History Of Town Planning Research Articles

Some Features of the Historical Topography of Samarkand of the 17th Century

The authors analyze the main points of the town planning history of Samarkand in the 17th century. On the basis of written data, archaeological sources and unpublished archival materials, a reconstruction of the plan of the central part of Samarkand in the 17th century was carried out. The stages of the archaeological study are analyzed. Based on the observations of the earthworks on the territory of the former citadel of Timur and the ancient Samarkand, it was possible to identify some features of the topography of the administrative center of the city. On the basis of unpublished archival materials, the names of quarters, streets, quarter mosques of the city were revealed and the location of some of them was determined. Unpublished records of the results of archaeological studies on the location of monumental buildings that have not survived to the present in the Registan region are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the topography of one of the sacral centers of Samarkand in the area of the Shah-i-Zinda gates of the city. A hypothesis has been put forward that monumental buildings were built on the territory of the citadel, where with further archaeological studies it is possible to reveal unknown large architectural structures of the 16th –17th centuries.

Urban planning in Tomsk districts late in the 19th century (Tomsk Local History Museum documentation)

The history of town planning and architectural objects has been studied long ago through visual art. This is primarily associated with problems of their reconstruction and restoration. Architectural monuments often disappear without, and it is difficult to recreate them. Archival materials and visual aids help us to create an original architecture. At present, restorers actively use photographs of past years. But photography was invented late in the 19th century. Fine arts have been existed since the advent of man and solve the problems that predate that period. Therefore, the study of painting and graphics is important for both historians and architects-restorers.The paper focuses on the graphic works of J.F. Fleck, a painter and graphic artist, who lived in Tomsk in the 1870s. A series of his drawings published in Warsaw, offers an insight into the historical city development and the history of urbanism, that enables us to compare the past and the present. The paper analyzes architectural monuments survived to our days and shows the importance of the graphic artist in the study of contemporary architecture.

Karasubazar: Historical Topography of the City of the Crimean Khanate in the 16th-18th Centuries

The article covers the main points of the town-planning history of Karasubazar, the city of the Crimean khanate, and, most importantly, offers a graphic reconstruction of its master plan for the last quarter of the 18th century, the final stage of the state’s existence. Reconstruction of the historical topography of the late medieval city was carried out for the first time on the basis of three types of sources – written, cartographic, and archaeological. All the basic elements of the city’s historical topography as well as the plan of quarterly residential development and a network of streets are reconstructed. Characteristic features of the location of the quarters inhabited by the Greek, Armenian and Jewish population among the main population of the Tatar inhabitants are revealed. City mosques, bathhouses, fountains supplying the citizens with water, hotels-caravanserais, shopping malls, and production workshops are localized. It is found out that Karasubazar was the second largest settlement in the state, its capital Bakhchisarai being the largest one. By the final stage of the Crimean khanate’s existence the area of the urban development of Karasubazar was 109.0 hectares

The concept and planning of public native housing estates in Nairobi/Kenya, 1918–1948

ABSTRACT Interwar public housing estates for native citizens in Sub-Sahara African cities, represent hybrids of global and local urban concepts, housing typologies and dwelling habits. The authors explain such hybrids via exploratory research note as a result of transmutation processes, marked by various (non)human actors. To categorize and compare them, Actor Network Theory (ANT) is applied and tested within an architecture historical framework. Nairobi/Kenya functions as pars pro toto with its Kariakor and Kaloleni estates as exemplary cases. Their different network-outcomes underpin the supposition that actor-oriented research can help to unravel a most essential, though neglected part of international town planning history.

Territorial planning and state support as an instruments of sustainable development of coastal resort regions (on the example of Krasnodar region of Russia)

The town-planning history of development of resort coastal territories of the Krasnodar region of Russia has the features. Resort coastal territories have high potential of development therefore in recent years their development goes especially quickly. The reason of it is favorable, unique even for the Black Sea coast, a combination in the region of climatic conditions, which are necessary for creation of the climatic resort area here. The major task various Federal and regional programs of development, both all region, and it is certain coastal marine territories, - to keep optimum balance between resort and recreational and other possible options of use of such territories. Conceptual approaches to development of coastal resort territories of the Krasnodar region of Russia are presented in article. New decisions and offers in development of the Concept of General plans of the coastal cities have to be based on the analysis of new conditions in various contexts of development (natural, anthropogenic, engineering). They have to consider all difficulties of the numerous influencing factors and to be coordinated to the purposes of further complex development of unique mountain and sea recreational and resort agglomerations.

