History Of Urolithiasis Research Articles

Characteristics of urinary stone composition among patients with urolithiasis: a retrospective study in China

ObjectiveTo present the most recent data on urinary calculi characteristics in the southern region of China and explore the effects of sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics on stone composition to...

Cowper’s Duct Syringocele Mimicking Prostatic Obstruction: A Case Report

Introduction: Cowper’s glands, also known as bulbourethral glands, were first described by French surgeon Jean Mery in 1684 and later detailed by William Cowper in 1699. Cowper’s duct syringocele, a rare condition involving cystic dilatation of Cowper’s gland, can mimic symptoms of prostatic obstruction, posing diagnostic challenges. Common presentations include lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as urgency, weak stream, and incomplete emptying, often leading to misdiagnosis as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Accurate diagnosis involves imaging studies like transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), along with retrograde urethrography and cystourethroscopy. Management varies from conservative measures to surgical intervention, depending on symptom severity. Case Presentation: A 36-year-old male presented with urinary obstruction symptoms, reporting a poor stream and straining to urinate over three months, with exacerbation characterized by incomplete voiding. No hematuria, UTIs, or urolithiasis history was noted. Examination was largely unremarkable, except for a flat prostate on per rectal examination. Uroflowmetry indicated a maximum flow rate (Qmax) of 15 ml/sec with an interrupted pattern. MRI revealed a cystic lesion in the posterior urethra, raising suspicion for Cowper’s duct syringocele. Diagnostic cystoscopy confirmed the cystic dilatation, which was deroofed using monopolar energy. The patient’s recovery was uneventful, with follow-up uroflowmetry showing significant improvement, with a Qmax of 27 ml/sec. Discussion: This case underscores the importance of considering Cowper’s duct syringocele in the differential diagnosis of LUTS, especially in patients with atypical presentations. The diagnostic approach included uroflowmetry, MRI, and cystoscopy, which confirmed the cystic lesion. Management involved transurethral deroofing, leading to symptom resolution and improved urinary flow. Early recognition and intervention are crucial for favorable outcomes. Literature highlights the role of imaging and endoscopic techniques in diagnosing and managing this rare condition, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration in complex urological cases. Conclusion: This case emphasizes the need for considering Cowper’s duct syringocele in patients with LUTS to avoid misdiagnosis and inappropriate management. Accurate diagnosis through a combination of uroflowmetry, imaging, and cystoscopy, followed by appropriate surgical intervention, can significantly improve patient outcomes. The case underscores the efficacy of endoscopic techniques and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in optimizing care for patients with rare urological conditions.

Risk factors of urolithiasis: A hospital-based retrospective study.

Urolithiasis is the most prevalent urinary tract disease, posing a global public health concern. The escalating prevalence and recurrence rates of urolithiasis are attributed to lifestyle modifications, such as reduced physical activity and dietary habits. This retrospective study aims to explore the risk factors associated with urolithiasis among individuals diagnosed with this condition. A retrospective hospital-based study involving 60 participants meeting the inclusion criteria was conducted. The participants were selected through convenience sampling from the urology, nephrology, and medical wards at Saveetha Medical College and Hospital. Demographic variables were collected, and the risk factors were assessed using a checklist on one-to-one interviews. The study unveiled that most participants (68%) were male. Eighty percent of participants had the risk factor of decreased water intake, 74% consumed excess tomatoes, 56% had a history of recurrent urinary tract infections, 64% consumed an excessive amount of salt daily, 72% experienced a decreased urine output, 53% had a habit of alcohol consumption, and 45% included milk and milk products in their daily diet. A small percentage (5%) had a family history of urolithiasis. Additionally, 6% were undergoing Siddha treatment. The findings from this study underscore the significant factors contributing to urolithiasis. They can inform public health campaigns to raise awareness about lifestyle modifications, dietary changes, and hydration protocols contributing to kidney stone formation.

