History Of Landscape Architecture Research Articles

TRACING THE ETHEREAL: EXPLORING AESTHETIC HERITAGE AND CULTURAL IDENTITY IN HISTORIC GARDENS - A CASE STUDY OF SHALIMAR GARDEN

Mughal gardens are a prominent figure in the history of landscape architecture, serving as a symbol of artistic talent and horticultural genius. The Mughal gardens thrived throughout the Mughal Empire's rule in South Asia, and this dissertation investigates the profound philosophy that underpinned its design planting methods. The study explores the sociocultural factors that influenced Mughal gardening practices within the historical framework of that period. This study makes use of both primary and secondary sources to illuminate the main components of Mughal Garden design, including the widespread use of geometric patterns, water features, and the blending of architecture and landscape. A strong link between the gardens and the Mughal worldview is shown when the research additionally looks at the spiritual and metaphorical meanings connected to the fauna and plants selected for these gardens. Additionally, the study focuses on the cultivation practices used by Mughal horticulturists, showcasing their creative approaches to attaining a harmonic fusion of form and function. Mughal gardens are renowned for their overall visual effect, mostly due to the careful selection and placement of their flora. This dissertation tries to uncover the underlying plantation philosophy of Mughal gardens through a thorough investigation of historical records and garden ruins, highlighting the complex interactions between art, culture, and environment throughout this era. Modern landscape designers and hobbyists may take inspiration from the Mughal approach to horticulture and apply its timeless wisdom to contemporary gardening techniques by comprehending the fundamental ideas that guided the building of these gardens.

Using Virtual Tours to Facilitate Sustainable Site Visits of Historic Sites

Many university-level design programs send their students on travel trips to notable examples of design across the globe. However, it is increasingly expensive for both students and programs to commit to extensive travel, and the accelerated growth of global tourism has led to increased pressure on many sensitive historical sites. However, the use of virtual tours may provide a learning experience for students that provides many of the learning affordances of an on-site visit; but does so in a more sustainable manner by reducing financial costs for institutions and lower visitor numbers for historical sites. This paper reports the findings of a program using 360-degree virtual tours in a landscape architecture history course to test students’ ability to spatially encode a site. The results found that students who visit a site using a virtual tour have significantly improved spatial encoding and improved performance on testing of factual knowledge related to the site, suggesting that students experienced many of the similar learning affordances of being on site. This would indicate that virtual tours can provide an opportunity for universities to provide students with a sustainable learning opportunity similar to what would be achieved through a physical visit to a site. Keywords: Landscape architecture history, constructivism, situated learning, visualization, virtual tour

