History Of Lateral Ankle Sprain Research Articles

Factors Associated With a Lateral Ankle Sprain in Young Female Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Previous studies have attempted to determine if certain risk factors can predict the occurrence of a lateral ankle sprain (LAS) in female soccer players. Unfortunately, there is limited evidence with regard to risk factors associated with an LAS in female soccer players. To identify intrinsic risk factors for an LAS among young female soccer players. Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Participants were 161 young female soccer players in Japan who were evaluated for LAS risk factors during a preseason medical assessment. The assessment included anthropometric, joint laxity, joint range of motion, muscle flexibility, muscle strength, and balance measurements. Each athlete's history of LASs was also collected. The participants were monitored during a single-yearseason for LASs, as diagnosed by physicians. There were 26 instances of an LAS in 25 players (15.5%) during the season. Injured players were significantly more likely to have sustained a previous ankle sprain (P = .045) and demonstrated significantly worse balance than their peers without an LAS during the double- and single-leg balance tests (P = .008 for both). Athletes with lower hamstring-to-quadriceps muscle strength ratios were also significantly more likely to sustain an LAS (P = .02). Poor balance, a low hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio, and a history of ankle sprains were associated with an increased risk of LASs in young female soccer players in the current study. These findings may be useful for developing a program to prevent LASs in this population.

Pain Mechanosensitivity in Individuals With and Without a History of Lateral Ankle Sprain: A Critically Appraised Topic

Clinical Scenario: Pain is a common symptom experienced by individuals who sustain an acute lateral ankle sprain and can continue to persist among those who develop chronic ankle instability. Most rehabilitation protocols for individuals with acute ankle sprains or chronic ankle instability focus on restoring physical impairments and have largely omitted any pain-relieving therapies. This impairment-based focus has led pain to be an understudied symptom among individuals with an ankle sprain history. Overlooking the role of pain has also left clinicians with little insight into whether pain experienced after an ankle sprain is local (i.e., peripheral sensitization) or widespread (i.e., central sensitization). Understanding the pain profiles for those with an ankle sprain history may represent an unexploited area for clinicians and future research to improve health outcomes for this patient population. Clinical Question: Is there evidence to suggest that pain mechanosensitivity levels are different between those with and without a history of lateral ankle sprain? Summary of Key Findings: The literature was systematically searched for Level 4 evidence or higher. The search yielded two cross-sectional case-control studies and one cross-sectional study that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Based on the available evidence, pain mechanosensitivity levels are lower across ligamentous stabilizers immediately after an acute ankle sprain and over lower extremity neuromuscular structures among individuals with chronic ankle instability. Clinical Bottom Line: There is weak evidence to support an ankle sprain history can affect local pain mechanosensitivity levels of structures surrounding the ankle but not at distant locations. Strength of Recommendation: Level 4 evidence is available according to the Center for Evidence-Based Medicine.

Factors associated with persistent pain in college athletes with a history of lateral ankle sprain

ObjectivesTo determine the factors associated with and prevalence of persistent pain in college athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and with previous lateral ankle sprain (LAS) without CAI. DesignCross-Sectional Study. SettingOnline survey at one university. ParticipantsOf the 385 respondents surveyed online, 140 were identified as having experienced at least one LAS (CAI group: 69, coper group: 24, LAS group not classified as either: 47). Main outcome measuresFactors associated with the presence of pain during activities of daily living (ADL) and sports were identified using multivariate logistic regression analyses. Independent variables were demographics, injury characteristics, the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) score, the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Sports (FAAM-Sports) and ADL subscales, and the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia-11 score. ResultsThe prevalence of pain during ADL and sports in the three groups was 16.7%–42.0% and 33.3%–56.5%, respectively. FAAM-Sports and IdFAI score were significantly associated with pain during ADL and sports in the CAI group (odd ratio: 0.923 and 1.145), respectively. No significant pain-related factors were found in the coper and LAS groups. ConclusionsLower self-reported function and greater perceived ankle instability may be important factors in pain management in athletes with CAI.

Running gait adaptations among adolescent runners with soft tissue impairments following lateral ankle sprains.

Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) frequently lead to residual soft tissue impairments, often attributed to biomechanical dysfunction during movement. To compare running biomechanics between adolescent runners with soft tissue pathologies following LAS (injured) and healthy runners (control) and between limbs. Retrospective cohort study. Hospital-affiliated sports injury prevention center. Twenty-five adolescent runners with a history of LAS and current ankle impingement or tendinopathy (23 female, 2 male; age: 15 ± 2 years; body mass index [BMI]: 19.5 ± 2.5 kg/m2 ; symptom duration: 1.1 ± 0.9 years), and 23 healthy controls without any LAS history (19 female, 4 male; age: 15 ± 1 years; BMI: 19.2 ± 2.7 kg/m2 ) were included in this study. All participants completed a clinical gait assessment in which they ran at a self-selected speed on a force-plate instrumented treadmill, while two video cameras recorded two-dimensional sagittal and coronal views. Foot rotation, step width, contact time, and cadence were compared between groups and limbs (involved, uninvolved [or "better" for bilateral cases]) using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Rearfoot landing and foot strike type were compared between groups and limbs using a chi-square analysis. The injured group had significantly increased step width (F = 4.71, p = .04; mean difference [MD] with SE: 1.5 [0.7] cm) compared to controls. The injured groups' involved limb had longer contact time (F = 4.62, p = .03; MDgroup : 12 [7] ms, MDlimb : 22 [11] ms) with more internal foot rotation (F = 14.60, p < .001; MDgroup : 2.2 [1.2] degrees, MDlimb : 4.2 [1.3] degrees) compared to controls and their contralateral limb. There were no significant differences for cadence (F = 2.43, p = .13; MD: 4 [3] steps/min), foot landing (X2 = 1.28, p = .53), or foot strike (X2 = 1.24, p = .54). Spatiotemporal and kinematic running adaptations may predispose young runners with initial LAS to secondary soft tissue dysfunction due to loss of stability from ligamentous structures and an overreliance on myotendinous control. Clinicians may consider targeting these maladaptations during gait-training interventions.

Yoga as a balance intervention for middle-age and older adults with history of lateral ankle sprain: An exploratory study

IntroductionBalance deficiencies are common among aging adults. Musculoskeletal injuries such as lateral ankle sprains (LAS) also contribute to compromised balance; potentially amplifying the postural insufficiencies in these age groups with a history of LAS. Yoga has emerged as an effective balance training intervention for aging adults; but limited application exists in these age cohorts with LAS history. This study may provide important guidance for the implementation of this intervention in these populations. MethodsIn this cohort design study, middle-age and older adults with a history of LAS completed an 8-week beginner-level yoga class. Balance was measured before and after the yoga intervention statically (force plate) and dynamically (star excursion balance test [SEBT]) using single-limb balance tasks. ResultsFollowing the yoga intervention, older adults improved static postural control in the anterior-posterior direction, as well as dynamic postural control in selected reach directions of the SEBT relative to the middle-age adults. ConclusionThis is an important step in exploring how to help the aging population that likely has amplifications in balance deficiencies due to a common musculoskeletal injury, LAS. While more work is needed to determine how to optimize and document balance improvements in aging adults with LAS history, yoga appears to be a promising form of intervention, particularly for older adults.

Differences in Ankle Dorsiflexion Deficit Performance between Male and Female Athletes with a History of Lateral Ankle Sprain: The Functional Pre-Participation Evaluation

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of deficit of ankle dorsiflexion in athletes who sustained a chronic lateral ankle sprain to the hopping performance. A comparative study was designed to compare the deficit and non-deficit condition of ankle dorsiflexion as a result of the weight bearing lunges test to distance hopping ability with single leg hop, which was normalized with leg length. There were no statistically significant differences in hopping performance, deficit vs non-deficit ankle dorsiflexion within-group comparisons in males (P = 0.932) or females (P = 0.999). Between group comparisons showed that ankle dorsiflexion deficit among female resulted lower hopping performance compared to male with / without ankle dorsiflexion deficit (P = 0.041 and P = 0.039). Surprisingly, hopping performance among male with ankle dorsiflexion deficit was further than female without ankle dorsiflexion deficit (P = 0.044). Meanwhile, hopping performance between male versus female without ankle dorsiflexion deficit were not significant (P = 0.054). The deficit of ankle dorsiflexion had no influence on hopping performance in athlete with a history of LAS, both male and female. Sex influenced hopping performance in athletes with ankle dorsiflexion deficits, with female athletes performing worse than male. During recovery, there might be differences in biomechanical adaptation between ankle dorsiflexion deficit conditions in female athletes compared to male. Keywords: Ankle-dorsiflexion deficit, Sex, Ankle sprain, Hopping distance, Adaptaion

