History Of Inappetence Research Articles

Successful use of ultrasound guided pecto-intercostal fascial plane block to provide intraoperative analgesia in four dogs undergoing median sternotomy.

To evaluate the impact of pecto-intercostal fascial plane block on providing intraoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing median sternotomy. 4 dogs. The dogs were presented with a history of inappetence, lethargy and respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs, point of care ultrasound, thoracocentesis, bronchoscopy and computed tomography was performed to characterize the disease. 4 male castrated, 5.3 ± 3 years old dogs weighing 19.7 ± 13.5 kg and belonging to Dalmatian, Beagle, Siberian Husky and Rottweiler breeds were included. Three dogs were diagnosed with suppurative pleural effusions because of pulmonary abscesses and one dog with spontaneous pneumothorax due to the presence of pulmonary bullae. All dogs underwent median sternotomy under general anesthesia to explore the thorax. A pecto-intercostal fascial plane block was performed by injecting local anesthetic bupivacaine in the parasternal fascial plane between the deep pectoral and external intercostal muscles to provide antinociception by anesthetizing ventral cutaneous branches of intercostal nerves second through sixth. Analgesia from the block resulted in reduced requirement of inhalant anesthesia and minimal requirement for opioid to augment analgesia intraoperatively. Median sternotomy is required to perform thoracic surgery in dogs with various thoracic pathologies. Pecto-intercostal fascial plane block is a locoregional technique that can blunt nociception arising from the ventral thorax and can significantly improve perioperative patient care in dogs undergoing median sternotomy by providing effective intraoperative and potentially postoperative analgesia.

A CASE REPORT OF CHRONIC HEPATITIS WITH EFFUSION IN A DOG AND ITS THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT

The present study was aimed to know the chronic hepatitis with abdominal effusion in a beagle dog and its therapeutic management. A 2.5 year old male beagle was presented to Madras Veterinary College teaching Hospital, madras veterinary college, Chennai with the history of inappetence, abdominal distension for past 10 days and the clinical signs of inappetence, fever and palpablelymph node and congested mucous membrane. On Physical examination, dog showed respiratory distress and dull. Dog was subjected for radiography examination, haematology, biochemistry parameters and ultrasound examination. On first day of examination, dog was treated with Lasix at the dose rate of 3 mg/kg body weight, antibiotics and Tribivet injection. Hematology and biochemical values revealed neutrophilia, elevated alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, and decreased total protein and albumin. The lateral view radiography of abdomen revealed fluid shadow and ultrasound examination revealed that chronic hepatitis with moderate abdominal effusion. In case of clinical suspicion of hepatitis an ultrasonographic liver scan can be of diagnostic aid and the finding of an altered structure can be indicative of a liver problem. In many cases of chronic hepatitis may not be associated with ultrasound abnormalities but ascites can be easily identified. Dog was treated with antibiotic cefotaxime at the dose rate of 25 mg/Kg body weight and Lasix at the dose rate of 3 mg/Kg body weight with liver supplement of Lysibin which contain silymarin and supplement with Astymin syrup for 3 weeks. The animal was reviewed after three weeks of treatment which was subjected for haeamtology, biochemistry and ultrasound examination which revealed there was improvement in the blood parameters with decreased total protein and normal level of Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin level and ultrasound examination revealed normal study of abdominal effusion and liver echogenicity and dog had normal appetite and normal vital parameters. In this case hepatitis may be due to any viral etiology like adenovirus that may cause hepatitis with effusion that may be respond to treatment and diuretics and brought normal parameters of vital in dog. Chronic hepatitis with effusion may be further confirmed by Liver biopsy and molecular diagnosis.

Evan’s Syndrome Hemolytic Anemia with Thrombocytopenia in a Labrador Dog: A Case Report

A seven-year-old Labrador retriever intact male dog was presented to the Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatanagar with a history of inappetance, melena, and petechial hemorrhages on the ventral abdomen and treated by a local veterinarian for a prolonged period of time. Clinical examination showed pale mucous membranes, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and mild hepatomegaly. A Complete blood count revealed anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia and serum biochemistry showed hypoalbuminemia and hypoproteinemia. The dog was suspected of having a haemoprotozoan infection, and a thin peripheral blood smear was submitted to the Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatanagar, Bareilly, for examination. A blood smear was screened for haemoprotozoan examination using Giemsa’s stain, which showed positivity for Babesia vogeli. An abdominal ultrasound confirmed hepatic enlargement. The blood clotting profile reveals an increase in activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. The dog's blood sample tested negative for Babesia vogeli, B. gibsoni, E. canis, and H. canis by multiplex PCR; this could be because of prior initiation of antibiotics. A periheral blood smear showed elevated spherocytes count and saline agglutination test was positive. Based on history, clinical examinations, laboratory findings and cytological examinations the case was tentatively diagnosed as chronic case of tick fever with concomitant Evans syndrome. A blood transfusion was performed and around 300 ml of whole blood was infused. Treatment was initiated with triple antibiotic therapy and an immunosuppressive dose of steroids, but after 4 weeks, the dog succumbed to the condition. Further research is required to optimize treatment regimens for dogs with Evan's syndrome, as the prognosis is uncertain.

