Holistic Resource Management Research Articles

Climate mitigation technology for holistic resource management in sub-Saharan Africa: Impact on greenhouse gas emissions

This study investigates the impact of climate change mitigation technologies, specifically agricultural land management and renewable energy consumption and production, on greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the period of 1991 to 2015. Our analysis was conducted using an ARDL panel data model with data from 26 countries representing four sub-regions. The results demonstrated that an increase in renewable energy consumption is significantly associated with a decrease in GHG emissions, with a long-term coefficient of -0.422 and a short-term coefficient of -0.757. Additionally, natural resource rents, agricultural land use and population density have a positive impact on greenhouse gas emissions, with coefficients of 0.0605, 0.392 and 0.690, respectively. However, renewable energy production does not have a significant effect on greenhouse gas emissions. This suggests that promoting renewable energy consumption can be an effective way to combat greenhouse gas emissions in the region, and policymakers should implement policies and programs that encourage and facilitate the adoption of renewable energy whilst taking into consideration the impact of agricultural land use. Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of promoting renewable energy consumption and managing agricultural land use as a viable approach to combating greenhouse gas emissions in sub-Saharan Africa, and highlights the potential of climate mitigation technology as a tool for regulators to optimize policy development and counter climate change.

The Threats of Climate Change in Nepal: Natural Catastrophes and Global Conflict Frontiers

Nepal, nestled amidst the majestic Himalayas, is uniquely positioned with its delicate geological makeup. This renders it vulnerable to escalating environmental threats, primarily driven by global climate change-induced adversities. These climatic adversities not only disrupt the ecological balance but also create a space for multiple conflict frontiers. The primary objective of this research is to delve into the multifaceted conflicts that include competition for scarce resources, decision-making process, and vested interest of foreign powers that may arise from the climatic challenges especially flash floods, glacier lake outbursts, droughts, landslides, and other catastrophic disasters. The study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of climatic-induced disaster events and their significant role in the origin of conflicts. Employing a qualitative research design using the tool of comparative analysis, the study investigates the conflicts triggered by these disasters of the past two decades. The study will draw insightful parallels between Nepal's unique situation and other global regions. I will spotlight regions like South Sudan, Rwanda, Syria, and, South and Southeast Asia where climate-induced factors, such as acute water and food shortages, have ignited community tensions and other resource-based conflicts in the historical review and analysis. Within Nepal's borders, I will undertake a detailed historical analysis of the specific cases due to climate change. The study aims to bridge the knowledge gap between climate change and conflict dynamics, offering actionable insights for holistic resource management, disaster risk mitigation, and proactive conflict prevention.

An Approach to Advance Circular Practices in the Maritime Industry through a Database as a Bridging Solution

The concept of maritime circularity has gained increasing attention to address challenges arising from the net-zero targets of the maritime industry. The circular economy provides potential solutions to address these challenges through reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling practices. However, the industry faces complex challenges, including inefficient reverse supply chains, a lack of awareness about circular economy principles, standardisation issues, and the need for digital infrastructure to provide vital information in the sector. These challenges prevent the implementation of circularity practices, as access to crucial data throughout the vessel’s life cycle is obstructed. This novel research aims to create a robust first-of-its-kind database solution specifically designed to support the industry’s shift towards circularity. The database will facilitate fast and transparent information flow between the stakeholders, providing foundations for asset tracking and a robust reverse supply chain. A case study was conducted to show that a database could help extract higher financial value from end-of-life ships by over 80%. The ageing fleet increases the urgency of utilising such a database, which could be a pivotal strategy for a sustainable and circular industry. This digital solution offers significant benefits to all industry stakeholders and allows holistic resource management, influencing maritime operations’ sustainability, resilience, and profitability.

Volunteers and resource management competencies of nonprofit organizations during challenging times

AbstractNonprofit organizations increasingly compete for limited resources and recognize volunteers as vital assets. That said, which nonprofits are more successful in harnessing volunteers than others and enlisting more volunteers while responding to environmental changes? Guided by the resource‐based theory, this study theorizes that a nonprofit's human, social, and financial resource management competencies relate to its volunteer use. Also, applying contingent resource‐based theory extends our theoretical arguments as to why a nonprofit needs to develop its resource management competencies for the use of volunteers facing a community's financial hardship. Our zero‐inflated negative binomial analysis using the IRS 990 and U.S. Census data (2010–2012) finds that (1) a nonprofit's higher human, social, and financial resource management competencies have an important influence on using volunteers, and (2) a nonprofit having higher financial resource management competencies can use more volunteers when its community experiences economic hardship. These findings pinpoint that volunteer use is not separable from organizational holistic resource management competencies and suggest that turbulent environments can cause a significant shift in the management competencies required for volunteer use.