Translation and Validation of the Persian Version of the Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Patients with kidney stones have a lower quality of life (QOL) than healthy patients; however, treatment guidelines neglect their QOL. Wisconsin stone QOL test (WIS-QOL) is the first specific questionnaire for urolithiasis patients. This study evaluated the reliability and validity of the translated Persian version of the WIS-QOL questionnaire in patients with kidney stones. All patients (> 18 years old) with a history of urolithiasis were included in this cross-sectional. The WIS-QOL questionnaire was translated depending on Hutchinson's guideline. Effects of urolithiasis on the patient's social activity, emotions, disease, and vitality were evaluated. Pearson Correlation and Cronbach's alpha test were used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. All data were analyzed by SPSS software version 26.0. Among 154 urolithiasis patients, 94 (61%) were males, and 60 (39%) were females. The mean age was 50.4 years (SD: ± 13.6), and the mean QOL score was 84.7 (SD: ±21.8). For each question, the numerical value of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient has been compared with the numerical value, and the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed. The overall Cronbach's alpha was 0.94 for all four areas of the questionnaire, so the reliability of the questionnaire in Persian was confirmed. The present study showed the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the WIS-QOL questionnaire in symptomatic urolithiasis patients. The present study showed the status and impact of urolithiasis on QOL however, longitudinal and prospective studies should be done to specify changes over time.

Exploring the Impact of Family History, Demographics and Ecological Factors on Urolithiasis Prevalence: Insights from a Nationwide Study.

This study aimed to evaluate the potential risk factors of lifetime urolithiasis occurrence on a nationwide scale in Iran. All data regarding urinary stone events were extracted from the cross-sectional Iran National Stone Survey (INSS) study, and the possible determinants of urolithiasis incidence were evaluated. Our multivariable logistic regression suggested that while older age at presentation, male sex, and a positive family history of urolithiasis in either of the patient's parents or siblings were all significantly associated with an increased odds of lifetime urolithiasis occurrence (all P < .001), a positive family history in one's sister (odds ratio; OR=5.56) or brother (OR=4.70) were the most significant predictors. Moreover, belonging to Baluch ethnicity (i.e., an ethnical group indigenous to the south eastern regions of Iran) and residing in regions with higher water hardness (i.e., total concentration of dissolved minerals) were also associated with an increased odds of urolithiasis occurrence (P < .001 and P=.023, respectively). Conversely, living in regions with higher mean humidity decreased the chances of developing a urinary stone event during one's lifetime (OR=0.62, P <.001). Our results indicated that a constellation of demographic, ecological, and familial risk factors are associated with an elevated risk of developing urinary stones during one's lifetime. These findings can assist in implementing novel regional healthcare policies, considering the specific demographic and ecological characteristics. They also support tailoring personalized preventive strategies, particularly for individuals with multiple nonmodifiable risk factors.

Familial aggregation of urolithiasis: findings from a Nationwide Middle Eastern study.

This study aimed to determine the potential effect of genetic factors and positive family history on the familial aggregation of urolithiasis in Iran. Of the total 44,186 participants in the Iran National Stone Survey (INSS) database, 34,953 individuals who were members of 8629 nuclear families were included in this study. The mean prevalence of urolithiasis was 5.7% [95%CI: 5.5 - 6.0%] in this subpopulation. Familial aggregation of urolithiasis was analyzed in 34,745 participants (99.6% of those originally included) utilizing a multivariable logistic regression with second order generalized estimating equations approach (GEE2) to adjust for sex, age, urbanization status and ethnicity. Recurrence risk ratios (λ) were used to evaluate the degree of familial aggregation. Our multivariable analysis demonstrated a strong familial aggregation of urolithiasis within sibling pairs (λs = 78.35), parent-offspring pairs (λo = 40.12) and spouse pairs (λsp = 21.62). The respective ORs were 5.65 [95%CI: 3.49, 9.14] for siblings, 2.85 [95%CI: 2.20, 3.68] for parents and 1.27 [95%CI: 1.06, 1.54] for spouses. Urinary stone disease tends to aggregate in families with a positive history of urolithiasis in either the parents or siblings. Siblings have a more prominent effect in inducing familial aggregation compared to parents. Despite the prominent role of familial genetic components in urolithiasis aggregation, shared environmental factors appear to partake in this phenomenon to some extent, as suggested by urolithiasis aggregation among spouse pairs.

