History Trail Research Articles

THE TYBEE ISLAND, GEORGIA BLACK HISTORY TRAIL: A COMMUNITY APPROACH to BLACK GEOGRAPHIES

ABSTRACT Tybee Island, Georgia, was a colonial borderland between Spanish and British America before evolving into a middle-class, seaside resort in the 1800s. It continued as a popular vacation spot in the twentieth century. However, research has highlighted the island’s troubling history of racial segregation, particularly surrounding events like the Orange Crush Beach Party. Previous studies also underscored the Historical Society ignoring the island’s Black history in its exhibits. Building on this, a collaborative project emerged in 2021 involving a Georgia Southern University faculty member and undergraduate student, Tybee MLK Human Rights Organization, and Tybee Island Historical Society. The goal was to create a Black History Trail highlighting a rich yet ignored Black history and culture on the island and addressing the exclusion of Tybee’s Black population from museums and markers. This project integrates community geography, focusing on resolving problems like social exclusion, and exploring spatialities of Black life, social oppressions, and resistance. Utilizing archival research, oral history interviews, and ArcGIS, the project developed a 13-stop virtual tour using ESRI Story Maps. We conclude our paper by highlighting the lessons learned during the trail’s development, the multitude of ways the trail embodies the theory of Black geographies in practice, and the broader challenges in honoring Tybee’s Black geographies. Keywords: community geography, Black geographies, Tybee Island, tourism, memory

How history trails and set size influence detection of hostile intentions

Previous research suggests people struggle to detect a series of movements that might imply hostile intentions of a vessel, yet this ability is crucial in many real world Naval scenarios. To investigate possible mechanisms for improving performance, participants engaged in a simple, simulated ship movement task. One of two hostile behaviors were present in one of the vessels: Shadowing—mirroring the participant’s vessel’s movements; and Hunting—closing in on the participant’s vessel. In the first experiment, history trails, showing the previous nine positions of each ship connected by a line, were introduced as a potential diagnostic aid. In a second experiment, the number of computer-controlled ships on the screen also varied. Smaller set size improved detection performance. History trails also consistently improved detection performance for both behaviors, although still falling well short of optimal, even with the smaller set size. These findings suggest that working memory plays a critical role in performance on this dynamic decision making task, and the constraints of working memory capacity can be decreased through a simple visual aid and an overall reduction in the number of objects being tracked. The implications for the detection of hostile intentions are discussed.

History Trails Assist in the Detection of Hostile Intentions

Detecting hostile intentions from movements alone is important in many real world scenarios. The current paradigm investigated how visual history trails might aid in the detection of two hostile movement behaviors on a simple display. Participants controlled movement of an icon representing their own ship, while six other ships moved around them. A single ship displayed one of two target hostile behaviors: shadowing (mimicking usership’s movements) or hunting (approaching the usership). Moving their own ship, participants attempted to identify the hostile ship and behavior with history trails that reflected the past nine movements, and without history trails. Detection accuracy was superior with history trails present. History trails also provided a notable benefit for detecting hunting when the hostile ship started farther away from the usership. History trails may be a suitable aid for improving detection of hostile behaviors, but even in this simplified scenario, detection rates remained far from optimal.

Binary Opposition in Narrations of “Native” in Social Media

The “native” or pribumi term as a narrative emerged into the public sphere and raises questions since October 16, 2017, whether the term is merely a conversation on the surface or more deeply describes the narrative that represents the socio-cultural aspect of Indonesian society. The study was conducted using twitter as a locus of observation within the period of November 8-16, 2017. Based on the idea that a social text reflects a narrative building constructed socio-cultural and leaves a long history trail, preliminary findings indicate that Indonesian society has a historical heritage of Dutch colonialism on native and non-native (Chinese/Tionghoa). The "native" narratives of the present are not only built on the issue of social inequalities between native versus Chinese, but rather show imaginations about the influence of the Chinese group's economic resources on power. The narrative does not only touch on the economic and political aspects, but also the religions, historically potentially becoming a conflict played by interest groups ahead of the 2018 elections and the 2019 presidential election. Suggestions for anticipating vulnerabilities are to conduct media literacy programs involving multiple stakeholders, both government and civil society, include scholars.