Can a small island nation build resilience? The significance of resource‐use patterns and socio‐metabolic risks in The Bahamas

AbstractResource‐use patterns may entail systemic risks and cascade effects, which consequently inhibit the ability to deliver socioeconomic services. Identifying resource‐use patterns exhibiting systemic risks and reshaping their combinations is a potential lever in realizing the transition to a sustainable, resilient, and resource‐secure system. Using an island context to assess the quantity and composition of resource throughput enables a more comprehensive analysis of these risks. This article presents the first mass‐balance account of socio‐metabolic flows for The Bahamas in 2018, to identify socio‐metabolic risks and cascading effects. Socio‐metabolic risks are systemic risks related to critical resource availability, material circulation integrity, and (in)equities in cost and benefit distributions. We utilize the economy‐wide material flow accounting framework to map the material flow patterns across the economy. In 2018, annual direct material input was estimated at 9.4 t/cap/yr, of which 60% were imports. High masses of waste (1.4 t/cap/yr) remained unrecovered due to the lack of recycling. Total domestic extraction (DE) were dominated by non‐metallic minerals with more than 80%, while marine biomass makes up barely 1% of total DE. Due to its linear, undiversified metabolism, and heavy imports dependency, the system is susceptible to socio‐metabolic risks and cascading effects including low levels of self‐sufficiency, high vulnerability to shocks, commodity price fluctuations, threats to sensitive ecosystems, health impacts, and economic losses, among others. A holistic resource management strategy and nature‐based solutions that consider the trade‐offs and synergies between different resource‐use patterns are critical when exploring potential plans for metabolic risk reduction.

Holistic Management Assessment of an Urbanized Watershed and Kettle Pond in Southern Wisconsin

A multidisciplinary assessment of a small pond and its fully urbanized watershed was conducted to understand physical, biological, and social factors influencing this natural resource. Originally an emergent wetland lacking natural drainage, Stricker’s Pond today is a resource shared by two municipalities which has been hydrologically connected (via a man-made outlet) to the larger Yahara River watershed in Wisconsin. The assessment involved water quantity and water quality measurement and modeling, vegetation and wildlife surveys, and community surveys and observation. Major findings include the following: increased flood risk caused by large storm events; high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus, likely contributed by a variety of natural and anthropogenic sources, resulting in full eutrophication; varied, but generally poor, vegetation biodiversity; limited wildlife diversity; and discrepancies between the management objectives of the two municipalities which share the resource and the surrounding community’s vision for the pond. To overcome these issues, a collection of recommendations are suggested for implementation. These recommendations range from minimal reoccurring maintenance and community engagement to specific management strategies and intermunicipal collaboration. With the recommendations provided within the assessment, a new, better pathway forward can be charted for Stricker’s Pond by decision makers and community members alike. By engaging with this case study, participants will be exposed to the complexity of water resources challenges occurring in this as well as their own communities. Thus, this case study can serve to participants as an example and a baseline of how similar holistic resource management assessments can be carried out in the future.

HUNTER: AI based holistic resource management for sustainable cloud computing

The worldwide adoption of cloud data centers (CDCs) has given rise to the ubiquitous demand for hosting application services on the cloud. Further, contemporary data-intensive industries have seen a sharp upsurge in the resource requirements of modern applications. This has led to the provisioning of an increased number of cloud servers, giving rise to higher energy consumption and, consequently, sustainability concerns. Traditional heuristics and reinforcement learning based algorithms for energy-efficient cloud resource management address the scalability and adaptability related challenges to a limited extent. Existing work often fails to capture dependencies across thermal characteristics of hosts, resource consumption of tasks and the corresponding scheduling decisions. This leads to poor scalability and an increase in the compute resource requirements, particularly in environments with non-stationary resource demands. To address these limitations, we propose an artificial intelligence (AI) based holistic resource management technique for sustainable cloud computing called HUNTER. The proposed model formulates the goal of optimizing energy efficiency in data centers as a multi-objective scheduling problem, considering three important models: energy, thermal and cooling. HUNTER utilizes a Gated Graph Convolution Network as a surrogate model for approximating the Quality of Service (QoS) for a system state and generating optimal scheduling decisions. Experiments on simulated and physical cloud environments using the CloudSim toolkit and the COSCO framework show that HUNTER outperforms state-of-the-art baselines in terms of energy consumption, SLA violation, scheduling time, cost and temperature by up to 12, 35, 43, 54 and 3 percent respectively.