Nature Transformed: English Landscape Gardens and Theatrum Mundi

Nature Transformed: English Landscape Gardens and <i>Theatrum Mundi</i>

조경기사 필기시험 중 한국조경사 문제의 출제 경향

본 연구는 2005년부터 2014년까지 10년간 축적된 국가기술자격검정 조경기사 필기시험 중 조경사 과목의 문항을 대상으로 하여 한국조경사 문제의 출제 경향을 고찰하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국산업인력공단에서 제공한 출제기준은 조경사를 구성하는 다섯 가지 영역으로 구성되어 있다. 그중에서 최근 '서양의 조경'에 대한 문항의 출제 비율이 낮아진 반면에 '한국의 조경'에 대한 문항의 출제 비율이 높아지고 있다. 둘째, '한국의 조경'에 대한 문항에서 약 30여 종의 전통수종과 11가지 유형의 전통조경 시설물이 포함되는 전통조경요소가 다루어졌다. 또한 역사서, 지리서, 실학서, 원예서, 문집 및 기타, 정원도 및 회화자료로 분류되는 전통조경 관련 기록물 25개가 제시되었다. 다음으로 고대부터 조선시대까지 궁원의 조영 시기와 관련된 왕, 별서의 조영자나 소유자, 기록물의 저자, 중국 문인으로 구성되는 인물들이 문항에 등장하였다. 셋째, '한국의 조경'에 대한 문항 중에서 선사시대와 발해시대에 해당하는 문제는 없었으며 조선시대에 집중 분포되었다. 이에 조선시대로 한정하여 고찰한 전통공간 사례지는 별서가 가장 많았고, 도성 궁궐, 주택, 누 정 대, 서원 순서였으며, 읍성과 사찰의 사례지는 낙안읍성과 용주사뿐이었다. 넷째, 조선시대 전통공간과 관련하여 사례지의 조성 시기, 조영자, 입지 특성, 건축 구조, 평면 형태, 정원 구성 요소에 대한 세부적 내용 파악이 요구되었다. 또한 한국조경사 교재 9권으로부터 문항에서 추출한 전통공간 사례지의 출현 여부를 검토한 결과 동춘당, 풍암정사, 십청정, 곡수대, 유상대, 심곡서원은 등장하지 않았다. 연구 결과를 통해서 보편성이 결여된 지엽적 사실에 대한 정보를 묻는 문제, 조경사 교재에서 파악하기 어려운 정보와 대상지가 포함된 문제 등과 같은 한국조경사 기출문제에 대한 점검이 필요하다는 사실을 확인하였다. This study contemplates the tendency of the examination questions for History of Korean Landscape Architecture. The study targets the questions of 'Landscape Architecture History' which has been set in the written test for National Qualification Test of a landscape engineer for recent 10 years from 2005 to 2014 and derives analyzable items based on the guidelines of question-setting presented by Human Resources Development Service of Korea. The results of the study are drawn as follows. First, among 5 areas composing Landscape History, the proportion of Korean Landscape questions is getting increased while that of Western ones is decreasing. Second, about 30 traditional trees and 11 types of traditional landscape elements including traditional facilities were shown in Korean Landscape questions. Besides, history, geographic, practical science, horticulture, anthology books and the 25 tradition landscape-related historic documents categorized as the garden painting data were found. And the kings from ancient era to Choseon Dynasty who were associated with the time of palace garden building, the builders or owners of the villas, the authors of the document and Chinese scholars also appeared. Third, there were no the questions of prehistoric times and Balhae Kingdom, whereas those of Choseon Dynasty were dominantly focused. Among the traditional sites of Choseon Dynasty, Byeolseo(villas) were set most, followed by Dosung or Gung-gweol(castle towns or palaces), houses, Nu Jeong Dea(pavilions) and Seowon(local schools) in order. Nak-an eupseong and Yong-ju sa were the only cases for a castle town and a temple each. Fourth, being associated with tradition spaces, the questions asked for understanding the detailed contents of time of sites' construction, builders, location features, building structures, ground plan types and the components s of garden. In addition, as a result of checking whether traditional landscape sites were shown in the set questions in 9 Korean Landscape textbooks, Dongchundang, Pungamjeonsa, Simgogseowon did not appeared. As a result of reviewing the tendency of the examination questions for History of Korean Landscape Architecture, the questions which ask minor facts without generality and which include difficult information and site uncomprehended in the textbook should be reconsidered.

The Art of the Louvre's Tuileries Garden

The Tuileries Garden is a masterpiece of garden design and one of the world's most iconic public art spaces. Designed for Louis XIV by landscape architect Andre Le Notre, it served the now-destroyed Tuileries Palace. It was opened to the public in 1667, becoming one of the first public gardens in Europe. The garden has always been a place for Parisians to convene, celebrate, and promenade, and art has played an important role throughout its history. Monumental sculptures give the garden the air of an outdoor museum, and the garden's beautiful backdrop has inspired artists from Edouard Manet to Andre Kertesz. The Art of the Louvre's Tuileries Garden brings together 100 works of art, including paintings and sculptures, as well as documentary photographs, prints, and models illuminating the garden's rich history. Beautifully illustrated essays by leading scholars of art and garden studies highlight the significance of the Tuileries Garden to works of art from the past 300 years and reaffirm its importance to the history of landscape architecture.