Long-Term Follow-up Results of Children with Urolithiasis Followed in Our Clinic

Title and Objective: Urolithiasis is a prevalent condition frequently observed in childhood within the Turkish population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic, radiological, and clinical features of pediatric patients with urolithiasis. Materials and Methods: Records of 158 children referred to the Pediatric Nephrology Department of Celal Bayar University between 2010 and 2020 with suspected urolithiasis and microlithiasis were retrospectively reviewed. The complaints and ages of the cases during hospital admission, their medical histories, and the location of the stones were determined. All patients underwent complete urine analysis, spot urine electrolytes, urine culture, serum electrolytes, kidney function tests, uric acid, albumin measurements, and urinary ultrasonography. 24-hour urine electrolytes were studied in patients capable of urine collection. Stone analysis using X-ray diffraction was performed on patients from whom stones were obtained. Results: Out of the individuals, 88 (55.7%) were male, and 70 (44.3%) were female, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of 1.25:1. The average age at the time of diagnosis was determined to be 89.82 ± 57.35 months. A family history of urolithiasis was reported in 108 (68.3%) patients, and 46 individuals (29%) were born from consanguineous marriages. At the time of diagnosis, 32 patients (20%) had a urinary tract infection. Stones were predominantly situated in the upper urinary system in 129 patients (81.6%), with 123 (77.8%) having unilateral stones and 35 (22.2%) having bilateral stones. Calcium oxalate stones were the most commonly observed (80%) in patients who underwent stone analysis. Hypercalciuria emerged as the most frequently identified urinary metabolic risk factor. At the end of the follow-up period, 14 patients experienced a recurrence, while 67 patients remained free of stones. Conclusion: Urolithiasis continues to be a significant concern among children in our nation. Due to the higher recurrence rate and more frequent underlying metabolic disorders in children with stone diseases compared to adults, metabolic assessment and stone analysis are recommended procedures, emphasizing the need for lifelong monitoring in these cases.

Predictors of Recurrent Urolithiasis in Iran: Findings from a Nationwide Study.

Prevention of urinary stone recurrence is the ultimate goal in urolithiasis patients. In this study, we aimed to investigate the national prevalence rate and possible determinants of increased urolithiasis recurrence risk in a nationwide study in Iran. All data regarding stone occurrence and recurrence episodes were extracted from the cross-sectional Iran National Stone Survey (INSS) study, and the possible determinants of recurrence were evaluated in the subset of 2913 patients who had a positive history of at least one episode of urolithiasis. The national prevalence rate of recurrent urolithiasis was 2.6% (95% CI: 2.5, 2.8) in Iran. Moreover, the relative ratio of recurrent stone formers to all stone formers was 39.8% (95% CI: 38.0, 41.6). Our univariable truncated negative binomial regressions suggested that a positive history of urolithiasis in the patient's father (prevalence ratio [PR] [95% CI]=1.83 [1.39, 2.41], P<0.001), mother (PR [95% CI]=1.92 [1.39, 2.66], P<0.001) or brother (PR [95% CI]=1.32 [1.03, 1.69], P=0.026); and residence in urban areas (PR [95% CI]=1.27 [1.04, 1.55], P=0.016) were significant predictors of repetitive recurrence episodes. However, when incorporated into a multivariable truncated negative binomial regression model, the only significant predictors of more frequent recurrence episodes were a positive history in father (PR [95% CI]=1.66 [1.24, 2.22], P<0.001) and mother (PR [95% CI]=1.68 [1.20, 2.36], P=0.002); and urban residence (PR [95% CI]=1.24 [1.01, 1.51], P=0.031). Our results indicate that a positive family history of urolithiasis in mother and father and residence in urban areas are the significant predictors of recurrence risk in urolithiasis patients in Iran.

Radiological Explorations of Patients with Upper or Febrile Urinary Tract Infection.