Energy-efficient resource management for OFDM modulated bidirectional relaying with quality-of-service constraint

This paper addressed the energy-efficient resource management problem of an amplify-and-forward relay-assisted bidirectional relay system under a quality-of-service (QoS) constraint. The objective is to develop a holistic resource management algorithm for joint implementation of relay selection, power adaptation and bit-rate management for optimal energy efficiency (EE). A three-stage approach is proposed to solve the energy-efficient resource management problem. At stage 1 (stage of power management), a per-subcarrier energy-efficient problem is investigated, leading to a power adaptation algorithm for maximizing the system EE and ensuring the required level of the system QoS. Within the framework of the power adaptation algorithm and by exploiting spatial diversity of multiple-relay channels, distributed relay selection is investigated at stage 2 (stage of relay management). Next, the bit-rate management problem is tackled at stage 3, namely assigning bit rate to different subcarriers to maximize the system EE further. Finally, summarizing the results achieved at the three stages, a novel EE technology combined with relay selection, bit-rate management and power adaptation is developed. Simulation results validated the correctness and the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. It is shown that the proposed algorithm can significantly reduce the total transmit power of the system while ensuring the required system QoS.

Fog Network Area Management Model for Managing Fog-cloud Resources in IoT Environment

The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is at the forefront of the present and future research activities. The enormous amount of sensing data needing to be processed increases dramatically in volume, variety, and velocity. In response, cloud computing was involved in handling the challenges of collecting, storing, and processing the data. The fog computing technology is a model used to support cloud computing by implementing pre-processing tasks close to the end-user for achieving low latency, less power consumption, and high scalability. However, some resources in fog computing network are not suitable for some tasks, or the number of requests increases outside capacity. So, it is more efficient to reduce sending tasks to the cloud. Perhaps some other fog resources are idle, and it is better to be federated rather than forwarding them to the cloud. This issue affects the fog environment's performance when dealing with large applications or applications sensitive to time processing. This research aims to propose a holistic fog-based resource management model to efficiently discover all the available services placed in resources considering their capabilities, deploy jobs into appropriate resources in the network effectively, and improve the IoT environment's performance. Our proposed model consists of three main components: job scheduling, job placement, and mobile agent software, explained in detail in this paper.

Holistic perspectives—Understanding rancher experiences with holistic resource management to bridge the gap between rancher and researcher perspectives

On the Ground • Holistic Resource Management (HRM) is a ranch management strategy plagued by controversy; experimental evidence from ecological studies has consistently failed to support that HRM provides ecological benefits, yet many ranchers staunchly support the method. • Using a qualitative approach, we found that the HRM processes used on four case study ranches in eastern Colorado provided a systematic framework for key ranch stakeholders to improve long-term, adaptive approaches to managing ranches as complex socioecological systems. • Notably, the ranchers emphasized the planning benefits of HRM over the grazing benefits, suggesting the value of the system is not in how the cattle are grazed but in how it changes the way ranchers make decisions about how to graze their cattle and manage the many other complexities of operating a ranch. • Approaching HRM as a planning framework versus as a grazing strategy may be a key factor in the difference in claims between ranchers practicing HRM and researchers studying grazing systems.