Art of Visual Communication, Evolution and its Impact

In the feld of art, visual communication plays an important role to communicate with the viewer. Visual communication is evolving around time to time but it is not a current invention. This visual communication has a history. It is very useful in the contemporary world. Although it has a long history trail but still today it plays a prominent role in the world of digital communication. Meaning of visual communication is that something which can be attained with the help of eyesight and display. In this manner any display thing and which can be seen through sight fall in this category like map, signals, painting, illustration, graphic, books, animation, web designs, advertising, flms and etc. Anything that comes with a message can be fall in this category and can be code a message in a beautiful way and that message can leave a strong impact on viewer mind and could change their behavior towards a certain company. This communication and its impact can be measured; assessment of visual communication totally depends on the understanding of identifed audience. Visual communication can build an image of a company, that image can be set or delivered with the representation of logo. Now a day's logo plays a prominent and important role to communicate and develop the identity and image of a company or business in the corporate world. Logo is an important element of any business and product. Another term is very near to the concept of logo that is ‘branding ’meaning assign a brand name to. Branding is a process which creates an image or name of product in the market. Logo and branding are very much important to each other. Intend of this research is to discuss the visual communication evolution and its impact on the consumer behavior in the reference of graphic design.

Организационно-экономические принципы проектирования, развития и обустройства пригородных пеших троп

The article presents an analysis and systematization of the central organizational and economic principles of design, development and improvement (arrangement) of suburban (neighborhood) walking trails, based primarily on international experience due to the very weak development of the suburban trail segment in Russia and almost complete absence of Russian scientific and practical studies in this field. The nearest concept to suburban trails, which received some attention (in terms of aspects) in the Russian scientific literature, is the "eco and local history trail", which is not sufficient from the point of view of the needs of practice. First of all, the work reveals in detail the multidimensional specificity of suburban walking trails, including such factors as thematic focus, tourist motivation, combination with suburban passenger rail transport, influence on local residents and other stakeholder groups, including through increases in the value of real estate, safety, importance for health and social well-being, correlation with other objectives of infrastructural development of suburbs. Further, the article highlights the role, significance and international experience in the arrangement and improvement of trails, including both road-engineering aspects and informatization. The next section illustrates international experience in route integration of suburban walking trails with suburban railway and bus transportation. The article also touches upon the aspects of economic justification and rationale for expanding the segment of suburban walking trails as a public good (primarily as a catalyst and multiplier of tourist activity in the region), as well as certain aspects of differentiated marketing strategies, along with the principles of sustainable development and a remarkable potential for implementing volunteer programs. In conclusion, the author suggests an extensive list of problems and thematic areas for prospective studies of suburban walking routes, emphasizing an extreme need to form a range pf scientific and scientific-practical works in order to conceptually and methodologically explore the segment of suburban walking trails in Russia.

“A Famous Writer Comes to Our Pages”: James Cowan’s Children’s Writing for the Enzed Junior

The Enzed Junior, the children’s pages of the Auckland Star, included 255 articles written by James Cowan between 1936 and 1941. Drawing widely on his lifetime’s research, Cowan took his younger readers on journeys over frontiers, onto battle sites and on New Zealand “history trails,” revealing the enthusiasms and fascinations which had characterised his career. This paper surveys the content and themes of his writing for the Enzed Junior.

Locative media and situated learning

This article covers the conception and development of Empedia, a new locative software environment for mobile phones specifically designed for expanded archives, documentary and heritage/historical interpretation, using situated and collaborative learning, at resonant and related sites. It will examine our developmental methods employed through a number of workshops for pilot projects, employed specifically to test the reception of rich media assets and augmented reality features in a simple open source user interface and authoring environment for iPhone and browser consumption. The research projects at the Institute of Creative Technologies (IOCT) examined here include: a D. H. Lawrence Heritage Blue Line trail in Eastwood, Nottinghamshire (2009); Riverains, a dramatised history trail in Shoreditch, London (2010); and the use of collaborative documentary in Codes of Disobedience and Dysfunctionality in Athens (2011).