Recent European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines and a clinical prediction rule developed by Van Nieuwkoop et al. suggest simple criteria for performing radiological imaging for patients with a febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). We analysed the records of patients with a UTI from four hospitals in Switzerland. Of 107 UTI patients, 58% underwent imaging and 69% (95%CI: 59-77%) and 64% (95%CI: 54-73%) of them were adequately managed according to Van Nieuwkoop's clinical rule and EAU guidelines, respectively. However, only 47% (95%CI: 33-61%) and 57% (95%CI: 44-69%) of the imaging performed would have been recommended according to their respective rules. Clinically significant imaging findings were associated with a history of urolithiasis (OR = 11.8; 95%CI: 3.0-46.5), gross haematuria (OR = 5.9; 95%CI: 1.6-22.1) and known urogenital anomalies (OR = 5.7; 95%CI: 1.8-18.2). Moreover, six of 16 (38%) patients with a clinically relevant abnormality displayed none of the criteria requiring imaging according to Van Nieuwkoop's rule or EAU guidelines. Thus, adherence to imaging guidelines was suboptimal, especially when imaging was not recommended. However, additional factors associated with clinically significant findings suggest the need for a new, efficient clinical prediction rule.

Changes of serum osteoprotegerin level in recurrent urolithiasis

Introduction. In our earlier research on the role of genetic factors in the development of recurrent urolithiasis, a significant relationship was found between the presence of single-nucleotide polymorphism rs3134057 in the osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene and the development of this disease. The above-mentioned single-nucleotide polymorphism is intronic, therefore, it is unable to involve the structure and functions of the OPG but to affect its expression. Thus, the study of serum OPG level may have diagnostic significance in recurrent urolithiasis.Objective. To study the relationship of serum OPG level with the presence of recurrent urolithiasis, as well as the effect of single nucleotide polymorphism rs3134057 on the OPG level.Materials &amp; methods. One hundred and fifteen volunteers were included in the study from January 2021 to January 2022. Of the 115 participants, 45 (main group #1) were diagnosed with recurrent urolithiasis and localisation of the main stone in one of the ureters, 28 participants (main group #2) had previously suffered a single episode of acute renal colic followed by surgical treatment or stone self-discharge and were stone-free at the time of the study. Forty-two control group respondents were free of urolithiasis, including family history of urolithiasis. The serum OPG levels was determined by enzyme immunoassay using the Human OPG ELISA kit ab100617 ("Abcam plc", Cambridge, UK) according to the manufacturer's advice.Results. The analysis revealed that the serum OPG levels were significantly higher in the main group #1 than in the control group (median: 9.02 vs. 3.635, p = 0.012). When analyzing the relationship between the concentration of OPG in serum and the AA + AG genotype versus GG according to rs3134057 of the OPG gene, no statistically significant difference was found (p &gt; 0.05). The same result was obtained when comparing groups with AA vs. AG vs. GG genotypes (p &gt; 0.05).Conclusion. The present study showed that an increased serum OPG level in patients with recurrent urolithiasis may indicate the presence of a relapse of the disease. Further study in large samples will finally confirm the significance of OPG as a marker of relapse, including in genetically determined forms.

Распространенность мочекаменной болезни среди женщин старше 45 лет в республике Чувашия.

Introduction. It is believed that Urolithiasis men of working age are most often affected. However, recent studies have shown that the difference between the incidence of this disease among men and women is rapidly decreasing due to the increased incidence of urolithiasis in women. The purpose of the study: to determine the prevalence of urolithiasis among women over 45 years of age as part of screening study in the Republic of Chuvashia. Materials and methods. A population study of 658 women over 45 years of age was conducted on the basis of hospital № 1 in Cheboksary (Republic of Chuvashia) in 2021-2022. All participants underwent ultrasound examination of the urinary system organs to detect urinary stones. The diagnosis was confirmed by CT of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space. Statistical data processing was carried out using the Statistics 10,0 program and Microsoft Excel. Results. Of 658 women, 147 had previously noted urolithiasis in past, 124 of them were associated with this disease (the group with a positive history of urolithiasis), 511 had not previously sought medical help from a urologist for stones of the urinary system (the group with a negative history of urolithiasis). In total, 95 (14.4%) women with calculi in the urinary tract were identified. In the group with a positive history of urolithiasis, stones were detected in 22.4% of cases, with a negative one – in 12.1%. The most frequent localization of concretions in all groups was the lower group of calyx. The size of the concretions varied in the group with a negative history of urolithiasis from 5.70±0.77 mm to 7.50±0.50 mm, in the group with a positive history of urolithiasis – from 5.00±0.56 mm to 21.75±8.24 mm. Conclusion. The present study showed that the true incidence of urolithiasis is 14,4%, which is several times higher than the official figures. To study the true incidence of urolithiasis, it is necessary to conduct large epidemiological studies in the russian population.

