Holistic Route Research Articles

Reinforcement Learning (RL)-Based Holistic Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC): Distributed or Centralized?

Reinforcement Learning (RL)-Based Holistic Routing and Wavelength Assignment in Optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC): Distributed or Centralized?

Estimation of vertical size-fractionated phytoplankton primary production in the northern South China Sea

Modelling vertical changes of size-fractionated phytoplankton primary production (PP) offers a holistic route to describe marine ecosystems and constitutes an important part of remote sensing to accurately estimate the depth-integrated PP in the global oceans. However, there is no size-fractionated PP model established in the Northern South China Sea (NSCS) yet. In situ measured hyperspectral absorption and irradiance data were used to estimate vertical size-fractionated PP. Results demonstrated that the estimated size-fractionated PP showed good agreement with in-situ measurement. r2s are 0.41, 0.69, and 0.83, and median absolute percentage difference are 23.33%, 25.86%, and 31.05% for pico-, nano-, and micro-PP, respectively. The intercept from the linear relationship between ratio of phytoplankton absorption coefficient (aph(4 3 5)/aph(6 7 6)) and quantum yield of photosynthesis have the biggest impact on estimation of PP based on Monte Carlo approach. The model derived PP profiles showed an exponential attenuation shape curve from the surface to the bottom in coastal water of NSCS. In contrast, a decreasing pattern with increasing depth with a maximum in the subsurface layer or at the chlorophyll maximum depth was observed in the open ocean of NSCS. Such an approach can be utilized to depict the vertical variations of size-fractionated PP, which can serve as supplementary of remote sense to reveal their three-dimensional structure.

Hugh of St. Victor: Medieval Wisdom for Modern Educators

Using Hugh of St. Victor (1096–1141) as an example, the article outlines key features of medieval educational assumptions and practices that can be drawn upon to challenge and offer an alternative to the ethos and priorities in universities today. Hugh’s writings are analysed with a view to demonstrating how an approach to education that is illuminated by religious faith has the resources to provide a more holistic route to higher learning than is currently available. His understanding of the arts, reading, memory and restoration, together with his treatment of the discipline of the body, the role of example and imitation, and the influence of living in community on student learning – all combine to promote rationality, realism and virtue in service of wisdom.

An eye-tracking study of reading long and short novel and lexicalized compound words.

An eye-tracking experiment examined the recognition of novel and lexicalized compound words during sentence reading. The frequency of the head noun in modifier-head compound words was manipulated to tap into the degree of compositional processing. This was done separately for long (12–16 letter) and short (7-9 letters) compound words. Based on the dual-route race model [Pollatsek et al., 4] and the visual acuity principle [Bertram & Hyönä, 2], long lexicalized and novel compound words were predicted to be processed via the decomposition route and short lexicalized compound words via the holistic route. Gaze duration and selective regression-path duration demonstrated a constituent frequency effect of similar size for long lexicalized and novel compound words. For short compound words the constituent frequency effect was negligible for lexicalized words but robust for novel words. The results are consistent with the visual acuity principle that assumes long novel compound words to be recognized via the decomposition route and short lexicalized compound words via the holistic route.

Opportunities for holistic waste stream valorization from food waste treatment facilities: a review

Abstract Difficult-to-biodegrade fractions (DBFs) generated from the biological treatment of food waste (FW) account for approximately 30% of the actual waste. These wastes are difficult to degrade or are considered indigestible residues of the aerobic and anaerobic fermentation treatment of FW treatment facilities. The currently applied disposal routes for DBFs exert environmental pressure and underutilize waste as resources. Therefore, these challenges must be overcome. An innovative strategy for the enhancement of the energy value and beneficial products from FW and the associated DBFs is proposed in this review. We propose conceptual future optimization routes for FW and DBFs via three types of technology integration. Pyrolysis techniques thoroughly treat DBFs to produce various value-added bio-energy products, such as pyrogenic bio-char, syngas, and bio-oil. Anaerobic digestion treats FW while utilizing pyrolysis products for robust performance enhancement and bio-methane upgrade. This holistic route offers conceptual information and proper direction as crucial knowledge for real application to harness the inherent resources of waste streams generated from FW treatment facilities.

Reading monomorphemic and compound words in Chinese

Abstract Two lexical decision experiments were conducted to study the recognition of two-character Chinese monomorphemic and compound words by adult native Chinese readers. In Experiment 1, the words appeared non-spaced, whereas in Experiment 2 a space was inserted between the two characters. An interaction between word type and spacing reflects a trend for spacing to slow down the recognition of monomorphemic words and speed up that of compound words. The word frequency effect was steeper for monomorphemic than compound words. The number of strokes in the first and the second character influenced the recognition time for compound words, but not for monomorphemic words. The results are interpreted in the light of the parallel dual route model of morphological processing. The holistic route is more prevalent in recognizing Chinese monomorphemic, while the morphological decomposition route is more prevalent in processing Chinese compound words.