숭고의 개념에 기초한 포스트 인더스트리얼 공원의 미학적 해석

이 연구는 숭고의 개념에 기초하여 포스트 인더스트리얼 공원의 미적 특질을 해석하고자 한다. 먼저 조경사적 맥락에서 숭고의 미학적 역할을 밝히고, 이를 통해 도출한 논점들을 바탕으로 포스트 인더스트리얼 공원의 미적 특질에 접근하고자 한다. 조경사에서 숭고의 미학은 관례에 대항하는 미학적 범주로 작동하여 미적 향유의 대상을 확장해 왔으며, 동시에 황야나 오염된 부지의 공포심을 순치시켜 예술 작품으로 만드는 조경 본연의 역할과 연관되어 면면히 존재해 왔다. 포스트 인더스트리얼 공원에서 숭고의 계기는 노화된 산업 구조물과 야생의 식물상의 관계로부터 발견된다. 유기된 산업 구조물을 뚫고 피어나는 녹색 식물은 독특한 감각적, 시간적, 감동적 체험을 누리게 한다. 첫째, 산업 구조물의 감각과 식물의 감각은 변증법적 충돌을 일으켜 독특한 감각적 체험의 장을 조직한다. 둘째, 산업 구조물과 식물이 맺는 관계는 시간에 대한 인식을 가능하게 하여 방문객들에게 불확실한 시간성을 체험하게 한다. 마지막으로 포스트 인더스트리얼 공원은 오염으로 얼룩진 부지가 끊임없이 본래의 상태로 회복하려는 자연의 치유력을 형상화하여 방문객들에게 숭고한 감동을 준다. This study aimed to interpret aesthetic properties of post-industrial parks with a perspective of the sublime. It examined the roles of the sublime related to landscape architectural history and traced aesthetic characteristics of post-industrial parks based on aesthetic issues of the sublime. In the history of landscape architecture, the sublime had expanded the scope of aesthetic enjoyment. It had operated as an alternative aesthetic category against conventional landscape design. At the same time, it had been associated with the original role of landscape architecture, which created artworks by taming wild and terrible qualities of wilderness or brown field. This study discovered sublime characteristics of post-industrial parks, inquiring into the relationship between the aged industrial infrastructures and wild plants. First, the sense of industrial structure and the sense of plants have conflict dialectically, constructing an aesthetic field of unique sensory experiences. Second, the dialectical relationship produced an uncertainty in time so that people can experience the complexity of time. Third, post-industrial parks proposed an alternative view of nature. Post-industrial parks presented healing power to restore contaminated land through ecological design strategy so that people can find the quality of wilderness in the brown field of urban landscape. As a result, an aesthetic experience of post-industrial parks produced a sublime impression.

Mirka Benes and Michael G. Lee, eds. Clio in the Italian Garden: Twenty-First-Century Studies in Historical Methods and Theoretical Perspectives. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 32. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2011. viii + 278 pp. $40. ISBN: 978–0–88402–367–8.

Mirka Benes and Michael G. Lee, eds. Clio in the Italian Garden: Twenty-First-Century Studies in Historical Methods and Theoretical Perspectives. Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 32. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 2011. viii + 278 pp. $40. ISBN: 978–0–88402–367–8. - Volume 65 Issue 2

Carol I Park in Bucharest at the Beginning of the 20th Century

The first stage of the evolution of Carol I park is important for the history of Romanian landscape architecture and also stands as an example for the design of parks nowadays. Carol I park was conceived at the beginning of the 20thcentury, as a national park, to host the “General Romanian Exhibition”, a jubilee exhibition celebrating 40 years since Carol the II became king of Romania, 25 years since the proclamation of the Kingdom and 1,800 years since Trajan‟s conquest of Dacia. The authorities invited the French landscape architect Edouard Redont to design this park - inaugurated in 1906. Redont worked in a mixed style, with an important part of romantic style, French landscape style, and a geometrical part in the entrance zone. These styles compounded a belle epoque park, with a lot of pavilions for the exhibition. The composition of the park was centred on an important, large axis cadenced by lots of pavilions and geometrical vegetation and water elements with a hill over a lake as its perspective end. On this hill, the Palace of the Arts, and below it, an elegant romantic cascade and grotto decorated with a sculptural ensemble. The alleys and the vegetation near the lake and on the hill were designed in the French landscape style, in contrast with the geometry of the axis zone and the alleys on its side, with alignments of trees, pruned shrubs and flower platbands.

