Mental disorders represent a significant global burden, with a high proportion of depressive disorders. Antidepressants (ADs) are the most prescribed drugs for treating mental disorders, with broad indications, e.g. depression, anxiety disorders, and off-label use. This study assesses current and historical changes in AD consumption in 25 European countries, predicts future developments, and further analyses ATC subgroup consumption in 13 countries. Consumption data for ADs (ATC code N06A) were collected from the OECD Data Explorer. Subgroup data came from publicly available sources. The time span covered is 1980 to 2024. Changes in defined daily doses per 1000 population per day (DID) were analysed, and projections to 2030 were made using Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average models. Treatment coverage for depressive disorder prevalence was also calculated. In 2023, AD consumption ranged from 26.3 DID (Latvia) to 164.7 DID (Iceland). Use increased in nearly all countries, except Luxembourg (- 0.3 DID between 2013 and 2022). Increases ranged from + 5.9% (Austria) to + 157.8% (Latvia). Forecasts predict further increases in most countries (+ 0.1 to + 80.9%), with decreases projected for Hungary, Austria, the UK, and Luxembourg (- 3.4 to - 21.7%). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most used subgroup, with mixed developments. The second most used is miscellaneous, with growing shares in most countries. Non-selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors (NSMRIs) are declining, while monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is) and monoamine oxidase A inhibitors (MAOA-Is) have very low shares. Northern Europe shows the highest AD use versus Eastern Europe the lowest. All regions primarily use SSRIs. Northern Europe has a higher miscellaneous share, while Eastern Europe uses more NSMRIs. AD use has increased and is projected to continue rising in most countries, with changing subgroup preferences. The dominance of SSRIs reflects first-line treatment recommendations. Increased miscellaneous use may indicate more individualised treatment and better tolerability. NSMRIs are declining due to adverse effects, and MAO-Is as well as MAOA-Is are rarely used due to safety concerns. Prescribing patterns vary across regions, influenced by health systems, cultural differences, stigma, and healthcare resources.

The process of booking sports fields that still relies on manual methods often causes various obstacles, such as administrative inefficiencies, a high potential for recording and scheduling errors, and limited access to information for users. The gap between the expectation of a fast, accurate, and transparent ordering system and the reality of existing manual systems drives the need for innovative solutions. This research aims to design a web-based sports field booking information system through a systematic system analysis and design approach, as a direct response to these problems. The methodology used is a comprehensive literature study, including the identification of user and manager needs, the collection of scientific references, in-depth analysis of previous research, and the synthesis of findings as the basis for design. This approach ensures that the resulting design is not only innovative but also builds on existing best practices, thereby increasing the relevance and potential for successful implementation. The result of this research is a comprehensive information system design model, including essential features such as user registration and login, search and field selection, a real-time booking process integrated with online payment systems, automatic confirmation, booking history, and data management modules for managers. The design of the system is also supported by detailed design artifacts such as the Use Case Diagram, Sequence Diagram, Deployment Diagram, Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD), and an intuitive user interface (UI) design.

Conventional history teaching often centers on colonial narratives that highlight power, conquest, and national identity. Although such narratives help shape collective memory, they tend to overlook the ecological dimensions of history and the interaction between humans and nature. This anthropocentric view narrows students’ understanding of how the environment actively shapes historical change. This study aims to examine the implementation of Green History Pedagogy as a history learning approach that emphasizes ecological awareness in high schools in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia. The approach was developed to shift historical narratives from colonial perspectives toward a more critical and contextual understanding of the environment. This research employs a Mixed Methods Research (MMR) design involving classroom observation, interviews with teachers and students, analysis of lesson plans, and questionnaires on ecological attitudes. The findings reveal that implementing Green History Pedagogy encourages teachers and students to reflect on the relationship between history, environment, and local life. Students became more critical of the colonial legacy contributing to environmental degradation and demonstrated increased ecological awareness throughout the learning process. Overall, this approach effectively enhances the relevance of history education to environmental sustainability and local identity issues.

Alexander Leonidovich Posadskov (1950-2024) is a researcher whose name is forever inscribed in the history of Russian humanities. His life, devoted entirely to the study of books as a cultural phenomenon, became a bridge between the epochs – from the Soviet era to the present day, and his legacy formed an entire scientific direction – the Siberian scientific school of historical book studies.