Syllables and morphemes in German reading development: Evidence from second graders, fourth graders, and adults

ABSTRACTChildren have been found to use units such as syllables and morphemes in fine-grained reading processes, before they transition to a coarse-grained, holistic route. Which units they prefer at different stages in reading development is unresolved. The present study compares the use of syllables and morphemes. Second graders, fourth graders, and adults performed a lexical decision task on multimorphemic and monomorphemic words and pseudowords that were visually disrupted either syllable-congruent or syllable-incongruent (i.e., morpheme-congruent in multimorphemic items). Syllables turned out to be the preferred unit of fine-grained processing for second graders, while fourth graders also used morphemes when morphemes were emphasized by the presentation format. Moreover, the study supports the assumption that children rely more on fine-grained processing, while adults have more coarse-grained processing.

A NEW UTILIZATION APPROACH OF NATURAL SODA ASH: TO MANUFACTURE SODIUM PERCARBONATE

Until now, natural soda ash ore is only used for manufacturing sodium carbonate and other common chemicals. As a fine chemical, the traditional method of sodium percarbonate takes sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide as raw materials. The primary goal of the present research is to explore a holistic route to manufacture sodium percarbonate from natural soda ash. The integrated approach avoids the operations of deep evaporation and calcination in the traditional manufacture process of sodium carbonate from natural soda ash. It also avoids the dissolution of merchandise sodium carbonate and any addition of salting-out agents in the production of sodium percarbonate. Taking Chagannuoer natural soda ash as raw material, the operating conditions were optimized by means of an orthogonal design L32(49). The results indicate that the availability ratios of H2O2 and Na2CO3 are higher than 75% and 81% respectively under optimal conditions. The IR and XRD characterizations denote that the major component of the prepared product is Na2CO3·1.5H2O2. The research provides a case study for processes integration, and possibly contributes to the investigation of utilizing other natural resources.

Holistic Routing Algorithm Design to Support Workload Consolidation in NoCs

To provide efficient, high-performance routing algorithms, a holistic approach should be taken. The key aspects of routing algorithm design include adaptivity, path selection strategy, VC allocation, isolation, and hardware implementation cost; these design aspects are not independent. The key contribution of this work lies in the design of a novel selection strategy, Destination-Based Selection Strategy (DBSS), which targets interference that can arise in many-core systems running consolidation workloads. In the process of this design, we holistically consider all aspects to ensure an efficient design. Existing routing algorithms largely overlook issues associated with workload consolidation. Locally adaptive algorithms do not consider enough status information to avoid network congestion. Globally adaptive routing algorithms attack this issue by utilizing network status beyond neighboring nodes. However, they may suffer from interference, coupling the behavior of otherwise independent applications. To address these issues, DBSS leverages both local and nonlocal network status to provide more effective adaptivity. More importantly, by integrating the destination into the selection procedure, DBSS mitigates interference and offers dynamic isolation among applications. Results show that DBSS offers better performance than the best baseline selection strategy and improves the energy-delay product for medium and high injection rates; it is well suited for workload consolidation.

A Holistic Solution to the Bi-Link-Failure-Free RWA Problem for 2-D-Torus-Based WDM LANs

We provide a holistic routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) solution to a 2-D-torus-based fault-tolerance problem in which an arbitrary bidirectional link (bilink) failure is tolerated. First, we introduce an optimal working lightpath RWA (WRWA) scheme for an N <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex> </formula> N torus. Then, by observing a uniform pattern by which WRWA arranges working lightpaths through a bilink, we propose a spare lightpath RWA (SRWA) scheme that provisions spare resources to accommodate all traffic originally carried on the bilink subject to failure. The proposed SRWA scheme is at a spare wavelength cost within 1/N of that for the working lightpaths. We show a factor-2 performance guarantee for the proposed SRWA scheme. Finally, we derive a polynomial-time resolvable connection reliability expression for the proposed bilink-failure-free scheme and numerical results show a clear evidence of fault-tolerance capacity improvement.

Holistic Route Selection

New agrochemical, fine chemical, and pharmaceutical products often require the development and selection of economical and effective chemical routes to enable commercial success. Atom economy and reaction step minimization are key drivers for low-cost routes. In addition, capital requirements, process operability and robustness, environmental health and safety, supply chain, quality, and intellectual property factors should be considered in the selection process. A holistic evaluation of process route options by a multidiscipline team of chemists and engineers early in the route-selection phase can result in the selection of a better route with a more focused process development research plan. Examples from three Dow AgroSciences projects illustrate route selection criteria.

Creating the joyful writer: introducing the holistic approach in the classroom

Chapter 1 Background and Influential People Chapter 2 Creativity: A Holistic Route to Writing Chapter 3 Contemplating Great Things in Soul and Place Chapter 4 Walking in the Spirit of the Medicine Wheel: Learning to See What We Normally Do Not See Chapter 5 Write Your Own Ending Chapter 6 The Connected Self Chapter 7 Visioning in Silent Community Chapter 8 Screenplay Writing Chapter 9 Info-Commercial Chapter 10 Cave Art: Is It Literature? Is It Writing? Chapter 11 Finding Your Community's Literature Chapter 12 Creating a Life's Legacy Chapter 13 Music and Dance to Inspire the Pen Chapter 14 The Writer's Scrapbook Chapter 15 Voice and Identity: The Sound of Respect Chapter 16 Writing the Outdoors: 3 Days in Nature Chapter 17 Appendix A: Interesting Holistic Schools Chapter 18 Appendix B: Rhetorical Aims and Organizational Strategies