Do Velocity Vectors Support Multiple Object Tracking?

We examined the effect of velocity vectors on human ability to extrapolate movement of multiple moving objects. This was achieved using an identity tracking task, in which objects (line-drawings of familiar objects) first move for 5 s, after which they temporarily disappear from view. In order to examine different aspects of vector information, we compared 4 velocity vector conditions: (1) no vectors were displayed; (2) only a history trail was displayed; (3) a condition where the end of the velocity vector pointed to exactly where the objects would reappear after the masking; (4) a constant heading length was displayed. Based on recent studies on Keane and Pylyshyn (2006) and Oinonen et al. (2009), we hypothesized that the condition, where exact location information is presented, would improve performance compared to baseline. The results supported this hypothesis by indicating that history trail or directional vector do not improve performance but only complete visual information about the future location will help to anticipate movement in multiple object tracking.

Do Velocity Vectors Support Multiple Object Tracking?

We examined the effect of velocity vectors on human ability to extrapolate movement of multiple moving objects. This was achieved using an identity tracking task, in which objects (line-drawings of familiar objects) first move for 5 s, after which they temporarily disappear from view. In order to examine different aspects of vector information, we compared 4 velocity vector conditions: (1) no vectors were displayed; (2) only a history trail was displayed; (3) a condition where the end of the velocity vector pointed to exactly where the objects would reappear after the masking; (4) a constant heading length was displayed. Based on recent studies on Keane and Pylyshyn (2006) and Oinonen et al. (2009), we hypothesized that the condition, where exact location information is presented, would improve performance compared to baseline. The results supported this hypothesis by indicating that history trail or directional vector do not improve performance but only complete visual information about the future location will help to anticipate movement in multiple object tracking.

Improving solution characteristics of particle swarm optimization using digital pheromones

In this paper, a new approach to particle swarm optimization (PSO) using digital pheromones to coordinate swarms within an n-dimensional design space is presented. In a basic PSO, an initial randomly generated population swarm propagates toward the global optimum over a series of iterations. The direction of the swarm movement in the design space is based on an individual particle’s best position in its history trail (pBest), and the best particle in the entire swarm (gBest). This information is used to generate a velocity vector indicating a search direction toward a promising location in the design space. The premise of the research presented in this paper is based on the fact that the search direction for each swarm member is dictated by only two candidates—pBest and gBest, which are not efficient to locate the global optimum, particularly in multi-modal optimization problems. In addition, poor move sets specified by pBest in the initial stages of optimization can trap the swarm in a local minimum or cause slow convergence. This paper presents the use of digital pheromones for aiding communication within the swarm to improve the search efficiency and reliability, resulting in improved solution quality, accuracy, and efficiency. With empirical proximity analysis, the pheromone strength in a region of the design space is determined. The swarm then reacts accordingly based on the probability that this region may contain an optimum. The additional information from pheromones causes the particles within the swarm to explore the design space thoroughly and locate the solution more efficiently and accurately than a basic PSO. This paper presents the development of this method and results from several multi-modal test cases.

Liberal Justices' Reliance on Legislative History: Principle, Strategy, and the Scalia Effect