Land surface relative humidity (RH) is a key variable in the coupled land-atmosphere system that profoundly influences terrestrial hydroclimate and ecosystems. Yet historical changes in land RH are not well understood due to limited observations, biased reanalyses, and the lack of a framework for interpreting RH changes under multiple influencing factors. Here, we show that the spatiotemporal variability of land RH and its distinct historical trends among observations, reanalyses, and Earth system models are captured by a simple index based on the ratio of precipitation (P) to a modified potential evapotranspiration formulated independently of RH ([Formula: see text]). The index provides a physical calibration of biased land RH in reanalyses and a quantitative framework for interpreting land RH changes. Over 1973-2024, land RH has decreased substantially, owing to the intrinsic rise in [Formula: see text] with temperature and little increase in land precipitation. Reanalyses overestimate the observed RH decrease, consistent with exaggerated surface warming and precipitation decline. The index captures this coherent bias and enables a calibration using observed precipitation and temperature. Models simulate a wide range of land RH trends, but nearly all runs underrepresent the historical drying. The index captures the model spread and discrepancy and attributes them to contributions of precipitation and [Formula: see text]. Weaker land RH decreases in models arise mainly from weaker subtropical precipitation declines, linked to muted intensification of subtropical highs and biased subtropical climatology. The model-observation discrepancy is unlikely explained by internal variability, implying model underestimation of forced RH decrease and a drier land future than current projections.

High-throughput analysis of arsenic-based pigments in historical book bindings using laser ablation coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and micro-X-ray fluorescence.

During political movements media has played a crucial role in shaping public opinion during pre- independence India, newspapers were one of the main aspects to spread political ideology, nationalist thoughts and beliefs, Indian newspapers explained how the British rule was understood by the people and also the relation between different communities. The research paper highlights the role of newspaper in shaping the ideology during India’s freedom struggle with special mentions for Amrita bazaar Patrika and The Hindu, because of the powerful nationalist background. The newspapers were chosen to study about how news reports and editorials reflected the ideology of nationalist, sometimes reinforced ideology and communal difference. Old newspapers editions history books and official digital prints were used for the research, the results suggest that newspaper strongly supported in unity amongst the people and the freedom movement. They also included ideology that shaped public thinking, the study ends with that it wasn’t the main reason for the partition of India but played an important role in changing the mind-set of the society’s people during a very sensitive historical period.

The causal link between smoking and bladder cancer (BC) development is well established but the long-term impact of tobacco taxation and health policy on BC mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) has not been fully elucidated. Given the protracted latency of carcinogenesis, this study examines whether historical changes in tobacco taxation and smoke-free laws are associated with reductions in BC disease burden and mortality in the United States. Smoking-attributable BC mortality and DALY data, and federal and state tobacco taxation data were differenced as time series to achieve stationarity. Cross-correlation analysis identified optimal lag times. A semilogarithmic multivariable linear regression was used to estimate the percent change in BC outcomes per 1% increase in tobacco tax. Analyses were adjusted for national health expenditures and stratified by state. The median lag time between tobacco tax changes and smoking-attributable BC mortality was 17 years, whereas the lag to DALYs was 24 years. National-level regression showed no significant association between taxation and BC mortality (-0.09%, P = .64) or DALYs (1.77%, P = .051). However, 22 states exhibited significant reductions in mortality, with the greatest observed in Arkansas (-3.64%, P < .001), California, and Indiana. Sixteen states showed significant DALY reductions, led by California (-4.68%). The implementation of smoke-free laws alone was not associated with decreases in smoking-attributable BC mortality and DALY. Tobacco taxation is significantly associated with long-term reductions in smoking-attributable BC mortality and DALYs at the state level, but not nationally. These findings demonstrate the importance of adjunctive localized public health policy and the delayed impact of tobacco control measures on cancer outcomes. Further investigation is warranted to understand the mechanisms driving state-level variability and to inform targeted prevention strategies.