Computed tomography findings in poxvirus pneumonia in a cat

AbstractA 2‐year‐old, domestic shorthair cat was presented to a referral hospital with a 4‐day history of inappetence and lethargy, which had progressed to dyspnoea and tachypnoea. Investigations performed included full haematology and biochemistry and computed tomography of the thorax. A large, heterogeneously contrast enhancing and poorly marginated mass lesion was noted in the left caudal lung lobe, along with areas of ground‐glass attenuation throughout the left lung field. Fine‐needle aspirates of the pulmonary mass revealed neutrophilic and macrophagic inflammation, with moderate numbers of mildly atypical epithelial cells. The cat was treated with broad‐spectrum antibiotics and returned with multifocal crusted cutaneous lesions 5 days later. Poxvirus polymerase chain reaction was performed on the skin lesion smears and subsequently on the pulmonary mass aspirates, both proving positive for poxvirus. Repeat computed tomography was performed 5 weeks later, revealing complete resolution of the pulmonary changes.

Determination of strong ion difference and anion gap in serum biochemical markers of the lactating cow

Acid-base abnormalities are frequently present in sick animals. Measurement of strong ion difference (SID) and anion gap (AG) is not only useful in explaining the underlying disease mechanisms of acid-base disorders but also assist in proper treatment protocols. The objectives of this study were to determine SID and AG in serum of high yielding lactating dairy cows with a history of inappetence and drop of milk production. Data on serum biochemical markers of 8 cows were collected from diagnostic reports preserved at the department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University. The SID was calculated as SID = [strong cations] – [strong anions] = ([Na+ ]+ [K+ ]+ [Ca2+]+ [Mg2+]) – ([Cl- ]+ [Lactate- ]) and the AG was calculated as AG =([Na+ ]+[K+ ])-([Cl- ]+[HCO3 - ] with all values in mEq/L. Mean value of total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids (Atot) was calculated following the equation, Atot = 0.325275*[albumin] + 2*[phosphate], and the mean value of HCO3 - was calculated as [HCO3 - ] =SID-(Atot×Ka)/(Ka+10-pH), where Ka = 0.9 * 10- 7 and pH = 7.38 . The fixed value of lactate was 0.54 mM/L. The calculated mean values of SID were SID3, 37.56 mEq/L; SID4, 37.02 mEq/L; SID6, 40.14 mEq/L, respectively. Total plasma concentration of non-volatile weak acid was 28.10 mmol/L. And the mean value of anion gap was 16.62 mEq/L. Anion gap was highly correlated with the total plasma ion concentrations of non-volatile weak acids (r=0.99) followed by phosphate (r=0.89) and total protein (r=0.47). In summary, we may conclude that high total plasma concentration of non-volatile weak acids, hyperphosphataemia and high total protein concentrations were commonly associated with lactating cows.

Clinico-haemato-biochemical and Pathological Alteration of Pyometra in Canines

Background: Pyometra is a pathological state of the compromised uterus of grown-up to old, diestrum bitches. Pyometra is easy to identify but can be more challenging when there is no vaginal discharge. In the present study, an attempt was made to find out the pathogen involvement and clinico-haemato-biochemical alteration in bitches affected with Pyometra. Methods: Twelve bitches with a history of inappetence, polydipsia, dirty vaginal discharge, occasional vomition irrespective of breeds and age groups were clinically examined and diagnosed as pyometra. The presumptive clinical diagnosis was based on case history, clinical signs, vaginal cytology, abdominal ultrasonography or radiography, gross examination of a pus-filled uterus after the ovariohysterectomy. Result: Vaginal examination revealed brown chocolate malodorous vaginal discharge with discolouration of the perivulval tissue. Abdominal ultrasound showed hyperplasia with echogenic material in the uterine wall along with distended uterine horns containing a large volume of cellular contents. Radiographic imaging revealed cranio-dorsal displacement of the small intestine and a twisted uniform tubular opacity with a distended uterus. The vaginal cytology revealed a large number of degenerated neutrophils, intermediate and parabasal cells. Escherichia coli were the major pathogen isolated from the pyometra uteri of bitches. The surface of the endometrium was columnar ciliated epithelium, with hyperplasia of subepithelial tissue and thick muscularis. The haemato-biochemical evaluation in pyometra infected bitches revealed decreased haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), total erythrocytic count (TEC) and lymphocyte count indicating the microcytic hypochromic type of anaemia. Leucocytosis with a predominant absolute neutrophilia and lymphocytosis were consistently found in canine pyometra. There was a significantly elevated profile of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, transaminases and alkaline phosphatase as well as total proteins observed in pyometric female dogs as compared to healthy ones which may have diagnostic and prognostic importance, which also indicated damage of vital organ caused by bacterial endotoxins. The haemato-biochemical indices correlating with imaging techniques, vaginal cytology and histopathological examination can serve as good prognostic markers in bitches with pyometra.