Comparison of Dynamic Postural Control in Youth Athletes with and without a History of Lateral Ankle Sprain : A Case-control Study

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the dynamic postural control of youth athletes with and without a history of lateral ankle sprains. METHODS Twenty-eight youth athletes (14 lateral ankle sprain, 14 healthy control) participated in this study. All participants answered the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure questionnaire and were subject to the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) for dynamic postural control evaluation to collect the joint angles of the lower extremity, a center of pressure (COP) path, and COP velocity. Independent sample t-test or Mann-Whitney U-test were performed to analyze the difference between the groups. RESULTS The lateral ankle sprain group (LAS) was found to have a long experience in participating in sports, and low Foot and Ankle Ability Measure scores were identified when compared to the healthy control (CON; p&lt;0.05). LAS was observed with a short reach distance, less hip flexion, and dorsiflexion angles during the anterior direction of SEBT when compared to CON (p&lt;0.05). Furthermore, LAS showed a slower anteroposterior and mediolateral center of pressure velocities in the posteromedial aspect of SEBT and a slower anteroposterior COP velocity in the posterolateral aspect of SEBT when compared to that of CON (p&lt;0.05). There were no differences between the groups with respect to the other variables (p&gt;0.05). CONCLUSIONS Based on these results, decreased anterior reach distance of SEBT may be affected by changing the dynamic posture control strategy of the lower extremity joint on the sagittal plane in LAS.

Preventive interventions for lateral ankle sprains: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective To evaluate the effect of preventive interventions for lateral ankle sprain in the general population. Data sources A search of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane CENTRAL, Medline, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov was conducted up to August 2022. Review methods Randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies that evaluated any interventions for preventing lateral ankle sprain were included. Two reviewers independently conducted the search, screening, and data extraction. The methodological quality of each study was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials or using the Cochrane Risk Of Bias In Non-Randomized Studies tool for prospective cohort studies. Results Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria. Proprioceptive training exhibited better effects on preventing future lateral ankle sprain compared with the control group (risk ratio = 0.59, p < 0.001), and a stronger preventive effect was observed in participants with a history of lateral ankle sprain in the subgroup analysis (risk ratio = 0.49, p = 0.02). Compared with no bracing, ankle bracing had no significant better effect in preventing lateral ankle sprain (risk ratio = 0.43, p = 0.05). Proprioceptive training and ankle bracing had similar preventive effects (risk ratio = 0.98, p = 0.97). Limited evidence hindered the synthesis of data on pain, swelling, costs, and time loss. Conclusion Proprioceptive training is recommended for preventing lateral ankle sprain, especially for people with a history of lateral ankle sprain. Bracing seems to have an ambiguous preventive effect and requires more further investigation.

Modern Surgical Techniques for Treatment of Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability

Abstract: Ankle sprains are among the most common injuries sustained during sports and physical activity. Around 2 million ankle sprains occur per year with ~85% of them being lateral ankle sprains. Lateral ankle sprains involve damage to the lateral ligamentous complex of the ankle. Patients with a history of lateral ankle sprains are at a 3.5× greater risk of re-injury than those who do not have a history of lateral ankle sprain. Repeated damage to the lateral ligamentous complex can result in the development of chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). CLAI can be managed conservatively or surgically. Given the frequency with which sprains occur, and the relative infrequency of symptoms requiring an operation, 80 to 85% of patients can be managed conservatively with good results and minimal disability. However, even with conservative treatment, a 56 to 74% recurrence rate of ankle sprain has been reported. Patients with CLAI who continue to display persistent symptoms after rehabilitation through conservative measures may require surgical intervention. These surgical techniques include direct ligament repair, anatomic reconstruction, and nonanatomic reconstruction. In this chapter we will discuss these procedures, along with their implications and associated risks. We offer different surgical techniques to manage CLAI and available outcome data. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic level 4, case series.