Carbon storage in floodplains and riparian forests: Effects of damming and historical land use changes

This study analyzes the civil diplomatic functions and effects revealed in the historical development of the regular football exchange matches between Yonsei University and Keio University, aiming to show the value of Korea-Japan sports exchange as civil diplomacy. To examine the historical changes and social impact of these exchanges, a literature review, document analysis, and in-depth interviews with ten coaches, executives, and committee members were conducted. First, the study found that matches held before diplomatic normalization formed the foundation for sports exchange and helped advance bilateral relations. Their voluntary, non-governmental nature maintained political neutrality and strengthened diplomatic effectiveness, complementing the limits of official diplomacy and fostering goodwill. Second, the matches promoted civil-level friendship by creating direct contact and shared experiences between university teams, building mutual trust and positive perceptions. Informal interactions also expanded interpersonal networks, reinforcing individual friendships and broader mutual understanding.

This paper assesses the impact of energy price fluctuations in recent years on the competitiveness of Polish and European economies. Using the Leontief price model and input–output tables, we evaluate both direct and indirect effects of price shocks in gas, oil, coal, and electricity on aggregate export prices. Reactions to hypothetical 100% price shocks reveal that European economies are particularly sensitive to oil and electricity, while gas and coal exert smaller but sector-specific effects. Model responses to historical price changes between 2015–2019 and 2020–2024 indicate substantial cross-country variation in export price, with the highest increases observed in the Netherlands, Lithuania, and Greece, and moderate effects in Poland. In most countries, oil and gas price shocks dominate the overall impact, whereas coal affects exports primarily in countries with high coal dependence. The findings highlight the differential sensitivity of national economies to energy price volatility and its implications for export competitiveness.

Typification of the elm species names Ulmus procera Salisb. and U. sativa Mill. is discussed. Both these names are lectotypified on illustrations (which seem to be the only extant original material for each name) published in Gerard’s The Herball, or, Generall historie of plantes, i.e., respectively, “Ulmus vulgatissima folio lato scabro” and “Ulmus minor, folio angusto, scabro”. The available molecular and morphological data indicate that the plants placed in U. procera are related to U. minor s. l., a Eurasian variable species that includes two currently recognized infraspecific taxa, i.e. subsp. minor and subsp. canescens. Supported by the present nomenclatural study, a coherent taxonomic choice is to consider U. procera as a subspecies of U. minor (not as a heterotypic synonym of U. minor subsp. minor, as recognized by various authors). Based on morphological observations, U. minor subsp. procera can be distinguished from the other two subspecies (subsp. minor and subsp. canescens) by the lower length/width ratio of the leaf blades (1.1–1.6 vs. 1.7–2.5 times longer than wide). Concerning Miller’s U. sativa, its leaves features match those of U. minor subsp. minor, and the two names are here synonymized.

Based on previous research on names and cultural changes, I propose six suggestions regarding Mignot (2022), which investigated historical changes in given names in France. The study analyzed two different datasets on names and reported that the number of distinctive first names increased from the 1950s to the 2010s. Moreover, the author demonstrated that the proportion of the top 10 most popular names decreased. These two findings were interpreted as reflecting an increase in individualization (individualism). However, six points remain unclear. The first and second comments suggest excluding possible alternative explanations. The third and fourth comments recommend using previous studies that have provided valuable findings, on which new insights could be further added. The fifth and sixth comments ask the author to clarify the data used by adding more information. Addressing these comments would contribute to a better understanding of the historical changes in given names and their underlying psychological and cultural trends in France.

This article aims to analyze the acceptance of the concept of shura in the Qur'an in Tanah Datar Regency, West Sumatra. Here, the concept of syura has been adapted into a leadership philosophy called tungku tigo sajarangan. Where did this philosophy originate, and how did the community accept the concept of syura, which was transformed into the tungku tigo sajarangan philosophy? This study uses a qualitative method, with data collected from two sources: literature and field data. Literature data was collected from various references discussing the concept of shura in the Qur'an, while field data was obtained from research subjects in West Sumatra. The method used was a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach and acceptance theory introduced by Ahmad Rafiq as an analytical tool to track informative and performative sources from texts and practices, as well as to observe the process of transmission of a practice and its transformation within society. This study found that the philosophy of tungku tigo sajarangan, which teaches about the deliberation procedure in Tanah Datar, was informatively transmitted from the concept of shura found in QS. Ali Imran [3]: 159 and QS. As-Syura [42]: 38. Performatively, it is transmitted from the form of deliberative practice carried out by the Prophet and his Companions in the books of interpretation and history. Then, the deliberative practice was transformed by the people of Tanah Datar into a philosophy of custom, namely the philosophy of tungku tigo sajarangan.