Ideias clássicas, aspirações modernas

Articulando história do urbanismo e estudos morfológicos, este artigo trata de mostrar a ressonância do urbanismo contemporâneo no traçado de quatro cidades novas planejadas no Brasil da metade do século XX por engenheiros civis graduados pela Faculdade de Engenharia, em Curitiba, no Paraná. Naquele momento o urbanismo ainda era marcado pela visão academicista, tributária da tradição Beaux-Arts e em sintonia como o planejamento em ‘grande estilo’ – um conjunto de ideias formais decorrentes da prática de urbanística europeia, particularmente a francesa, difundidas nos Estados Unidos pelo movimento City Beautiful. O Plano de Urbanização de Curitiba assinado em coautoria por Alfred Agache em 1943 foi uma importante referência local, especialmente para os engenheiros civis tratados neste artigo. Assim, elementos morfológicos como avenidas diagonais, bulevares com árvores enfileiradas, vistas grandiosas, e a reunião de edifícios públicos relevantes e sua organização ordenada e simétrica vão revelar uma abordagem artística em meio a formas urbanas regulares, ortogonais, típicas de empreendimentos de especulação fundiária.

Kiki Kafkoula 1945–2015

Kiki Kafkoula, academic and researcher, born 26 January 1945, died on 28 May 2015. She contributed substantially to the study of town planning history in Greece, bringing to the fore new subject ma...

Hot Times of Fencing

The article attempts to identify a symbolical sense of the as an element of city semantics. Methods of the analysis of the sense of the word and its derivatives in Russian and the analysis of examples from architecture and town planning history are used. It is shown that the possesses not only a delimitative, but also offensive and aggressive sense. The means a border between different ways of life, each of which seeks to take away a vital space from the neighbor. The fence-wall literally divides sites with different structures of life. The fence-sign, the fence-notional border divides the areas protected from each other by the law. At last, the decorative and demonstrative not merely divides structures, but also expresses claims of one of them to be a model for another. Often the communities divided by a consider only their own way of life as something structured, ordered, natural and correct. The way of life existing behind a fence is perceived not as a different structure, but as an unstructured chaos. The more uncomprehended the alien structure is, the more chaotic and fearful it seems, and the higher and stronger the fences become. Like the majority of socio-psychological processes, the balance between uneasiness and trust has periodic oscillatory changes. In recent twenty years a strong growth of uneasiness and all related phenomena have been observed. Including the growth in the number, variety and aggressive activity of various fences.

AUSTRALIAN PLANNER MARCH 1999

This year, 1999, is the 50th anniversary of formal programs of planning education in Australia. The first course began in Adelaide on 14 February 1949 at the South Australian School of Mines and Industries. Professor Denis Winston’s postgraduate course commenced at the University of Sydney in the following month and the University of Melbourne also offered a course of ‘‘. . . about 100 lectures in Town and Regional Planning’’ that year (McLoughlin 1988, p 14). There were, of course, earlier attempts to provide training in the principles and practice of town planning. Freestone has described the Vernon Memorial Lectures delivered at the University of Sydney in 1919, 1921, 1923 and 1926 by John Sulman as ‘‘the first systematic planning instruction in New South Wales and a precursor to the formal tertiary courses established after the second world war’’ (1992, p16). Sulman’s lectures were published as ‘An Introduction to the Study of Town Planning in Australia’ in 1921, a work which is still fairly easy to find for anyone interested (Sulman 1921). Attendance at the series of 20 lectures cost ten shillings, or one shilling for a single lecture. A certificate was available to candidates who passed an optional examination. Readers of Australian Planner may like to try their hands at the examination questions set in 1923 which are reproduced below (after Freestone 1992, pI5). Sulman’s published lectures conclude by observing that ‘‘In all walks of life the specialist is coming to the front wherever efficiency is desired, and most of all it is required in the management of municipal affairs’’ (Sulman 1921 p213). But it was not until the years after the second world war that the first formal programs of ‘specialist’ planning education came to be established, in parallel with the development of professional organisations for town planning at state and, eventually, federal level, and with the renewed interest in the post-war years in legislative reform and metropolitan planning schemes. The Adelaide course which commenced in February, 1949, under the leadership of Gavin Walkley, was open to persons qualified in what were regarded as the relevant basic professions architecture, engineering and surveying. It was a two-year program in which the subjects and syllabuses were Australian versions of those prescribed for the external examinations of the British Town Planning Institute. The subjects included at the outset were ‘History of Town Planning’, Town Planning Practice’, Town Planning in relation to Architecture and Amenities’, Town Planning in relation to Engineering’, Town Planning in relation to Surveying’, and ‘The Law relating to Town Planning’. Successful graduates received a certificate awarded jointly by the School of Mines and the Town Planning Institute of South Australia. Soon after its establishment, the course curriculum was extended ‘‘in order to give belated recognition to the important parts to be played in Planning education by Geography, Geology, Sociology and Economics’’ (Walkley 1976, p34).