Initial observations of water quality indicators in the unconfined shallow aquifer in Dili City, Timor-Leste: suggestions for its management

The management of groundwater quality is a critical issue in developing nations where sanitation and drinking water targets are commonly addressed by facilitating access to groundwater, which is then managed as a common-pool resource. We investigate the quality of the shallow unconfined groundwater in Dili’s alluvial fan system, which 50% of Dili’s rapidly growing population use for all their water requirements. Using the basic chemical and microbiological analyses that are locally available (sulfate, total hardness, fluoride, manganese, iron, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total coliform and E. coli) we show that the shallow wells commonly contain enhanced concentrations of dissolved solids and microbiological contaminants (total coliform and E. coli), relative to deeper wells. Cool, shallow wells are worse than warm equivalents. Elevated nitrate and nitrite pollution in the embassy district are tentatively attributed to affluence factors, such as lawn cultivation and water filtration equipment. Microbiological contamination, and associated manganese contamination of groundwater, mimic population patterns, but are concentrated in the finer grained sediments of the small fans and low-slope interdistributary areas. We suggest that rapid development and successful implementation of appropriate sanitation policy in Dili (and elsewhere) is required to address the problematic features of the shallow groundwater system. Success will be predicated on (1) the establishment of baseline data, and (2) development of a systems-thinking approach to holistic water resource management.

Self Configurable Intelligent Distributed Antenna System for Holistic Resource Management in a Complex Network Environment

Since its dawn in mid-1980’s, till the present time, the mobile cellular communication (MCC) has been following a common silhouette of the network architecture. In every generation of mobile cellular technology, the final radiating elements or antennas are exclusively mapped to their respective base stations (BS). Moreover, in earlier generations of MCC, antennas were deemed collocated with their respective BSs. Later, the concepts like distributed antenna systems (DAS) and cloud RAN made it possible to place these antennas distant from their respective BSs. However, being mapped with their respective base stations, spectrum pooling and management at antenna end is not efficient. The situation worsens in futuristic Heterogeneous and Dense-net conditions in an area of interest. In this paper, we propose a DAS based intelligent architecture referred to as self configurable intelligent distributed antenna system that can simultaneously accommodate multilayer communication environment over a common BS.

The Effect of Grazing Regime on Grassland Bird Abundance in New York State

Abstract Grassland breeding bird abundances in New York State mirror a national downward trajectory as land-use changes degrade, destroy, and fragment suitable habitat. We quantified and compared bird abundances on pastures that were subject to continuous grazing, minimal rotation, or holistic resource management. We hypothesized that grassland bird abundance varied systematically with pasture management approaches. We measured grassland bird abundances using 40-m radius point counts performed on 27 pastures. Further, we assessed vegetation and environmental parameters to characterize the available habitat on each pasture. Holistic resource managed pastures had 1.5 and 4.5 times higher average abundances of obligate grassland birds than minimally rotated or continuously grazed pastures, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that farms can employ strategies that promote grassland bird habitat and may therefore have a positive influence on grassland bird metapopulations in New York State.

Expanding roles for the Swedish waste management sector in inter-organizational resource management

Several waste management (WM) professionals see an ongoing shift in the focus of the industry, from that of a transport and treatment sector to that of a more integrated sustainable service provision and material production sector. To further develop such transitional ambitions, WM organizations are increasingly looking toward inter-organizational resource network concepts (such as the circular economy and industrial symbiosis) as models of how they would like to create new value together with their customers and partners.This article aims to take a step in addressing uncertainties behind such transitions by analyzing barriers for inter-organizational resource management and in turn uncovering some potential opportunities and risks of novel offerings from the WM sector. Obstacles for developing innovative inter-organizational resource networks have been identified based on studies of implementing industrial symbiosis networks. Subsequently, managing executives from Swedish private and public WM organizations were interviewed regarding the sector’s capacity to overcome such barriers – opportunities and risks of providing new resource management services – and how their organizations might approach the role of actively facilitating more resource efficient regions.Eco-Industrial park management and contracting out holistic resource management are some areas in which the respondents see WM organizations offering new services. In relation to such approaches, various risks (e.g. being cut out of investment benefits, or unstable supply) and opportunities (e.g. new markets and enhanced sustainability profiles) were identified. Additionally, it was seen that WM companies would need to make substantial changes to their business approach, becoming less dependent on flows of mixed materials for example, if they are to become even more central value chain actors. To strengthen such approaches, it was seen that the sector will need to find methods to strategically build strong, long term partnerships, expand upon and take advantage of available knowledge resources (i.e. best practice technologies and regional material flows), and explore new business models (i.e. stockpiling, park management, or waste minimization). Additionally, working with sector representatives to argue for a more balanced market conditions next to primary production should assist the viability of new offerings in the wider market.