The weather in the architecture: Soane, Turner and the ‘Big Smoke’

The weather in the architecture: Soane, Turner and the ‘Big Smoke’

The Bronx River Parkway and photography as an instrument of landscape reform

Shifting focus In the classic history of landscape architecture, Norman Newton's Design on the Land, the noted Harvard professor implied he was drawn to the profession by a series of photographs depicting the creation of the Bronx River Parkway, which appeared in official reports and popular magazines in the 1910s and 1920s.1 Newton reproduced two of these images in his book (figurer). The first photograph portrayed conditions on the Bronx River prior to the creation of the parkway, showing denuded river banks lined by small frame houses, privies, and factories. The second photograph showed the same spot several years later. The stark scene of pollution and poverty had been transformed into a pleasingly picturesque landscape, in which a clear stream. wound invitingly through pristine meadows frarned by luxuriant trees and bushes. Frorn. Newton's perspective, these photographs documented landscape architecture's unambiguous triumph over the blighted byproducts of ignorance and avarice, which, in the eyes of many reformers, had turned the environs of many US cities into physical, social, and aesthetic disasters.

The Afterlife of Gardens

Preface One. A Reception History of Landscape Architecture Two. The Garden as Virtual Reality Three. Experiencing Gardens and Landscape in the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Four. Triggers and Prompts in Landscape Architecture Visitation Five. Verbal versus Visual Responses in Garden Visitation Six. The Role of Movement in Garden Reception Seven. Moving Along in the Automobile Eight. The Afterlife of Gardens and the Implied Visitor References Acknowledgments Index

Theory of garden art

C.C.L. Hirschfeld was perhaps the most important writer on gardens and landscape in eighteenth-century Germany. Acclaimed as the father of landscape garden art, he was influential not just in Germany but also in France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, and Russia. Popular with both experts and amateurs, Hirschfeld's writings had a significant effect on the development of European garden design, as well as on the establishment of public parks of his era. His celebration of the natural world sprang from his intellectual roots in Enlightened rationalism, but rather than following the systematic scientific strategy of his forerunners, Hirschfeld formulated a more popular approach that appealed to both the emotions and the reason of his audience. His five-volume Theory of Garden Art, published simultaneously in German and French between 1779 and 1785, is by far the most comprehensive of his works, and well-informed gardeners of the time considered it indispensable. Although Hirschfeld's significance has increasingly been recognized in contemporary landscape scholarship, his works have not yet appeared in English. In this one-volume abridged edition Linda Parshall translates the essential aspects of the Theory of Garden Art, Hirschfeld's seminal work. The translation is accompanied by an introduction by Parshall, which analyzes Hirschfeld's place in the intellectual and cultural history of his time, and in the history of landscape design. This book will be a useful and authoritative contribution to both the history of landscape architecture and German cultural history.