Territory and the governmentalisation of social reproduction: parliamentary enclosure and spatial rationalities in the transition from feudalism to capitalism

Recent applications of Foucauldian categories in geography, spatial history and the history of town planning have opened up interesting new perspectives, with respect to both the evolution of spatial knowledge and the genealogy of territorial techniques and their relation to larger socio-political projects, that would be enriched if combined with other discursive traditions. This article proposes to conceptualise English parliamentary enclosure–a favourite episode for Marxist historiography, frequently read in a strictly materialist fashion–as a precedent of a new form of sociospatial governmentality, a political technology that inaugurates a strategic manipulation of territory for social change on the threshold between feudal and capitalist spatial rationalities. I analyse the sociospatial dimensions of parliamentary enclosure’s technical and legal innovations and compare them to the forms of communal self-regulation of land use customs and everyday regionalisations that preceded it. Through a systematic, replicable mechanism of reterritorialisation, enclosure acts normalised spatial regulations, blurred regional differences in the social organisation of agriculture and erased the modes of autonomous social reproduction linked to common land. Their exercise of dispossession of material resources, social capital and community representations is interpreted therefore as an inaugural logic that would pervade the emergent spatial rationality later known as planning.

Conference report: The Future of Planning Education A public symposium celebrating 60 years of planning education, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 2009

Australia's first course in planning, a Graduate Diploma in Town Planning, commenced in Adelaide on 14 February 1949 at the South Australian School of Mines and Industries (School of Mines), a predecessor institution of the University of South Australia (UniSA), which was established in 1991.1 Planning courses began in other states soon after, first at the University of Sydney and then at the University of Melbourne. The emergence of the planning education course in South Australia coincided with a period of significant post-war metropolitan and rural expansion and a related boom in the housing and construction industry. However, the state had been without effective planning legislation or qualified planners since the late 1920s and when World War II ended, it was also without metropolitan and regional plans to guide its future development. Through the initiative of the South Australian Institute of Architects, the Town Planning Institute of South Australia (TPISA) was inaugurated in 1948 and lobbied strenuously, along with other professionals and concerned citizens, for a master plan for Adelaide and for new planning legislation. Perhaps fortuitously for the TPISA and the town planning cause generally, not long after the Institute emerged, Professor Sir Patrick Abercrombie, Professor of Town Planning at University College London, visited South Australia as part of a British Council-sponsored tour of Australia. In addition to supporting local moves to raise government and public consciousness about the need for town planning, Abercrombie encouraged the establishment in Adelaide of a professional course in planning. Consequently, following enquiries by TPISA Council member, Gavin Walkley (Sullivan, 2008), an architect closely involved in the architecture discipline at the School of Mines, a two-year, six-subject postgraduate planning course was developed in keeping with that offered by the Town Planning Institute in Britain. The new course was taught and administered through the School of Architecture, with Walkley lecturing on the History of Town Planning and steering its development during the 25 years that he was Head of School (1951-76). The first undergraduate course was made available in 1965, by which time the School of Mines had become the South Australian Institute of Technology. In 2009, planning is co-located with disciplines including building, construction, civil engineering, geospatial and environmental management in UniSA's School of the Natural and Built Environments within the Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment.2 Its home is still in the Bonython Jubilee building (City East campus) where the planning course was first taught. Enrolments in the postgraduate and undergraduate planning programmes continue to grow, and local demand for planners remains high. The 60 years symposium The one-day symposium held on 13 February 2009 on the theme of 'The Future of Planning Education' provided a starting point for a year-long programme of activities celebrating '60 Years of Planning Education' at UniSA. Timed to coincide as closely as possible with the date of the first planning lecture at the School of Mines, the symposium was held in the Basil Hetzel lecture theatre (City East campus), one of a number of new buildings constructed by the University in recent years. The symposium, a free public event, was attended by about 150 people including academics in planning and the built environment disciplines, alumni of the South Australian planning programme, planning practitioners, undergraduate and postgraduate students and members of the National Education Committee of the Planning Institute of Australia. Most participants were from South Australia. However, some came from interstate and a few visited from New Zealand and also South Africa. UniSA's Deputy Vice Chancellor: Academic, Professor Peter Lee, welcomed the attendees and Professor of Urban and Regional Planning at UniSA, Stephen Hamnett, introduced the programme with a short overview of the background to the foundation of the first planning course in South Australia. …