Altered gut microbiota richness in individuals with a history of lateral ankle sprain

ABSTRACT This study aimed to examine differences in the intestinal microbiota diversity in individuals with and without a history of a lateral ankle sprain (LAS). Fifty male college student athletes with (n=32) and without (n=18) a LAS history participated in this study. Faecal samples were collected in the morning after awakening during an off-season, and faecal microbiota were characterized via bacteria 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Alpha-diversity metrics and ß-diversity indices were calculated to assess the gut microbiota diversity. The LAS-history group significantly had lower Chao1 (p=0.020) and abundance-based coverage estimators (p=0.035) indices compared to the control group. Gut microbiota composition was not significantly different between athletes with a LAS history and controls (R2 =0.01, p 0.414). Athletes with a history of LASs had significantly higher proportions of Bacteroides Fragilis (p=0.024) and Ruminococcus Gnavus (p=0.021) compared with controls. The gut microbiota of athletes with a LAS history had less richness compared to controls, indicating potential associations between a LAS and the gut microbiota. This study highlights the potential link of a LAS to global health. This study may help raise awareness of strategies to prevent long-term health-related negative consequences in people suffering from LASs.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and psychometric properties of the Thai version of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI-THAI) questionnaire

BackgroundThis study developed a Thai version of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI-THAI) questionnaire. MethodsTo determine construct validity, 200 participants with a history of lateral ankle sprain completed the IdFAI-THAI, the Modified Thai Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS), the Visual Analog Scale of Instability (VAS-I), and the Thai Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM). Eight days later, 100 randomly selected participants refilled the IdFAI-THAI to assess test-retest reliability and internal consistency. ResultsThe IdFAI-THAI moderate correlated with the LEFS (rs = −0.62), the VAS-I (rs = 0.62), and the FAAM (rs = −0.63 and −0.69 for the activities of daily living and sports subscales, respectively). The IdFAI-THAI had good test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.89) and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.94). Ceiling and floor effects were absent. ConclusionThe valid and reliable IdFAI-THAI can identify chronic ankle instability among Thai speakers in clinical and research settings.

Differences in objective balance outcomes between elite female rugby players with and without a history of lateral ankle sprain

Differences in objective balance outcomes between elite female rugby players with and without a history of lateral ankle sprain

Lateral Ankle Sprain and Subsequent Ankle Sprain Risk: A Systematic Review

To evaluate the evidence regarding the association between lateral ankle sprain (LAS) history and the subsequent LAS risk, as well as sex differences in the observed associations. PubMed, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus were searched through July 2020 for articles on LAS history and incidence during the study period. Studies were included if they were prospective in nature and the authors reported the number of participants with and those without a history of LAS at study initiation as well as the number of participants in each group who sustained an LAS during the investigation. Data were study design parameters as well as the number of participants with and those without an LAS history and the number of subsequent LASs that occurred in both groups. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs compared the risk of LAS during the study period between those with and those without an LAS history for each investigation. A total of 19 studies involving 6567 patients were included. The follow-up periods ranged from 14 weeks to 2 years. Assessment scores indicated the studies were of moderate to high quality. A significantly higher risk of LAS during the study period was observed among those with a history of LAS in 10 of 15 studies (RR range = 1.29-6.06). Similar associations were seen in 4 of 6 studies of all-male samples (RR range = 1.38-8.65) and 1 of 4 studies with an all-female sample (RR = 4.28). Strong evidence indicates that a previous LAS increased the risk of a subsequent LAS injury. Men with a history of LAS appeared to be at a higher risk of sustaining a subsequent LAS, but women were not. However, further data are needed to draw definitive conclusions from the limited number of sex-specific studies.

Identifying Range-of-Motion Deficits and Talocrural Joint Laxity After an Acute Lateral Ankle Sprain.

