F. serratus and S. latissima. Milk yield (28.7 vs. 27.5 kg/d, respectively), fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) yield (31.4 vs. 30.2 kg/d, respectively), milk lactose content (4.57 vs. 4.52%, respectively), and lactose yield (1,308 vs. 1,246 g/d, respectively) increased for SL compared with CON. Milk protein content was lower for SL compared with the other treatments. Milk fat and protein contents; yields of fat, protein, lactose, and FPCM; feed efficiency; milk nitrogen efficiency; and somatic cell count did not differ between CON and the other treatments. Depending on week of experiment, milk urea content was higher for SL compared with CON and CC. No effects were observed of the treatments compared with CON for DM intake, number of visits to the GreenFeed, or gas emission (production, yield, or intensity) of CO2, CH4, and H2. In conclusion, the seaweeds evaluated did not decrease enteric CH4 emissions and did not negatively affect feed intake and lactational performance of dairy cattle. Milk yield, FPCM yield, milk lactose content, and lactose yield increased, and milk protein content decreased, with S. latissima.

Effect of Hawthorn as a Feed Additive on Milk Yield and Quality of Cow’s Milk

In the course of the study, the fruits of the Caucasian hawthorn (Crataegus caucasica K. Koch) were added to the feed of the Holstein Friesian and Caucasian Brown (including 5 heads) dairy cattle as a feed additive, where feeding was carried out over a period of one month (20.03.2022-20.04.2022) and there was an increase in the quantity and quality of milk every 10 days. So, in contrast to conventional feeding, when feeding with hawthorn fruits, a noticeable increase in the specific gravity of milk, fat and lactose in dry matter, as well as the amount of macro- and trace elements, was recorded. It was also determined that the increase in milk was about 12.5%.

Immunological and Oxidative Biomarkers in Bovine Serum from Healthy, Clinical, and Sub-Clinical Mastitis Caused by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus Infection

The study aimed to investigate the mastitis' emerging causative agents and their antimicrobial sensitivity, in addition to the hematological, biochemical indicators, oxidative biomarkers, acute phase protein (APP), and inflammatory cytokine changes in dairy farms in Gamasa, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt. One hundred Holstein Friesian dairy cattle with clinical and subclinical mastitis were investigated and were allocated into three groups based on a thorough clinical examination. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were found responsible for the clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy farms, respectively. Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was detected in 100%, and 94.74% of E. coli and S. aureus isolates, respectively. Significantly low RBCs count, Hb, and PCV values were detected in mastitic cows compared with both subclinical mastitic and control groups; moreover, WBCs, lymphocytes, and neutrophil counts were significantly diminished in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Significantly higher levels of AST, LDH, total protein, and globulin were noticed in both mastitic and subclinical mastitic cows. The haptoglobin, fibrinogen, amyloid A, ceruloplasmin, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were statistically increased in mastitic cows compared to the controls. Higher MDA levels and reduction of TAC and catalase were identified in all the mastitic cases compared to the controls. Overall, the findings suggested potential public health hazards due to antimicrobial resistance emergence. Meanwhile, the APP and cytokines, along with antioxidant markers can be used as early indicators of mastitis.

Effect of using liquid semen on fertility in German Holstein Friesian dairy cattle: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Low fertility rates in lactating dairy cows as well as restricted availability of semen doses of young bulls with high genetic merit are two major problems in the reproduction of dairy cows. By using liquid semen (LS), the number of doses per ejaculate can be increased. One of the challenges of optimizing the reproductive performance of dairy cows is the phenomenon of variable estrus lengths. The objective of this study was to determine whether the use of LS affects pregnancy outcome of dairy cows with delayed ovulation, when compared with frozen semen (FS). A randomized controlled clinical trial was implemented. In a split-sample procedure, 131 ejaculates were processed into LS (Caprogen, LIC, New Zealand) and FS (BioXcell, IMV, France). Both semen types of each ejaculate were inseminated under the same field conditions to cows showing natural or induced heat. Cows and semen type were allocated according to the last digit of the cows identification number (even = frozen semen, odd = liquid semen). Inseminations (n = 667) were conducted after localization of the pre-ovulatory follicle. Determination of ovulation was performed 24 h post AI per transrectal ultrasonographic examination. Ovulations were classified as delayed when the pre-ovulatory follicle was still present at ovulation control. The prevalence of delayed ovulations was 25.2%. Data of 667 inseminations were analyzed with a generalized linear mixed model including semen type (P = 0.016), parity (P = 0.014), backfat thickness (P = 0.006), estrus induction (P = 0.010), ovulation (P = 0.265) and the interaction term ‘semen type by ovulation’ (P = 0.094). Overall, a higher pregnancy per AI (P/AI) of LS (45.4%) than P/AI of FS (33.7%) was found. In cases of delayed ovulations, use of LS resulted in higher P/AI (46.8%) compared with FS (27.7%; P = 0.017). We concluded that the fertilizing capacity of LS in prolonged intervals from AI to ovulation might be greater when compared with FS and could be an efficient tool to improve fertility of lactating dairy cows with delayed ovulations.