Comprehensive prediction of urolithiasis based on clinical factors, blood chemistry and urinalysis: UROLITHIASIS score

Comprehensive prediction of urolithiasis using available factors obtained in the emergency department may aid in patient-centered diagnostic imaging decisions. This retrospective study analyzed the clinical factors, blood chemistry and urine parameters of patients who underwent nonenhanced urinary computed tomography for suspected urolithiasis. A scoring system was developed from a logistic regression model and was tested using the area under the curve (AUC). The prevalence of urolithiasis and important possible causes in the three risk subgroups were determined. Finally, the scoring model was validated. In the derivation cohort (n = 673), 566 patients were diagnosed with urolithiasis. Age > 35 years, history of urolithiasis, pain duration < 8 h, nausea/vomiting, costovertebral angle tenderness, serum creatinine ≥ 0.92 mg/dL, erythrocytes ≥ 10/high power field, no leukocytes ≤ + , and any crystalluria were retained in the final multivariable model and became part of the score. This scoring model demonstrated good discrimination (AUC 0.808 [95% CI, 0.776–0.837]). In the validation cohort (n = 336), the performance was similar (AUC 0.803 [95% CI, 0.756–0.844]), surpassing that of the STONE score (AUC 0.654 [95% CI, 0.601–0.705], P < 0.001). This scoring model successfully stratified patients according to the probability of urolithiasis. Further validation in various settings is needed.

The correlation between metabolic syndrome and calcium urolithiasis

Background: Urolithiasis affects about 12% of the global population. This study helps us to find the correlation between metabolic syndrome, its components and the risk of calcium stone urolithiasis. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 140 patients who underwent surgery for urolithiasis and whose stones were calcium-containing. A group of subjects who never had a history of urolithiasis was taken as control. Various anthropometric and biochemical parameters were studied to estimate and compare the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in both the groups. Results: The study showed that the central obesity of the study population was higher. However, even though prevalence of hypertension was more in the stone group compared to the control population, this difference was not statistically significant. On analysis of biochemical parameters like fasting blood sugar, triglycerides and HDL, abnormal triglycerides and HDL were significantly higher in the stone group when compared to the control. On consideration of all parameters as per international diabetes federation (IDF) definition, prevalence of metabolic syndrome in stone group was 40% which was higher than the control group with 25% and the difference was statistically significant. While summing up the number of parameters of metabolic syndrome an individual has in each group it is evident that the proportion of patients in the stone group had a greater number of parameters compared to the control group. Conclusions: This study could conclude that there is a significant correlation between calcium urolithiasis and metabolic syndrome.

Percutaneus Nephorlithotomy Procedure for Realese Encrusted Double J Stent

&lt;p&gt;Installation of a DJ Stent is a procedure performed in the field of urology to prevent or relieve ureteral obstruction.Technological developments in the field of medicine have changed the approach to surgical intervention in cases of kidney stones (especially kidney stones with a stone burden &amp;gt; 2 cm), from open surgery to endoscopic surgery, one of them is by percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). We report the case of a man with a right double J (DJ) stent that was placed 5 months previously. The patient underwent anamnesis, physical examination, supporting examinations and was then treated with ureteroscopic lithotripsy and PCNL. Complete clearance of the stone can be performed and the DJ stent can be removed uninterruptedly from the percutaneous access. Encrusted stents are still a challenge in urology where endourology remains the best choice of treatment. The management of DJ stents should also be based on follow-up and prevention by taking into account predisposing factors to encrustation such as urinary tract infections, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, history of urolithiasis, diet and malabsorption.&lt;/p&gt;