Approximately 72% of patients with an ankle sprain report residual symptoms 6 to 18 months later. Although 44% of patients return to activity in less than 24 hours after experiencing a sprain, residual symptoms should be evaluated in the long term to determine if deficits exist. These residual symptoms may be due to the quality of ligament tissue and motion after injury. To compare mechanical laxity of the talocrural joint and dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM) over time (24 to 72 hours, 2 to 4 weeks, and 6 months) after an acute lateral ankle sprain (LAS). Cross-sectional study. Athletic training research laboratory. A total of 108 volunteers were recruited. Fifty-five participants had an acute LAS and 53 participants were control individuals without a history of LAS. Mechanical laxity (talofibular interval and anterior talofibular ligament length) was measured in inversion (INV) and via the anterior drawer test. The weight-bearing lunge test was conducted and DFROM was measured. The data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance, independent-samples t tests, and 1-way analysis of variance. Of the 55 LASs, 21 (38%) were grade I, 27 (49%) were grade II, and 7 (13%) were grade III. Increases were noted in DFROM over time, between 24 and 72 hours, at 2 to 4 weeks, and at 6 months (P < .05). The DFROM was less in participants with grade III than grade I LASs (P = .004) at 24 to 72 hours; INV length was greater at 24 to 72 hours than at 2 to 4 weeks (P = .023) and at 6 months (P = .035) than at 24 to 72 hours. The anterior drawer length (P = .001) and INV talofibular interval (P = .004) were greater in the LAS group than in the control group at 6 months. Differences in range of motion and laxity were evident among grades at various time points and may indicate different clinical responses after an LAS.

Adaptation and transcultural translation into Spanish of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability questionnaire

BackgroundFunctional ankle instability can hinder the ability to work and perform leisure tasks. Some questionnaires have been used to identify subjects with ankle instability. The English version of the identification functional ankle instability (IdFAI) questionnaire has been broadly used, but there is not a cross-cultural adaptation into Spanish. ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability questionnaire to a Spanish speaking population from Spain. DesignCross-sectional study. MethodsOne hundred and four patients with history of lateral ankle sprain completed the Spanish version of this questionnaire and the Spanish version of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool. The psychometric properties were measured for structural validity, internal consistency, convergent validity, test-retest reliability, standard error of each measurement, ceiling effect and floor effect. ResultsThe Spanish version of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability questionnaire had a strong correlation with the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (rho = −0.717) with excellent reliability (ICC = 0.9) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.9). No ceiling or floor effects were detected. ConclusionThe results of the present study show that the Spanish version of the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability questionnaire is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be use in a Spanish population from Spain with functional ankle instability for clinical and research purposes.

Muscle Strength Deficit though Intact Proprioception after Lateral Ankle Sprain without Persistent Instability

Abstract Background Lateral ankle sprain is one of the most common injuries in competitive sports. Previous studies which investigated muscle strength and proprioception (joint position sense) focused on subjects who sustained ankle sprain with instability. It is also important to investigate strength deficits and proprioception in subjects with a history of ankle sprain without instability. Therefore the aim of the study is to investigate proprioception and muscle strength deficits in athletes with lateral ankle sprain. Methods Twenty-four male athletes with a history of lateral ankle sprain and 24 age-matched controls (mean age of 22.42±4.13 years, mean height of 173±5.73 cm, and mean weight of 71.20±7.55 Kg) participated in this cross-sectional study. Peak torque and peak torque ratio at speeds of 30 and 120°/s for concentric and eccentric ankle inversion/eversion were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer. The joint position sense of the ankle joint was evaluated using an active angle reproduction test. Result Peak torque produced was significantly less in subjects with history of ankle sprain in concentric inversion 30°/s(t(47)=4.11; p=0.000, Cohen’s d=1.29), concentric inversion 120°/s (t(47)=3.01; p=0.006, Cohen’s d=1.13), concentric eversion 30°/s (t(47)=3.85; p=0.001, Cohen’s d=1.24) and concentric eversion 120°/s (t(47)=3.15; p=0.005, Cohen’s d=1.09). At the same time there was no significant difference observed in eccentric eversion peak torque in both speed (eccentric eversion 30°/s p=0.079; eccentric eversion 120°/s p=0.867) between experimental and control group. No significant difference was found in the joint position sense in the maximal active inversion −5° position (p=0.312) and the 15° inversion position (P=0.386) between both group. Conclusion The study’s results reported a significantly less peak torque of invertors and evertors during concentric movements in athletes with history of ankle sprain. At the same time, no significant difference reported in the evertor/invertor peak torque ratio, and active joint position sense between the 2 groups.