Influence of a sodium-saccharin sweetener on the rumen content and rumen epithelium microbiota in dairy cattle during heat stress.

The effect of a saccharin-based artificial sweetener was tested on animal performance measures and on the microbial communities associated with the rumen content and with the rumen epithelium during heat stress. Ten cannulated Holstein-Friesian milking dairy cattle were supplemented with 2 g of saccharin-based sweetener per day, top-dressed into individual feeders for a 7-day adaptation period followed by a 14-day heat stress period. A control group of ten additional cows subjected to the same environmental conditions but not supplemented with sweetener were included for comparison. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was performed on rumen content and rumen epithelium samples from all animals, and comparisons of rumen content microbiota and rumen epithelial microbiota were made between supplemented and control populations. Supplementation of the saccharin-based sweetener did not affect the rumen content microbiota, but differences in the rumen epithelial microbiota beta-diversity (PERMANOVA, P = 0.003, R2 = 0.12) and alpha-diversity (Chao species richness, P = 0.06 and Shannon diversity, P = 0.034) were detected between the supplemented and control experimental groups. Despite the changes detected in the microbial community, animal performance metrics including feed intake, milk yield, and short-chain fatty acid (acetic, propionic, and butyric acid) concentrations were not different between experimental groups. Thus, under the conditions applied, supplementation with a saccharin-based sweetener does not appear to affect animal performance under heat stress. Additionally, we detected differences in the rumen epithelial microbiota due to heat stress when comparing initial, prestressed microbial communities to the communities after heat stress. Importantly, the changes occurring in the rumen epithelial microbiota may have implications on barrier integrity, oxygen scavenging, and urease activity. This research adds insight into the impact of saccharin-based sweeteners on the rumen microbiota and the responsivity of the rumen epithelial microbiota to different stimuli, providing novel hypotheses for future research.

O11 Energy requirements for maintenance and lactation in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle

O11 Energy requirements for maintenance and lactation in Holstein Friesian dairy cattle

Digestibility and Nutritional Value of Fermented Straw Supplemented with Green Concentrate as Feed Ingredients for Holstein Friesian Dairy Cattle

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fermented straw supplementation with green concentrate on nutrient content and nutrient digestibility. Green concentrate used as treatment was white lead tree leaf flour ( Leucaena leucocephala ), Gamal leaf meal ( Gliricidia sepium ), and Indigofera leaf meal. Proximate analysis was carried out on fermented rice straw, 70% fermented rice straw + 30% lamtoro (FRS + white lead tree), 70% fermented rice straw + 30% Gamal (FRS + Gamal ) and 70% fermented rice straw + 30% Indigofera (FRS + Indigofera ). The livestock used for the nutrient digestibility test was 12 Friesian Holstein dairy cows. A randomized block design was used to test nutrient digestibility. The results showed that supplementation of green concentrate in fermented rice straw was able to increase crude protein, crude fat, and BETN and decrease crude fiber. Crude protein digestibility did not differ in the three types of green concentrates. Crude fat digestibility of FRS + white lead tree and FRS + Indigofera was higher than FRS + Gamal . The digestibility of BETN FRS + Gamal was higher than the digestibility of FRS + white lead tree and FRS + Indigofera . This study concludes that the three types of green concentrate can be used for the supplementation of fermented rice straw as dairy cattle feed.

Genome-Wide Genomic and Functional Association Study for Workability and Calving Traits in Holstein Cattle.