This article conducts an in-depth examination of Supreme Court Justices' reliance on legislative history during the Burger, Rehnquist, and early Roberts eras. In doing so, it makes two important contributions to current statutory interpretation debates. First, the article presents a powerful case against the conventional wisdom that legislative history is a politicized resource, invoked opportunistically by federal judges. The premise that judges regularly rely on legislative history to promote their preferred policy positions - if true - should find ample support in the majority opinions of liberal Supreme Court Justices construing liberal (pro-employee) labor and civil rights statutes. By analyzing all 320-plus majority opinions in workplace law authored by eight liberal Justices from 1969-2006, the authors establish that legislative history reliance is actually associated with a constraining set of results. When these eight liberals use legislative history as part of their majority reasoning, they do so to justify a higher proportion of their pro-employer outcomes than their pro-employee decisions. The authors then review individual majority opinions to demonstrate how this surprising pattern of reliance is based on neutral doctrinal considerations. Liberal Justices use legislative history to illuminate the existence and contours of complex statutory bargains that often favor conservative or pro-employer positions. The authors consider alternative explanations, premised on the institutional factor of who assigns majority opinions and also the instrumental possibility that liberals withhold use of legislative history in minor cases to enhance its value in more important decisions. They conclude, however, that Justices Brennan, Marshall, Souter, Stevens, and others are willing to follow so frequently a legislative history trail leading away from their presumed ideological preferences mainly because they have invoked this interpretive resource in principled fashion. The article's second major contribution is to identify and analyze the Scalia Effect that has arisen with respect to liberal Justices' use of legislative history since 1986. In the face of Justice Scalia's fervently expressed opposition to legislative history, liberal Justices have opted not to rely on that resource in a series of pro-employer majorities that Scalia joins. One result of the liberals' strategic restraint is to make their use of legislative history in remaining (mostly pro-employee) majority opinions appear more ideological than was true before Scalia joined the Court. The authors also show that liberal justices have special reasons for acting strategically in this regard. When liberals rely on legislative history, Justice Scalia is significantly less likely to join their majority opinions even when he votes on their side; he also is significantly less likely to vote for the majority result when these liberals rely on legislative history than when they do not. Intriguingly, Justice Scalia's strong resistance to legislative history usage does not extend to majorities authored by his conservative colleagues. Scalia seems prepared to give these conservative colleagues a free ride: he is every bit as likely to join their majorities, or vote for their results, when they rely on legislative history as when they do not.

Liberal Justices' Reliance on Legislative History: Principle, Strategy,and the Scalia Effect

for “Liberal Justices’ Reliance on Legislative History: Principle, Strategy, and the Scalia Effect” This article conducts an in-depth examination of Supreme Court Justices’ reliance on legislative history during the Burger, Rehnquist, and early Roberts eras. In doing so, it makes two important contributions to current statutory interpretation debates. First, the article presents a powerful case against the conventional wisdom that legislative history is a “politicized” resource, invoked opportunistically by federal judges. The premise that judges regularly rely on legislative history to promote their preferred policy positions—if true—should find ample support in the majority opinions of liberal Supreme Court Justices construing liberal (pro-employee) labor and civil rights statutes. By analyzing all 320-plus majority opinions in workplace law authored by eight liberal Justices from 1969-2006, the authors establish that legislative history reliance is actually associated with a constraining set of results. When these eight liberals use legislative history as part of their majority reasoning, they do so to justify a higher proportion of their pro-employer outcomes than their pro-employee decisions. The authors then review individual majority opinions to demonstrate how this surprising pattern of reliance is based on neutral doctrinal considerations. Liberal Justices use legislative history to illuminate the existence and contours of complex statutory bargains that often favor conservative or pro-employer positions. The authors consider alternative explanations, premised on the institutional factor of who assigns majority opinions and also the instrumental possibility that liberals withhold use of legislative history in “minor” cases to enhance its value in more important decisions. They conclude, however, that Justices Brennan, Marshall, Souter, Stevens, and others are willing to follow so frequently a legislative history trail leading away from their presumed ideological preferences mainly because they have invoked this interpretive resource in principled fashion. The article’s second major contribution is to identify and analyze the Scalia Effect that has arisen with respect to liberal Justices’ use of legislative history since 1986. In the face of Justice Scalia’s fervently expressed opposition to legislative history, liberal Justices have opted not to rely on that resource in a series of pro-employer majorities that Scalia joins. One result of the liberals’ strategic restraint is to make their use of legislative history in remaining (mostly proemployee) majority opinions appear more ideological than was true before Scalia joined the Court. The authors also show that liberal justices have special reasons for acting strategically in this regard. When liberals rely on legislative history, Justice Scalia is significantly less likely to join their majority opinions even when he votes on their side; he also is significantly less likely to vote for the majority result when these liberals rely on legislative history than when they do not. Intriguingly, Justice Scalia’s strong resistance to legislative history usage does not extend to majorities authored by his conservative colleagues. Scalia seems prepared to give these conservative colleagues a free ride: he is every bit as likely to join their majorities, or vote for their results, when they rely on legislative history as when they do not.