MP10-04 USE OF SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER (SGLT2) INHIBITORS IN DIABETIC STONE FORMERS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED RISK OF FUTURE STONE EVENTS

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP10-04 USE OF SODIUM-GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER (SGLT2) INHIBITORS IN DIABETIC STONE FORMERS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A REDUCED RISK OF FUTURE STONE EVENTS Ridwan Alam, Jared Winoker, Naren Nimmagadda, and Brian Matlaga Ridwan AlamRidwan Alam More articles by this author , Jared WinokerJared Winoker More articles by this author , Naren NimmagaddaNaren Nimmagadda More articles by this author , and Brian MatlagaBrian Matlaga More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003225.04AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as a treatment for diabetes mellitus with additional cardiovascular and renal benefits over other classes of antihyperglycemics. Promising data suggests that SGLT2i may also reduce the risk of urolithiasis. We compared the risk of urolithiasis among diabetic patients with a history of stones prescribed SGLT2i versus other antihyperglycemics. METHODS: TriNetX is a collaborative research enterprise with real-time data from over 70 healthcare organizations with more than 100 million patients. We queried the database for adult patients presenting between 1/1/2016 and 1/1/2021 with type 2 diabetes mellitus and a prior history of urolithiasis. Patients receiving SGLT2i therapy were compared against two groups: (1) patients receiving dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4i) or glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1-RA) and (2) all patients not receiving SGLT2i. Propensity score matching was performed to control for confounding. The risk of urolithiasis was compared at 1, 3, and 5 years after initiation of therapy, and Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine freedom from a stone event. RESULTS: Among diabetics with a history of stones, SGLT2i was prescribed to 3,576 patients, DPP-4i or GLP-1-RA to 17,952 patients, and any non-SGLT2i to 131,592 patients. After matching, each group contained 3,572 patients. The cumulative incidence of urolithiasis in patients prescribed SGLT2i was 24.0% at 1 year, 33.8% at 3 years, and 35.9% at 5 years. In comparison, the risk of urolithiasis was approximately 20% higher at each timepoint when patients were prescribed DPP-4i or GLP-1-RA, or any non-SGLT2i therapy (Table 1). As such, patients taking SGLT2i demonstrated the highest rates of freedom from a stone event over the course of 5 years (p<0.001) (Figure 1). CONCLUSIONS: When managing diabetic patients with a history of stones, the use of SGLT2i presents an attractive option due to the significantly decreased risk of future stone events when compared to other antihyperglycemic medications. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e115 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Ridwan Alam More articles by this author Jared Winoker More articles by this author Naren Nimmagadda More articles by this author Brian Matlaga More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Urolithiasis in a Pug dog: Case report

The objective of this study was to present a case of urolithiasis in a nine-year and eleven-month-old Pug, weighing nine kilos, with a history of urolithiasis. Upon physical examination, the animal presented apathy and abdominal pain on palpation. Upon ultrasound examination, it was not possible to identify the presence of uroliths in the urinary tract. The animal underwent surgical treatment, with cystotomy being the most suitable for this type of case. A cystotomy is an incision in the urinary bladder to remove uroliths, which can be made up of various minerals and of varying sizes. In the postoperative period, a diet change was indicated to reduce the chances of recurrences, since an inadequate diet is one of the factors for the formation of uroliths when there is certain predisposition.

National Lifetime Prevalence and Demographic Factors of Urolithiasis in Iran.