Actors and networks in resource conflict resolution under climate change in rural Kenya

Abstract. The change from consensual decision-making arrangements into centralized hierarchical chieftaincy schemes through colonization disrupted many rural conflict resolution mechanisms in Africa. In addition, climate change impacts on land use have introduced additional socio-ecological factors that complicate rural conflict dynamics. Despite the current urgent need for conflict-sensitive adaptation, resolution efficiency of these fused rural institutions has hardly been documented. In this context, we analyse the Loitoktok network for implemented resource conflict resolution structures and identify potential actors to guide conflict-sensitive adaptation. This is based on social network data and processes that are collected using the saturation sampling technique to analyse mechanisms of brokerage. We find that there are three different forms of fused conflict resolution arrangements that integrate traditional institutions and private investors in the community. To effectively implement conflict-sensitive adaptation, we recommend the extension officers, the council of elders, local chiefs and private investors as potential conduits of knowledge in rural areas. In conclusion, efficiency of these fused conflict resolution institutions is aided by the presence of holistic resource management policies and diversification in conflict resolution actors and networks.

The energy-water agriculture nexus: the past, present and future of holistic resource management via remote sensing technologies

The nexus between energy, water and agricultural production is important to consider for effective resource management and risk mitigation. New data acquisition techniques, in conjunction with cheap storage applications, have facilitated the collection and analysis of massive datasets to holistically describe natural and built environments. However, the field of coupling energy, water and agricultural management through evolving remote sensing technologies is still nascent. We find that remote sensing technologies are being increasingly utilized for resource management, but there are still large opportunities to deploy these technologies to achieve integrated resource management goals. Thus, this article aims to bridge remote sensing and integrated resource management communities, which have largely developed in isolation, so that technologies can be developed to assist in achieving sustainable development. The opportunities and challenges highlighted in this article can guide technology development, research opportunities and create new interdisciplinary research partnerships.

Resource management process framework for dynamic NPD portfolios

This paper presents empirical results from a research on how companies developing products reconfigure their resources (we refer to human resources) as changes continuously occur to their new product development (NPD) portfolios. Although resource scheduling and allocation methods have received a wide attention in academic literature, the systematic and holistic resource management processes that support the whole organization's portfolio are still not understood. We have adopted an action research approach and worked together with different project teams of a multi-national company. This research approach has allowed us to get close contact with the difficulties faced by its managers, imposed by the need to quickly respond to the frequent changes in a coordinated manner. This research contributes to an improved understanding of the context in which resource management decisions are made. For practitioners, this proposes a process framework for organizations to effectively manage their resources in the context of dynamic NPD portfolios.

The need to disentangle key concepts from ecosystem-approach jargon.