Her past around us: interpreting sites for women's history

Frontispiece Contributors Introduction Chapter 1. Who Walked Before Me? Creating Women's History Trails Polly Welts Kaufman Chapter 2. Immortalizing Women: Finding Meaning in Public Sculpture Eiieen Eagan Chapter 3. Spider Woman's Grand Design: Making Native American Women Visible in Southwestern History Sites Tara Travis Chapter 4. Women's Voices: Reinterpreting Historic House Museums Bonnie Hurd Smith Chapter 5. Sunlight and Shadow: Free Space/Slave Space at White Haven Pamela K. Sanfilippo Chapter 6. The Servant Slant: Irish Women Domestic Servants and Historic House Museums Margaret Lynch-Brennan Chapter 7. She's in the Garden: Four Turn-of-the-Century Women and Their Landscapes Nancy Mayer Wetzel Chapter 8. Called Home: Finding Women's History in Nineteenth-Century Cemetaries Katharine T. Corbett Chapter 9. Revisiting Main Street: Uncovering Women Entrepreneurs Candace A. Kanes Chapter 10. Our Territory: Race, Place, Gender, Space and African American Women in the Urban South Leslie Brown and Anne M. Valk Chapter 11. Reinterpreting Public Events: The Impact of Women's History on Public Celebrations Barbara J. Howe Index

Effect of History Trail Display on Human Spatial Performance under Normal and Rotated Spatial Mappings

In a rotated visual-motor mapping environment, human spatial performance is seriously affected by misaligned visual and motor reference axes, resulting in elevated spatial errors. In this paper, we propose a history trail display in an augmented reality setting. We investigate the effectiveness of the display in consecutive aiming tasks, under normal visual-motor mapping, as well as mappings with 90°, 135°, and 180° rotations. Spatial movement error and the smoothness of the trajectories were measured and compared between the history trail display and the regular video display. Our results show that, under normal mapping condition, the history trail appears to help reduce the spatial movement error and improve the smoothness of the movement trajectories. With rotated mappings, the benefit of the history trail becomes significant only after a certain degree of adaptation to the rotated mappings has been attained. The history trail appears to enhance the perception of errors, movement direction, and speed information for error-correcting processes during the aiming movements.

‘Being there’: British Mormons and the History Trail

L'A. examine la relation complexe des mormons de Grande-Bretagne avec les lieux mormons americains. Il suggere que leur relation ambigue avec Salt Lake City peut s'expliquer a travers les theories de l'incorporation. Il situe la relation des mormons britanniques avec les differents espaces mormons americains dans un cadre de relations de personnes, de lieux et de textes, la maniere dont cette relation s'exprime revelant la signification d'un savoir incorpore. Il montre d'abord comment l'histoire est centrale a la theologie mormone, mettant en lumiere une interaction complexe entre differents types de lieux, de textes et de personnes. Il analyse ensuite comment cette relation evoque l'interaction entre les personnes, le lieu et en meme temps le texte et l'objet a l'interieur du mormonisme, en particulier dans les temples et dans la pratique de porter temoignage. Finalement, il montre comment cet engagement contribue a la configuration de la relation avec les sites historiques, mettant en evidence la difference ou la similarite des activites de pelerinage avec les activites religieuses quotidiennes. Il montre comment la memoire incorporee agit comme interface entre l'experience personnelle et les structures religieuses englobantes.