Differences in Static Lower Extremity Alignment according to the History of Lateral Ankle Sprain: Efficacy and Limitation of Static Lower Limb Alignment Measurement as a Predictor of Lateral Ankle Sprain

Differences in Static Lower Extremity Alignment according to the History of Lateral Ankle Sprain: Efficacy and Limitation of Static Lower Limb Alignment Measurement as a Predictor of Lateral Ankle Sprain

Biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of the ankle muscles in men with previous history of ankle sprain

In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of previous history of lateral ankle sprain on the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the tibialis anterior (TA), peroneus longus (PL) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and medialis (GM) in asymptomatic men. For this purpose, a group of 26 men with previous history of lateral ankle sprain (ASG) and a control group (CG) of 29 healthy counter-parts participated in this study. Tone, stiffness, elasticity and mechanical stress relaxation time were measured using a myotonometer in a single session. Higher tone was noted for TA and GL in ASG as compared to CG (effect size of Cohen’s d = 0.57 [p = 0.04] and 0.59 [p = 0.04], respectively). Further, stiffness was higher in ASG than in CG for TA (d = 0.56; p = 0.04), PL (d = 0.58; p = 0.04) and GL (d = 0.63; p = 0.02). Stress relaxation time was also lower for the ASG compared to the CG for TA (d = 0.61; p = 0.03), PL (d = 0.55; p = 0.04) and GL (d = 0.68; p = 0.02). There were no significant differences between groups in elasticity (p > 0.05). GM experienced no significant changes after ankle sprain in any of the variables (p > 0.05). To conclude, previous history of lateral ankle sprain results in higher TA and GL muscle tone. Likewise, these muscles in addition to PL exhibit less deformation against resistance due to their increased stiffness, thus needing a shorter time to restore to their original shape after deformation.

Lateral ankle sprain increases subsequent ankle sprain risk: a systematic review.

To evaluate the evidence surrounding the association between lateral ankle sprain (LAS) history and subsequent LAS risk, as well as sex-differences in the observed associations. PubMed, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus were searched through July 2020 for articles reporting LAS injury history and injury incidence during a study period. Studies were included if they were prospective in nature, reported the number of participants with and without a history of LAS at study initiation, and reported the number of participants from each group that sustained a LAS during the study period. Data included study design parameters as well as the number of participants with and without a LAS history, and the number of subsequent LAS that occurred to both groups. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) compared the risk of LAS within the study period between those with and without a LAS history for each included investigation. Nineteen studies with a total of 6,567 patients were included. Follow-up periods ranged from 14 weeks to 2 years. Quality assessment scores indicate moderate to high quality studies were included. A significantly higher risk of LAS within the study period was observed among those with a history of LAS in 10 out of 15 studies (RR range=1.29-6.06). Similar associations were seen in four out of six studies that included an all-male sample (RR Range=1.38-8.65), and one out of four studies with an all-female sample (RR=4.28). There is strong evidence to support that a previous LAS increases the risk of a subsequent LAS injury. Males but not females with a history of a LAS appear to be at a higher risk of sustaining a subsequent LAS but further data are needed to draw definitive conclusions based on the limited number of sex specific studies.

History of ankle sprain affect the star excursion balance test among youth football players

BackgroundThe relationship between the results of the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) and lateral ankle sprain (LAS) among youth football players was investigated. MethodsThe dominant leg and history of LASs were asked from 33 male youth football players. The SEBT in the anterior, posterolateral, and posteromedial directions were measured for both limbs. The relationship between the history of LAS and reach difference over 4 cm between the dominant and nondominant legs in each direction was statistically analyzed. ResultsThe number of players with the history of LAS, whose dominant/nondominant reach difference was over 4 cm in the anterior direction, was significantly higher to that in players without a history of LAS in both the dominant (94% vs. 63%, p = 0.02) and nondominant (100% vs. 25%, p = 0.02) legs. ConclusionYouth football players with a history of LAS showed reach deficit in the anterior direction in the SEBT.