Use of human intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia in two cats

AbstractA 2‐year‐old male neutered Maine Coon cat (Cat 1) presented to a referral centre with a 1‐day history of lethargy. A 3‐year‐old male neutered domestic shorthair cat (Cat 2) presented with a 1‐week history of inappetence and lethargy. Complete blood count revealed a severe, mildly regenerative, normocytic, normochromic anaemia for Cat 1, and a severe, non‐regenerative normocytic normochromic anaemia for Cat 2. Following further investigations, a diagnosis of non‐associative immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia was made. Treatment with immunosuppressive dosages of glucocorticoids was started; however, given the lack of response and severity of disease in both cases, it was decided to administer human intravenous immunoglobulin. There was improvement of haematocrit 2 days following the infusion for Cat 1, and 5 days after for Cat 2. Both cats were discharged from the hospital. Cat 1 remained in remission 6 months following the diagnosis, and Cat 2 was lost to follow‐up.

A Case Study of Assessment of Haemato-Biochemical Profile, Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management of Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (Tropical Canine Pancytopenia) In A Male Doberman DOG

Ehrlichia canis is an obligate intracellular rickettsial agent that is transmitted by a brown dog tick called as Rhipicephalus sanguineus which is considered as the principal vector of this disease. A 3-year-old male Doberman dog weighing 25 kg is presented with the history of inappetence, fever, weakness, anemia, scanty feces, hemoglobinuria, shrunken eye ball with mild corneal opacity and reluctant to walk due to pain in the joints. Clinical examination revealed elevated rectal temperature of 104.30F, tachycardia, increased respiratory rate and pale mucous membrane. Blood and serum samples were collected for hematology and serum biochemistry respectively. On blood smear examination with Giemsa staining, Ehrlichia morulae were noticed in monocytes suggestive of Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis / Tropical Canine Pancytopenia.

Congestive heart failure in a young cat with excessive moderator bands (false tendons) in the left ventricle

ABSTRACT: Left ventricular false tendons are fibrous or fibromuscular bands that transverse the ventricular cavity and have no attachment to the mitral valve in many species. In cats it is considered a congenital defect that is rarely related to clinical disease and death in adult cats. A 45 days-old mixed breed cat had a history of inappetence since birth. At the physical exam the patient was lethargic and presented restrictive dyspnoea. At necropsy, there were marked ascites, hydrothorax, hepatomegaly with enhanced lobular pattern (nutmeg liver), and the lungs were markedly diminished (compressive pulmonary atelectasis). The heart was enlarged due to marked dilation of the cardiac chambers. Moreover, multiple slightly whitish and irregular cord-like structures were connecting the posterior papillary muscle to the interventricular septum (excessive moderator bands /left ventricular false tendons) at the left ventricle. Microscopically, these structures were characterized by a marked proliferation of fibrous connective tissue intermixed with Purkinje cells and well-differentiated cardiomyocytes lined by a single layer of endocardium. This study described a case of excessive moderator bands (left ventricular false tendons) in a young cat associated with congestive heart failure and death.

Splenic Nodules: Canine Visceral leishmaniasis?

Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is a parasitic disease of high lethality caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum in Brazil and is often related to splenomegaly. However, splenic nodules in dogs, although frequent, have not previously been reported as associated with CVL, but with neoplastic diseases. Considering that most dogs infected are oligosymptomatic or asymptomatic and that splenic nodules are common to other diseases, it is prudent to differentially diagnose CVL in view of its high zoonotic potential and lethality. The objective of the study was to describe a case of splenomegaly with splenic nodules associated with CVL in an asymptomatic dog treated with 2% miltefosina. Case: A 5-year-old male Rottweiler with 41 kg, with a history of inappetence, apathy and weight loss was referred to the Veterinary Medicine School Clinic of the Cesmac University Center, Maceió, AL, Brazil. However, during palpation a slight increase in the spleen was noted. Hematological, hemoparasite, biochemical and abdominal ultrasonographic examinations were requested to clarify the clinical suspicion of hemoparasitosis. The hematological and biochemical results respectively showed the following: normocytic normochromic anemia, hyperproteinemia and thrombocytopenia, in addition to hypoalbuminemia, with elevated total protein levels. The test for hemoparasites was negative. Ultrasonography showed mixed echogenicity suggestive of nodules. The rapid test for Ehrlichia, Anaplasma and L. infantum was performed. It was positive only for L. infantum. ELISA, IFAT and qPCR tests were performed to confirm the result. The test showed a cut-off result of 0.371 for ELISA, positive for RIFI at a cut-off of 1:40 and qPCR with less than 1 fg and with amplification above 36 cycles. In view of these results, treatment with 2% miltefosine at a dose of 1 mL/ 10 kg was started once a day, after feeding, for 28 days. The animal was monitored throughout treatment and re-evaluated every 10 days for 30 days, showing signs of clinical development, presenting satisfactory results.Discussion: Canine splenomegaly can be associated with a variety of disease possibilities. In asymptomatic canine visceral leishmaniasis (CanL), the slight increase in spleen and the presence of splenic nodules may lead to a false diagnosis. Splenic nodules may be associated with dogs of advanced age and may be due to lymphoid nodular hyperplasia, which causes nodules with echogenicity, hyperechoic regions with well demarcated irregularity, with centralized hypoechoic areas and an absence of hematological and biochemical alterations. The cause of splenomegaly associated with nodules may be difficult to diagnose and require much time and effort. Therefore, diseases such as visceral leishmaniasis of high lethality must be the priority in differential diagnosis in endemic areas in order to minimize the risk of transmission. In addition to allowing an early intervention aiming at good animal health results and preventive measures, such as the use of repellent collars that reduce the risk of phlebotomo infection. The differential diagnosis of CVL is necessary in endemic areas, even in asymptomatic dogs that may present splenic alterations suggestive of other diseases. Treatment with 2% miltefosine was shown to be, in this case, effective at reducing the splenic nodules and a good alternative for the quality of life of the animal.

Co-infection of Babesia sp. and Theileria sp. in a Holstein Friesian crossbred calf- A case report

A 20-day-old Holstein Friesian, crossbred calf with a history of inappetence and weakness was presented to the veterinary hospital at Malhargarh, in recumbent condition. On clinical examination, the calf exhibited high fever, pale mucous membranes, dry muzzle, rough body coat and elevated heart and respiration rate. Giemsa stained blood smears revealed the presence of intra-erythrocytic Babesia and Theileria organisms. The calf was treated with diminazene aceturate, intramuscularly at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight, along with supportive medication. However, the animal died after only a few hours of therapy. The present study reports the rare concurrent infection in a crossbred calf from Madhya Pradesh, India.

Clinic-Pathological Aspects of Spleen Hemophagocytic Histiocytic Sarcoma in a Dog