To Heal the Earth: Selected Writings of Ian L. McHarg

Review: To Heal the Earth: Selected Writings of Ian L. McHarg Ian L. McHarg and Frederick L. Steiner (Eds.) Reviewed by Eric Weir Decatur, Georgia, USA Ian L. McHarg and Frederick L. Steiner (Eds.) To Heal the Earth: Selected Writings of Ian L. McHarg. Washington, DC: Island Press, 1998. 310 pp. ISBN 1-55963-573-8 (cloth). US$34.95. Recycled acid-free paper. Forward by Robert D. Yaro In an essay in this book, Ian McHarg writes, The time has come to discover and celebrate the accomplishments of our predecessors. [191] He was speaking to his fellow landscape architects, about the founders of the profession, Frederick Law Olmsted and Charles Eliot. He could just as well have been speaking to us, about himself. McHarg's ideas about the relevance of ecology to landscape architecture became familiar to many through his 1968 book, Design With Nature. With his colleagues in the Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning at the University of Pennsylvania, he exerted a profound influence on planning education and practice throughout 70's and 80's. He played a significant role in shaping national environmental policy. While today neither his ideas nor his work are well-known to the broader public, they remain as refreshingly relevant as when first articulated. This book is not the ideal vehicle for reviving interest in McHarg. It is a collection of papers written largely for specialists; there are thoughtful essays on the history of landscape architecture, the relevance of ecology to planning, and broader policy issues, as well as numerous detailed planning reports. The basic ideas are powerful and appealing, and are elaborated with clarity and conviction, yet the contexts and subthemes are many. As a result, many readers will find themselves struggling, simultaneously, with the redundancy and the disjointedness of the collection. Still, with persistence the vision, the work, and a sense of the man come through. The vision is of a harmony between man and nature. What is good for nature is good for man. If we bring science to bear on understanding how, in particular settings, nature functions, it will provide us with a determinate sense of the place and how we should be related to it. McHarg's ecological planning model provides a clear, comprehensive, and replicable process for carrying through on this vision. The inventory phase

Review: The Coalescing of Different Forces and Ideas: A History of Landscape Architecture at Harvard, 1900-1999 by Melanie L. Simo

Book Review| March 01 2001 Review: The Coalescing of Different Forces and Ideas: A History of Landscape Architecture at Harvard, 1900-1999 by Melanie L. Simo The Coalescing of Different Forces and Ideas: A History of Landscape Architecture at Harvard, 1900-1999Melanie L. Simo Anthony Alofsin Anthony Alofsin Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (2001) 60 (1): 103–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/991689 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Anthony Alofsin; Review: The Coalescing of Different Forces and Ideas: A History of Landscape Architecture at Harvard, 1900-1999 by Melanie L. Simo. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 March 2001; 60 (1): 103–104. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/991689 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 2001 The Society of Architectural Historians Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Review: Between the Ancients and the Moderns. Baroque Culture in Restoration England by Joseph M. Levine; John Evelyn's "Elysium Britannicum" and European Gardening Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 17 by Therese O'Malley, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn

Review: Between the Ancients and the Moderns. Baroque Culture in Restoration England by Joseph M. Levine; John Evelyn's "Elysium Britannicum" and European Gardening Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture 17 by Therese O'Malley, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn

The Way You Do The Things You Do: Writing the History of Houses and Housing

Research Article| September 01 1999 The Way You Do The Things You Do: Writing the History of Houses and Housing Alice T. Friedman Alice T. Friedman Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (1999) 58 (3): 406–413. https://doi.org/10.2307/991534 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Alice T. Friedman; The Way You Do The Things You Do: Writing the History of Houses and Housing. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 September 1999; 58 (3): 406–413. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/991534 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1999 The Society of Architectural Historians Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Mughal Gardens: Sources, Representations, Places and Prospects. Edited by James L. WescoatJr. and Joachim Wolschke Bulmahn. (Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture, XVI). pp. 288, illus. Washington DC, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1996. US $60.00.

Mughal Gardens: Sources, Representations, Places and Prospects. Edited by James L. WescoatJr. and Joachim Wolschke Bulmahn. (Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture, XVI). pp. 288, illus. Washington DC, Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1996. US $60.00.

Gardens and the Picturesque: Studies in the History of Landscape Architecture

Gardens and the Picturesque: Studies in the History of Landscape Architecture

Gardens and the Picturesque: Studies in the History of Landscape Architecture

Gardens and the Picturesque: Studies in the History of Landscape Architecture

John Dixon Hunt, Gardens and The Picturesque: Studies in The History of Landscape Architecture

John Dixon Hunt, Gardens and The Picturesque: Studies in The History of Landscape Architecture