Simple SummaryTraits related to the calving abilities and workability of cows are essential both for the dairy economy and for the welfare of cows. We analysed the direct and maternal components of calving ease, direct and maternal components of stillbirth, milking speed, and temperament by looking for SNPs, gene ontologies, and metabolic pathways significantly associated with the additive genetic variability of those traits. At the genetic level, 150 significant SNPs were identified whereas at the functional level we found 45 significant gene ontology terms and 5 metabolic pathways.The goal of our study was to identify the SNPs, metabolic pathways (KEGG), and gene ontology (GO) terms significantly associated with calving and workability traits in dairy cattle. We analysed direct (DCE) and maternal (MCE) calving ease, direct (DSB) and maternal (MSB) stillbirth, milking speed (MSP), and temperament (TEM) based on a Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle population consisting of 35,203 individuals. The number of animals, depending on the trait, ranged from 22,301 bulls for TEM to 30,603 for DCE. We estimated the SNP effects (based on 46,216 polymorphisms from Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip Version 2) using a multi-SNP mixed model. The SNP positions were mapped to genes and the GO terms/KEGG pathways of the corresponding genes were assigned. The estimation of the GO term/KEGG pathway effects was based on a mixed model using the SNP effects as dependent variables. The number of significant SNPs comprised 59 for DCE, 25 for DSB and MSP, 17 for MCE and MSB, and 7 for TEM. Significant KEGG pathways were found for MSB (2), TEM (2), and MSP (1) and 11 GO terms were significant for MSP, 10 for DCE, 8 for DSB and TEM, 5 for MCE, and 3 for MSB. From the perspective of a better understanding of the genomic background of the phenotypes, traits with low heritabilities suggest that the focus should be moved from single genes to the metabolic pathways or gene ontologies significant for the phenotype.

Melatonin Differences Between Day and Night Milk in Primiparous Holstein Friesian and Jersey Dairy Cattle

This study was conducted to determine the levels of melatonin in the day and night milk of Holstein and Jersey cows. In the study, samples of daytime milk produced from 27 head of Holstein and 27 head of Jersey cows in the first lactation, which were raised in a private dairy cattle enterprise in the Kaşınhanı neighborhood of Meram district of Konya city Turkey, and night milk samples taken from the same cows that were blackened for one (1) week were used. Melatonin levels in milk samples taken from day and night milk were determined separately for Holstein and Jersey cows with the help of Bovine Melatonin (MLT) Elisa Kit. In the study, it was determined that the ratio of melatonin in day and night milk in Holstein cows was 2.912 pg/ml and 11.314 pg/ml, respectively, and the ratio of melatonin in Jersey cows was 2.924 pg/ml and 6.954 pg/ml in the same order. The difference between the melatonin levels of the day and night milk of Holstein and Jersey cows was found to be statistically significant (p&lt;0.01). At the end of the study, it can be stated that night milk can be used for medical purposes and a new production source may arise for producers since there is a significant difference in melatonin between day and night milk.

Holstein Friesian dairy cattle edited for diluted coat color as a potential adaptation to climate change

BackgroundHigh-producing Holstein Friesian dairy cattle have a characteristic black and white coat, often with large proportions of black. Compared to a light coat color, black absorbs more solar radiation which is a contributing factor to heat stress in cattle. To better adapt dairy cattle to rapidly warming climates, we aimed to lighten their coat color by genome editing.ResultsUsing gRNA/Cas9-mediated editing, we introduced a three bp deletion in the pre-melanosomal protein 17 gene (PMEL) proposed as causative variant for the semi-dominant color dilution phenotype observed in Galloway and Highland cattle. Calves generated from cells with homozygous edits revealed a strong color dilution effect. Instead of the characteristic black and white markings of control calves generated from unedited cells, the edited calves displayed a novel grey and white coat pattern.ConclusionThis, for the first time, verified the causative nature of the PMEL mutation for diluting the black coat color in cattle. Although only one of the calves was healthy at birth and later succumbed to a naval infection, the study showed the feasibility of generating such edited animals with the possibility to dissect the effects of the introgressed edit and other interfering allelic variants that might exist in individual cattle and accurately determine the impact of only the three bp change.