Free-flowing rivers (FFRs) across Europe hold high ecological value and clear economic benefits. They support biodiversity by providing habitats for a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial species and strengthen local economies through sustainable practices while reducing the need for costly artificial flood control and water treatment. Rivers also carry deep cultural meaning for European communities, shaping identity, belonging, and wellbeing. Given this ecological, economic, and cultural weight, we argue that safeguarding remaining near-natural or pristine rivers should be the first priority, alongside restoring degraded systems, where meaningful gains are feasible. Herein, we review definitions, restoration objectives, and historical changes in FFRs, and highlight the importance of setting realistic reference conditions that recognise both ecological constraints and future climate change. We stress the value of combining multiple temporal and spatial perspectives in project design and discuss practical restoration and rehabilitation approaches, including the role of stakeholder involvement and public awareness, to achieve successful outcomes. We then consider how biodiversity and climate policies can support protection, restoration, and long-term management of river ecosystems across Europe. Finally, we examine the opportunities and challenges tied to implementing the Nature Restoration Regulation and the EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030, as well as other policy initiatives, that can help remove obstacles and create better conditions for accelerating progress in restoring free-flowing rivers. Near-pristine rivers should be protected immediately, even with incomplete data. Freshwater systems need more political attention and stronger stakeholder involvement. Solutions for FFR restoration should be tailor-made for each unique situation. FFRs connect diverse ecosystems, needing both meta- and local ecosystem approaches. Few reference rivers exist; clarifying reference sites and ecological conditions is needed.

Recent publications in the field of art education, which adopt the historical and dialectical materialism, have criticised the process of teaching art history in a chronological manner, subjecting art to general history. This article aims to demonstrate how the concept of historicity, as employed by Marx, Lukács, and Vygotsky, can underpin an alternative approach to addressing such curricular issues. By understanding historicity as the origin and essentiality of culture and human objects, we understand that the infinite poetic variations of specific times and places, even while maintaining the autonomy of art, are affirmed through aesthetic and historical connections. Contemporary art is a historical synthesis that maintains a complex relationship of rupture and appropriation with the history of art. Aesthetics, as the philosophical foundation of art, unfolded in the school curriculum, presupposes an immanent study of art history, an understanding of works and artistic movements in their constitutive relation within art itself. The identification of historicity or the aesthetic nexuses of art, as relationships between poetic units from various times and places, underpins the immanent knowledge of art history. For example, we can mention works by contemporary artists such as Hélio Oiticica, Lygia Clark, and Vega Nery, who, even as they radically broke with modern art, retained poetic traits initiated in modernism and earlier movements. The study of the relationship between ruptures and the continuity of artistic traditions becomes more effective by identifying and feeling the historical links between the different poetics in the school curriculum.

Abstract. Compound events (CE), characterized by the combination of climate phenomena that are not necessarily extreme individually, can result in severe impacts when they occur concurrently or sequentially. Understanding past and potential future changes in their occurrence is thus crucial. The present study investigates historical changes in the probability of hot and dry compound events over Europe and North Africa, using ERA5 reanalyses spanning the 1950–2023 period. Two key questions are addressed: (1) Where and when did the probability of these events emerge from natural variability, and what is the spatial extent of this emergence? This is explored through the analysis of “time” and “periods” of emergence, noted ToE and PoE, defined as the year from which and the moments during which changes in compound event probabilities exceed natural variability. The new concept of PoE allows for more in-depth signal analysis. (2) What drives the emergence? More specifically, what are the relative contributions of changes in marginal distributions versus in the dependence structure to the change of compound events probability? The signal is modelled with bivariate copula, allowing for the decomposition of these contributions. A focus on the dependence component is explored to quantify its effect on the signal's emergence. The results reveal clear spatial patterns in terms of emergence and contributions. Five areas are studied in greater depth, selected for their contrasted signal behaviors. In some regions, the frequency of hot and dry events increased, mainly due to a change in the marginals. However, other regions see a decrease of CE probabilities, mainly driven by a change in the drought index. Although the dependence component is rarely the main contributor to PoE, it remains necessary to detect signal's emergence. Without considering the dependence component, the date of ToE and the duration of PoE can be overestimated as well as underestimated (even more than 20 years) depending on the area. These findings provide new insights into the drivers of CE probability changes and open avenues for advancing attribution studies, ultimately improving assessments of risks associated with past and future climate change.