The ecosystem approach—as endorsed by the Convention on Biological Diversity (CDB) in 2000—is a strategy for holistic, sustainable, and equitable natural resource management, to be implemented via the 12 Malawi Principles. These principles describe the need to manage nature in terms of dynamic ecosystems, while fully engaging with local peoples. It is an ambitious concept. Today, the term is common throughout the research and policy literature on environmental management. However, multiple meanings have been attached to the term, resulting in confusion. We reviewed references to the ecosystem approach from 1957 to 2012 and identified 3 primary uses: as an alternative to ecosystem management or ecosystem-based management; in reference to an integrated and equitable approach to resource management as per the CBD; and as a term signifying a focus on understanding and valuing ecosystem services. Although uses of this term and its variants may overlap in meaning, typically, they do not entirely reflect the ethos of the ecosystem approach as defined by the CBD. For example, there is presently an increasing emphasis on ecosystem services, but focusing on these alone does not promote decentralization of management or use of all forms of knowledge, both of which are integral to the CBD’s concept. We highlight that the Malawi Principles are at risk of being forgotten. To better understand these principles, more effort to implement them is required. Such efforts should be evaluated, ideally with comparative approaches, before allowing the CBD’s concept of holistic and socially engaged management to be abandoned or superseded. It is possible that attempts to implement all 12 principles together will face many challenges, but they may also offer a unique way to promote holistic and equitable governance of natural resources. Therefore, we believe that the CBD’s concept of the ecosystem approach demands more attention.La Necesidad de Desenredar Conceptos Clave del Argot Ambiente-EstrategiaResumenLa estrategia ambiental – como es promocionada por la Convención Biológica sobre Diversidad en 2000 – es una estrategia para un manejo holístico, sustentable y equitativo de recursos naturales, que habrá de implementarse por vía de los 12 Principios de Malawi. Estos principios describen la necesidad de manejar la naturaleza en términos de ecosistemas dinámicos, mientras se compromete totalmente con las personas locales. Es un concepto ambicioso. Hoy en día, el término es común en la investigación y la literatura de políticas sobre el manejo ambiente. Sin embargo, se han relacionado múltiples significados con el término, lo que resulta en confusión. Revisamos referencias a la estrategia ambiental de 1957 a 2012 e identificamos tres usos principales: como una alternativa para manejo ambiental o basado en ecosistemas; en referencia a una estrategia integrada y equitativa para el manejo de recursos según la CBD; y como un término que indica un enfoque en el entendimiento y la valuación de los servicios ambientales. Aunque los usos de este término y sus variantes pueden traslaparse en su significado, típicamente no reflejan en su totalidad los valores de la estrategia ambiental como fue definida por la CBD. Por ejemplo, actualmente hay un énfasis creciente en los servicios ambientales, pero enfocarse solamente en estos no promueve la descentralización del manejo o el uso de todas las formas de conocimiento, siendo ambas integrales para el concepto de la CBD. Resaltamos que los Principios de Malawi están en riesgo de ser olvidados. Para entender mejor estos principios, se requiere de más esfuerzo para implementarlos. Dichos esfuerzos deben ser evaluados, idóneamente con estrategias comparativas, antes de permitir que el concepto de la CBD de manejo holístico y comprometido socialmente sea abandonado o reemplazado. Es posible que los intentos por implementar los 12 principios juntos enfrentarán muchos obstáculos, pero también pueden ofrecer una forma única de promover el gobierno holístico y equitativo de los recursos naturales. Así, creemos que el concepto de estrategia ambiental de la CBD exige mayor atención.

Greenhead: Virtual Data Center Embedding across Distributed Infrastructures

Cloud computing promises to provide on-demand computing, storage, and networking resources. However, most cloud providers simply offer virtual machines (VMs) without bandwidth and delay guarantees, which may hurt the performance of the deployed services. Recently, some proposals suggested remediating such limitation by offering virtual data centers (VDCs) instead of VMs only. However, they have only considered the case where VDCs are embedded within a single data center. In practice, infrastructure providers should have the ability to provision requested VDCs across their distributed infrastructure to achieve multiple goals including revenue maximization, operational costs reduction, energy efficiency, and green IT, or to simply satisfy geographic location constraints of the VDCs. In this paper, we propose Greenhead, a holistic resource management framework for embedding VDCs across geographically distributed data centers connected through a backbone network. The goal of Greenhead is to maximize the cloud provider's revenue while ensuring that the infrastructure is as environment-friendly as possible. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposal, we conducted extensive simulations of four data centers connected through the NSFNet topology. Results show that Greenhead improves requests' acceptance ratio and revenue by up to 40 percent while ensuring high usage of renewable energy and minimal carbon footprint.

A conceptual framework to analyse the land-use/land-cover changes and its impact on phytodiversity: a case study of North Andaman Islands, India

Phytodiversity is affected both by natural and anthropogenic factors and in Island ecosystems these impacts can devastate or reduce diversity, if the native vegetation is lost. In addition to rich species richness and diversity, Island systems are the sites of high endemism and any threat to these ecosystems will consequently lead to loss and extinction of species. To understand the dynamics including feedbacks of these changes in phytodiversity of North Andaman Islands, a conceptual framework is proposed which focuses on understanding the land-use and land-cover changes and its impact with phytodiversity. In considering land-use and land-cover changes this work highlights the direct and indirect drivers of changes—socio-economic, biophysical and climatic factors. Migration of population, their socio economic needs and government policies were identified as major driving forces threatening the phytodiversity of these Islands. Apart from human beings, natural disasters like tsunami and introduced herbivorous animals like elephants also contributed to forest destruction in these Islands. The integrated analysis based on such framework will provide insights for holistic resource management including ecological conservation.