Kappa casein (CSN3) gene polymorphism and its effect on cumulative milk yields of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle

Kappa casein (CSN3) is a standout amongst the most vital milk proteins in mammals that assumes a crucial part in milk quality and coagulation. This study aimed to determine genetic polymorphism of the Kappa casein gene (CSN3) and associate its genotype variants on various cumulative milk yields in Holstein Friesian (HF) dairy cattle. A number of 61 blood samples were collected from 2 Holstein Friesian populations, respectively, from IRIAP Breeding Station in Ciawi (61) and Lembang Artificial Insemination Center (Lembang AIC) (17). Real Time -Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) method was used to identify variant genotypes of the Kappa Casein gene. In population were detected all three genotypes GG, GT, and TT. The most frequent genotype was TT, with a frequency of 0.63. Results from the statistical association analysis between g.13975G>T CSN3 genotype and cumulative milk yield in standard lactation length were not significant.

Genetic parameters and genetic trend of some yield traits of Holstein Friesian cattle population in Tropical Region (Teke).

This study was conducted to determine the milk yield and reproduction characteristics, genetic trend, and breeding values of Holstein cattle reared in Teke region (Antalya, Burdur, Denizli, and Isparta provinces) of Turkey. In this study, 9844 lactation and reproductive records of Holstein Friesian dairy cattle for the period of 2010 to 2017 were used. For this purpose, variance components and the heritability were calculated based on calving interval (CI) and number of inseminations per conception (NIC) from fertility characteristics and lactation length (LL), 305-day milk yield (305 DMY), and dry period (DP). It was determined that CI, NIC, LL, 305 DMY, and DP were 0.11, 0.10, 0.11, 0.33, and 0.01, respectively. The genetic trend of 305 DMY was 111.5kg/year. The average breeding value was negative between 2005 and 2009 and positive between 2010 and 2015. In conclusion, the fact that especially 305 DMY heritability was generally higher in this study than the values reported by other studies conducted in Turkey and the genetic trend for 305 DMY was positive and high indicates that breeding value of Holstein cattle in the Teke region is high. Therefore, it can be recommended to continue the pedigree breeding of Holstein cattle in this region, keep pedigree and yield records meticulously, estimate breeding values for selecting animals with superior yield characteristics and using them in future generations, and include current biotechnological methods in breeding program to increase the efficiency in selection.

Assessment of RumiWatch noseband sensors for the quantification of ingestive behaviors of dairy cows at grazing or fed in stalls

The RumiWatch System (Itin+Hoch GmbH, Liestal, Switzerland) is a sensor system that enables quantification of ingestive behaviors of cattle that may be useful, amongst other things, for estimating dry matter intake. There are currently multiple versions of the RumiWatch Converter software used to convert the recorded data into specific animal behaviors through the use of algorithms. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of RumiWatch System noseband sensors for quantifying the number of prehension bites and mastication chews in grazing and stall-fed dairy cows using RumiWatch Converter software versions 0.7.3.36 (RWC36) and 0.7.4.13 (RWC13). Two experiments using lactating Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle were conducted. In Experiment I, ten cows grazed perennial ryegrass pasture (Lolium perenne L.) in individual plots that measured 35 m2, with a pasture mass of 2500 kg DM/ha and pasture allowance of 28 kg DM/d. In Experiment II, 14 cows were offered 16 kg DM/d of perennial ryegrass pasture silage in individual indoor feed stalls. In both experiments, ingestive behaviors were quantified with the jaw movement halters and through visual observation using video recordings. The performance of the RumiWatch Converter software was evaluated through Lin’s concordance correlation coefficients with video observation. For grazing cows, there was greater concordance between the RumiWatch System and video observation for the number of prehension bites (0.94 for RWC36 and 0.75 for RWC13) than for the number of mastication chews (0.20 for RWC36 and 0.14 for RWC13). In cows fed in stalls, there was also greater concordance for the number of prehension bites (0.54 for RWC36 and 0.64 for RWC13) than for the number of mastication chews (0.46 for RWC36 and 0.58 for RWC13). However, the RWC36 was more accurate for quantifying feeding behaviors of grazing cows than the RWC13, while for stall fed cows the reverse was true. Overall, both RumiWatch Converters were better at quantifying prehension bites in grazing cows than in stall fed cows, but better at quantifying mastication chews in stall fed cows than grazing cows. These data enable a new understanding of the how these RumiWatch sensors should best be used for measuring cows' feeding behaviors in different feeding systems.