The Garden City concept: From theory to implementation: Case study: Professors' Colony in Belgrade

This paper presents a part of the town-planning history of the capital of Serbia - Belgrade. The subject of the research* is the analysis of the application of Ebenezer Howard's Garden City Concept in Belgrade in the third decade of the twentieth century. Special attention was devoted to the urban discourse in the first decades of the last century. The narrower referential framework of this work focuses on investigating the urban growth and development of Belgrade in the first decades of the twentieth century. In Belgrade there are dwelling quarters that were created in the period between the World Wars as a direct consequence of the implementation of the Garden City Concept. One of the basic thesis of this work elaborates the modes of the genesis of one of them - the Professors' Colony, and seeks to distinguish specific applications of the Garden City Concept in relation to Belgrade's specific social conditions.

The castle town of Hikone and its future

The author, Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University and the University of Shiga Prefecture , of which he is also ex-President, completed his studies at the graduate school of architecture in Kyoto University. He has specialized in the history of town planning and Planning for Conservation; he has carried out surveys on the history and design of historical towns and villages in Kyoto and the Shiga area; and he has been involved in archaeological excavations and restoration works on Buddhist sites in Gandhara. He has also acted as Visiting Professor, International Research Center for Japanese Studies. The text that follows was presented at the international symposion on "Globalization and Local Identity, " organized jointly by the World Society for Ekistics and the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, Japan, 19-24 September, 2005.

The castle town of Hikone and its future

The author, Professor Emeritus of Kyoto University and the University of Shiga Prefecture , of which he is also ex-President, completed his studies at the graduate school of architecture in Kyoto University. He has specialized in the history of town planning and Planning for Conservation; he has carried out surveys on the history and design of historical towns and villages in Kyoto and the Shiga area; and he has been involved in archaeological excavations and restoration works on Buddhist sites in Gandhara. He has also acted as Visiting Professor, International Research Center for Japanese Studies. The text that follows was presented at the international symposion on Globalization and Local Identity, organized jointly by the World Society for Ekistics and the University of Shiga Prefecture in Hikone, Japan, 19-24 September, 2005.

A future for Athens

The author, an architect and town planner, graduated from the Faculty of Architecture of the Athens Technical University, specialized in town planning in Paris, and obtained his Ph. D in urban design at the Technical University of West Berlin. After a ten-year period of practicing architecture in Athens where he conducted several studies for the Greek Tourism Organization (hotels), the Archaeological Service of Greece (landscaping of excavation areas) and private clients, he has been working mainly in Germany (Berlin and Munich) as well as in Greece as an urban designer in a wide scope of activities, including teaching, research and a planning consultancy. His special interest focuses on urban conservation, planning and urban history. He has worked with the Freie Planungsgruppe Berlin and the Burckhard Planconsulť Basel.He has elaborated major planning development and preservation schemes for the Greek state (Chios Tourist Development, Mykonos-Delos Development Plan, Chania Old Town Preservation Scheme) and acted as an expert for UNESCO (1970, Iran) and the UNCHS (1982, Yugoslavia). As an advisor to the Greek Minister of Culture ( 1974- 1977) he coordinated the Greek participation in the U.N. Vancouver Conference on Human Settlements (1976) and in the European Architectural Heritage Year (1975). He has also acted as the liaison officer between the National Greek Committee and the UNESCO experts for the Acropolis conservation campaign. He has taught as a visiting professor in Berlin (1969-1970), Stuttgart (1981-1982) and Munich (1996-1997) and was for 10 years (1976-1985) Professor of Urban History at the Post-Graduate Center "Raymond Lemaire" for the Conservation of the Architectural and Urban Heritage in Bruges and Louvain/Belgium. He has elaborated major research studies on European planning history and planning issues of his native town Athens, and is considered an authority on the town planning history of modern Athens.