The purpose of this research is to identify local history as a necessary teaching subject in the educational reality of Greek Secondary Education, in gamified inclusion classes. The objective is twofold: to explore the attitudes of the school community towards teaching local history as an autonomous subject in the curriculum, and the role of gamification as a teaching tool for adolescent students. The study was based on the collection of quantitative data through questionnaires completed and processed by an adequate sample of both serving teachers in Lesvos in 2024-2025 and students from all three grades of the 2nd High School of Mytilene. Its originality lies in the gamification of local history inside and outside the classroom. The research results showed that the playful teaching of local history helps in discovering the past through the present in an experiential manner. The "Cronus syndrome" in history teaching describes a situation where the teaching of general history "overwhelms" local history, which is equally valuable for understanding historical knowledge and identity. Addressing this imbalance is important for a more holistic and meaningful history education that integrates both general and local dimensions. The "schooling" of local history requires further investigation in an attempt to make it "visible" instead of "invisible".

Abstract This study explores the development of depicting facial expressions in historical paintings representing pivotal religious scenes: the Nativity (Birth of Christ) and the Pietà (Death of Christ). By examining artworks spanning the 11th to the 19th century, we assess how depictions evolve over time in terms of polarity, agreeability, and ambiguity of individual faces, and compared these with the perceived emotional intensity of the overall pictorial scene. A total of 56 paintings were randomly selected to be evaluated by 150 participants. Each participant categorised all visible faces into one of ten emotion categories – ranging from joy and love to sadness and anger – and then rated the painting’s overall emotional intensity. We quantified the degree of viewer agreement (agreeability), calculated a polarity measure (positive versus negative emotion balance) and ambiguity (amount of chosen categories) at the face level. We also measured how participants perceived each painting’s emotional intensity. Results showed that Pietà paintings were generally rated as both more emotionally intense and more uniform in their expressions than Nativity artworks. Moreover, Nativity paintings exhibited a gradual rise in their polarity over time, whereas Pietà scenes did not display a clear temporal trend. Furthermore, we found a clear relation between creation year and ambiguity in facial expression, but not with agreeability. The emotional intensity of the overall paintings also increased with the creation year. Together, these findings suggest empirical evidence for a historical change in the depiction of facial expression.

With the accelerating aging of the global population, muscle health issue occurs commonly as an age-related process in older people. The conventional low muscle mass screening and diagnosis reliant on bulky and costly instruments, remain challenging for regular self-monitoring. If routine physical examination information from primary healthcare settings is integrated and analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, it may be possible to derive robust predictions for low muscle mass screening. By doing so, we seek to explore an interpretable machine learning-based screening manner for low muscle mass among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. We recruited aged ≥ 60 years older adults from the baseline of the elderly nutrition and health cohort. Low muscle mass was assessed by BIA-measured appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) using AWGS 2019 consensus cut-offs. Following physical examination in community health settings, individual information about the participants was measured and gathered, including general information, medical history, physical measurements and biochemical indicators. The primary objective of this study was to explore an interpretable machine learning-based screening manner for low muscle mass. For predicting low muscle mass (by classification) or ASMI (by regression), three representative supervised machine learning models were constructed. To make the prediction behavior of the model transparent and ease clinical use, SHAP algorithm and Shiny framework were utilized, respectively. 569 Chinese community-dwelling older adult were enrolled. Among them, 99 participants (17.4%) were assessed with low muscle mass. Among three models tested, the random forest model exhibited superior overall performance and better generalizability for low muscle mass (AUC = 0.872 in test set), and the elastic net showed the best prediction performance for ASMI (R² = 0.763 in test sets). The identified key predictors of low muscle mass based SHAP algorithm revealed expected patterns, such as the importance of BMI, age, calf circumference, MNA score, but also unexpected variables, such as HDL. The final optimal prediction model was deployed in an interactive and user-friendly decision support application to facilitate the clinical application. This study demonstrates that routine physical examination information could be a valuable component to incorporate into targeted assessments to screen low muscle mass among community-dwelling older adults. Building on this foundation, an interpretable machine learning approach was explored, which proves well-suited as a screening manner for low muscle mass to guide further standard assessment. Its suitability stems from superior predictive performance and operational feasibility in resource-constrained community health settings.