Composite Nodes, Contextual Links and Graphical Structural Views on the WWW

Recently, several open hypermedia systems (OHS) have proposed solutions for integrating with the World-Wide Web (WWW). The goal is to overcome WWW limitations using more powerful and sophisticated hypermedia data models while exploring the Web large distribution and standards, that permit interoperability and easy-of-use. This paper describes the integration of the HyperProp OHS with the WWW in a platform independent solution based on the Netscape browser. The integration allows: separation of links and presentation information from data content; definition of compositions (in order to structure documents, besides allowing the definition of contextual links and reuse of hypermedia structures); visualization of document structure; user navigation through graphical views; and navigation through guided tours and history trails. Particularly, the graphical views use filtering mechanisms based on extended fisheye view techniques, that avoid user disorientation when navigating through large documents. The integrated system also offers a web-site analysis tool. Based on the file system structure of web servers, the tool automatically generates compositions of HTML documents that, through the use of graphical views, help user navigation and information search on web-sites.

Standing on Virginia Woolf's Doorstep

Walks also exist in written form. In local bookshops historical itineraries appear on the 'local interest' shelves alongside memoirs, oral history booklets and collections of sepia-tinted photographs. My own interest in the genre stems both from a passion for local history and for London, and from political commitment. It began when in 1978 I was asked by the legal support group, Rights of Women, to plan and annotate the route for a money-raising historical walk in London. My research was on women's lives and the experience of childhood amongst the late nineteenthcentury London poor, and I had always tried to develop a sense of 'where' as well as 'when' and 'how'. So I agreed, thinking (erroneously) that I could rustle something up quite quickly. This might indeed have been possible had I simply pulled together references to the famous women of past - those whose wealth, birth, beauty, talent or connections gave them, exceptionally, a place in the historical record. But I was reluctant to endorse conventional history of that kind, with its focus on power, its obliteration of how and at whose expense that power was acquired and maintained, and its neglect or distortion of the social and political complexities of the past. I was also eager to share as wide a range of material as possible. These concerns all required me to mine my extensive research notes, and many books, for local references and addresses. I thus misjudged how long the work would take me. When I had finally put something together and a date was set, I checked the route by bicycle. On the day, it turned out that I had also underestimated how long the walk would take. After ten miles of London streets, there were some very footsore feminists, though with sponsorship by the mile each person walked it was good for ROW's funds. From then on I kept a look-out for similar projects, preferably about women. I came across a few in the United States, produced sometimes by local historical societies, sometimes (like the Black History Trail in Boston) by groups trying to redress the historiographical balance. My English

The Command Support At-Sea Experiment

The Command Support At-Sea Experiment (CS@SE) provides experimental advanced graphics display systems consisting of large screen color displays and operator console color displays in the combat information center (CIC) of an Aegis cruiser and in the tactical flag command center (TFCC) of an aircraft carrier. CS@SE systems are designed to prototype potential command support capabilities in an at-sea environment to validate and refine requirements for planned production system upgrades. These systems use sophisticated color graphics techniques to provide real-time tactical displays that improve the availability of information to an operator by reducing clutter through the use of color, area fill, transparen overlays and intensity coding of track symbols. Interfaces wen developed with the Aegis Display System (ADS), Shipboarc Gridlock System with Auto-correlation (SGS/AC), Flag Dats Display System (FDDS) and Tomahawk Engagement Planning and Exercise Evaluation System (TEPEE) that provided the data for the presentation of a tactical display. Display elements included both real-time and over-the-horizon (OTH) surface track data, velocity leaders, tags, uncertainty ellipses, and history trails. The display also included filled land masses, country boundaries, commercial airways, cities, graphics overlays (i.e., operational areas), weapon system missile performance contours, and engagement plans. This paper describes the experiment, its installation and integration into the shipboard environments of an Aegis cruiser (USS Leyte Gulf) and an aircraft carrier (USS America, its usage by the ships companies and embarked staffs, and the experiment result! and findings. Key conclusions of the experiment are: 1 Advanced graphics color displays can significantly enhance the ability of the warfighter to assimilate a complex tactical display. 2 Both ships reported a requirement for a correlated OTH and real-time track display with the ability to clearly differentiate the two types of tracks on the display. 3 On-line data bases such as detailed maps, airways, political boundaries, and cities provide important information that enhances the tactical track picture and the decision making process. 4 Classical rapid prototyping permits the validation of proposed command support concepts in an operational environment and permits some engineering evaluation of possible future capabilities.

History trails in Melbourne

History trails in Melbourne