The Politics of the Geographical Imagination Projected on the Urban Range and on the Rapid Transit System Network in Greater Osaka at the Beginning of Town Planning

This paper focuses on town planning in Osaka City in the 1920s from a socio-spatial dialectical perspective. When I looked back on town planning at that time, I realized the significance of the relationships between the central urban districts and the peripheral rural districts, between residential suburbs and Osaka City and between the state and Osaka City. Thus, I applied geographical ideas, such as geographical imagination, space, place and scale to the various aspects of town planning history. Through this approach, I make clear the process of the use of politics among Osaka municipal bureaucrats, State bureaucrats and Osaka councilmen. This process is represented in the form of conflicts concerning spatial scales within their geographical imaginations.In Osaka City during World War I, citizens had encountered capitalistic industrialization primarily dependent upon heavy industry, a mass influx of laborers and serious urban problems such as a housing shortage. In order to cope with those problems, Osaka municipal bureaucrats imagined Osaka City as an organism, dependent on the discourse of the Garden City, and projected the reorganization of urban space.However, with the establishment of the town planning area, the bureaucrats in the Ministry ent of Interior proposed the Province as an organism, the larger urban range containing Osaka City and some middle central places like Sakai City together, and forced Osaka City to compete with such central places in order to aim at moderating its demands against the state. Thereby, they attempted to maintain Osaka City under their control. Meanwhile, Osaka councilmen strenuously resisted the incorporation of rural districts into Osaka City and tried to scale down the urban range. In this sense, the conflicts between the geographical imaginations of three agents came to surface as the politics of spatial scale.This politics materialized in the network of the rapid transit system. Osaka municipal bureaucrats regarded the network as a facility to organically link each district within Osaka City. However, bureaucrats in the Ministry of Railways insisted on cutting down the network on the periphery for the benefit of the railway corporations that run along the planned system. Meanwhile, Osaka councilmen wanted to reduce it in the rural districts in the area.As a consequence of this conflictual process, the geographical imagination of Osaka municipal bureaucrats institutionalized the spatial scale which could come to guarantee the reorganization of Osaka City as an organism, and it has been manifest that their geographical imagination has the capacity to resolve the housing problem, to prevent population spillage and to claim self-government in great cities against the state. The material facilities established in town planning such as the rapid transit system were initiated in the context of the politics of the geographical imagination such as the one which has been outlined above.

The study of urban form in France

This paper reviews urban morphological research in France, mainly since the early 1970s within schools of architecture. Changes in the nature of the studies undertaken are discussed in relation to a number of contextual developments and earlier types of study: first, two historiographical traditions, namely the history of town planning and the topographical histories of individual cities; secondly, studies carried out in the first half of the century; and thirdly, research since the 1960s in disciplines other than architecture.

William Hastie and the Reconstruction of Moscow after the 1812 Fire

A new era in the history of town planning in Moscow came into being at the beginning of the nineteenth century. In 1812 a huge fire destroyed whole areas of the city, and as a consequence, an era of reconstruction began.

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:Forest Soils and Nutrient Cycles, Melbourne University Press, MelbourneDivision of National Mapping Climate, Atlas of Australian ResourcesHerbicides in Agriculture: Minimum Tillage, Science and SocietyPopulation aging in Australia: Implications for social and economic policyAustralia's Changing Population: Trends and Implications, MelbourneThe Natural Environment. Australia–a geography Volume I, SydneyThe Adelaide City Plan: Fiction or Fact, Wakefield Press, AdelaideWith Conscious Purpose: A History of Town Planning in South AustraliaAtlas of South Australia, Adelaide

Hutchings, Alan and Bunker, Raymond (eds.), "With Conscious Purpose: A History of Town Planning in South Australia" (Book Review)

Hutchings, Alan and Bunker, Raymond (eds.), "With Conscious Purpose: A History of Town Planning in South Australia" (Book Review)