To estimate the current lifetime prevalence of urolithiasis at the national level in Iran and investigate the potential influential demographic factors in different geographical areas. Materials and methods: An epidemiological study was conducted between October 2020 and November 2022 in 31 provinces of Iran at the national level. Data was obtained through telephone interviews with households. Items in the interview included questions about the current and past episodes of urolithiasis, family history of urolithiasis, and demographic and environmental variables of potential interest in urolithiasis. Results: A total of 44186 participants were investigated from 31 provinces of Iran. The overall percentage of those with lifetime prevalence of urolithiasis was 6.6%, including 7.9% for males and 5.3% for females (P<.001). In addition, with regard to the residential location, men were 53% (7.9% vs. 5.2%) more susceptible than women to urinary stones in urban areas and 36% (7.8% vs. 5.7%) more susceptible in rural areas. Out of 31 provinces, the Sistan-baluchistan province had the highest lifetime prevalence (15.6%) and the Golestan province had the lowest (2.1%). The lifetime prevalence of urolithiasis in the rural areas was 6.8% versus 6.5% in the urban areas (P=.29). Regarding age differentiation, the lifetime urolithiasis prevalence has increased up to the age of 70 years. In addition, the most prominent increase in the lifetime prevalence was observed in the age range of 20 to 60 years (from 0.9% to 11.8%). The ethnicity with the highest lifetime prevalence rate of urolithiasis was the Baluch ethnicity (18%). Conclusion: generally, 6.6% of Iranian population suffers from urinary stones during their lifetime. Urolithiasis prevalence has increased 0.06% annually compared to the latest national study that took place 15 years ago. This increasing trend seems to be less prominent than other countries. According to our findings, urinary stones are more prevalent in men than in women and in the third to sixth decade of life regardless of gender. Baluch ethnicity is associated with the highest lifetime prevalence rate of urolithiasis and there is no significant difference between rural and urban areas. However, the ratio of male to female risk of urolithiasis is higher in urban areas compared to rural areas.

Renal Solitary Fibrous Tumor - A Case Report

A renal solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an unusual and especially rare entity. Preoperative diagnosis is usually difficult, but it remains of favorable prognosis. In this study, the authors report a case of a 33-year-old Moroccan man with a history of left pyelolithotomy who presented with a 19 cm left renal mass associated with two kidney stones in the lower calyx. He underwent an open radical nephrectomy, and pathology revealed a renal SFT. To the best of our knowledge, our patient is the first case of renal SFT with a history of urolithiasis and presenting with concomitant ipsilateral calculi. Radical nephrectomy is still the cornerstone gold standard therapy for patients with large renal tumors, especially for rare tumors with no proper protocol.

Korean Society of Endourology and Robotics (KSER) recommendation on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of urolithiasis.

This article provides evidence-based recommendations and expert opinions to aid urologists in making optimal decisions regarding managing urolithiasis in various clinical scenarios. The most frequently asked questions by urologists in their clinical practice have been collected and answered in the form of FAQs; based on the latest evidence and expert opinions. The natural history of urolithiasis is divided into active treatment and silent phases, with the active treatment stage divided into typical and special situations and peri-treatment management. The authors address 28 key questions, offering practical guidance for the proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of urolithiasis in clinical practice. This article is expected to be served as a valuable resource for urologists.

Characteristics of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) in Patients Treated in an Indonesian Tertiary Hospital from 2008 to 2019

Bladder cancer is the 10th most common cancer in both males and females with a ratio of 3:1. About 75% of bladder cancers are non-muscle invasive bladder cancers (NMIBC). The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) patients treated in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital as one of the tertiary hospitals in Indonesia. This was a retrospective descriptive study that involved reviewing the medical records of patients diagnosed with NMIBC between January 2008 and December 2019. Characteristics reviewed were age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking history, urinary tract infection and stone history, intravesical chemotherapy and its side effects, and urinary cytology results. All data were tabulated and charted. Fifty-one out of 773 bladder cancer patients were diagnosed with NMIBC (6.59%). The mean age was 62.94 years old, with the majority of patients were in the 60-69 age group (31.37%). Males constituted the majority of the patients (n=44, 86.27%), with most patients had ideal BMI (66.66%), smoking history (72.54%), urinary tract infection history (56,86%), and urolithiasis history (5.88%). Thirty patients were given intravesical chemotherapy (58.82%), three patients experienced hematuria (10%), and four patients had painful urination (13.33%). Urinary cytology showed atypical cells (92.16%) in the majority of patients. The incidence of NMIBC in bladder cancer patients in our study was 6.59%, which differs from the incidence in developed countries of 75%, as shown in previous literature.