Background: Histiocytes are cells that differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cell lines from bone marrow CD34+ stem cells. The hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma (HHS) is the only malignant neoplasm originating from macrophage lineages, being a variation of histiocytic sarcoma (HS), originated from dendritic cells. In general, the HHS shows aggressive biological behavior, due to the erythrophagocytosis characteristic of this disease and overall average survival around seven weeks, affecting mainly Bernese Mountain Dog, Rottweiler and Golden Retriever breeds. Therefore, the objective of this work is to report the case of a dog with HHS, emphasizing the clinical aspects and its diagnostic method.Case: An 8-year-old bitch Rottweiler, was attended with history of inappetence and prostration. The complete blood count showed normochromic normocytic anemia, monocytosis and thrombocytopenia, with serum urea levels below the reference value for the specie in the biochemical examination. The abdominal ultrasound highlighted splenomegaly, with heterogeneous parenchyma and presence of a vascularized mass and an enlarged splenic vein. Thoracic radiographic examination showed multifocal and rounded radiopaque structures in the pulmonary parenchyma, suggesting metastatic formation. Rapid serological tests for detection of the main hemoparasitosis antibodies were negative, as well as negative Coombs test. The animal was submitted to exploratory laparotomy with medial line access and posterior splenectomy. The spleen microscopic evaluation revealed neoplastic proliferation cells in mantle arrangement and solid nests areas, supported by a fine fibrovascular stroma. The cells had broad and eosinophilic cytoplasm, round nuclei and some pleomorphism, rude chromatin and evident nucleoli. It was also observed the presence of marked anisocytosis and anisocariosis, hemophagocytic activity, and 27 mitoses in 10 fields (40 x). There were atypical mitoses and necrosis and extensive hemorrhaged areas. These histopathological findings suggested a histiocytic malignant neoplasia and immunohistochemical analysis was performed to define a better histiocytic neoplasm origin. The neoplastic cells showed positive imunostaining for CD11d and Iba1 and negative imunostaining for CD3 and CD20, as well as a proliferative index of 80%, supporting the diagnosis of HHS in the animal's spleen. The following hematological analyzes demonstrated persistence of anemia, worsening of thrombocytopenia, prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time, hypoproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia, serum increase of creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin. Myelogram showed erythrocyte and granulocytic lineage hypoplasia, thrombocytic aplasia and more than 50% of macrophages in bone marrow cell population. The animal’s clinical condition worsened rapidly, after successive transfusions and administration of chemotherapy with lomustine, leading to death 14 days after the surgery.Discussion: HHS is the most serious clinical presentation among histiocytic disorders, conferring an extremely unfavorable prognosis. In addition, the scientific literature that specifically addresses the HHS is rare, with therapeutic extrapolations being performed for the treatment of HS from dendritic cells. The racial predisposition and clinical findings, associated with hematological changes, histopathological analysis and confirmation by immunohistochemistry allowed the diagnosis of HHS, a rare and underreported neoplasm, with aggressive biological behavior and with still inefficient treatment in veterinary medicine.

Diagnosis of Tvt with Cell Cytology and Efficacy of Treatment with Vincristine Sulfate in Non- Descriptive Indian Canine Breeds

Background: Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) is a commonly occurring contagious reproductive tumor of dogs affecting both sexes. Methods: Six female mongrel dogs were brought to Veterinary clinical complex, WBUAFS, Belgachia, Kolkata with the history of inappetence, mass swelling on genitalia and blood tinged urine with dysuria for the past two weeks. Following Physical examination, protruded mass was noticed on external genital region. Impression smear was collected from protruded mass for confirmation of vacuole cell. Chemotherapy was applied with Vincristine @ 0.025 mg/kg b.wt; slow IV once a week for 4 weeks along with supportive treatment. Result: After the end of the 4th week of Chemotherapy animals were showed uneventful recovery.

A Case of Parasitic Fibrino-necrotic Enteritis in A Rottweiler Dog

Background: A Rottweiler male dog carcass (7 years) with clinical history of inappetence, pyrexia, diarrhoea and nasal discharge was received in the post mortem hall of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana. The current work was aimed to study the clinical history, pathological and parasitological examination in the Rottweiler male dog carcass. Methods: After collection of the samples, laboratory work was undertaken in the laboratories of Department of Veterinary Pathology and Veterinary Parasitology, LUVAS, Hisar, Haryana (India) in the year 2018-2019 regarding the examination of the clinical history, pathological and parasitological investigation.Result: Necropsy revealed anaemic mucous membranes; pale conjunctiva; hydrothorax; hydroperitoneum; lungs and heart were congested, blackish discolouration of liver; fully distended gall bladder; congested along with thickened intestinal mucosa; intestinal lumen contained white nematode as well as long creamy cestodes identified as Toxocara canis and Dipylidium caninum, respectively. Histopathologically, intestine revealed presence of severe fibrino-necrotic enteritis characterized by infiltration of mono nuclear cells, degeneration and desquamation of microvilli, congested blood vessels and haemorrhages. Spleen revealed acute splenitis with presence of severe hemorrhages along with neutrophilic infiltration. Liver revealed areas of necrotic hepatitis. The case was confirmed as parasitic fibino-necrotic enteritis due to mixed infection by Toxocara canis and Dipylidium caninum.

Medical management of phimosis associated with generalized Sticker’s sarcoma in an intact mongrel dog

A 3-year-old intact male mongrel dog was presented to the Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, with the history of inappetence, multiple subcutaneous swellings, and haematuria for the past 15 days. The dog had a history of mating with stray dogs, a few months ago. Physical examination revealed normal vital signs and generalized lymphadenopathy along with multiple subcutaneous hard masses of approximately 1–5 cm size was observed all over the body including the eyelids, inner canthus, and prepuce; and swelling on the shaft of the penis was also palpated. The haematology revealed microcytosis and mild thrombocytopenia. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of subcutaneous nodules and genital swelling was positive for Sticker’s sarcoma. Based on the anamnesis, clinical symptoms, and FNAC report, the case was diagnosed as a case of generalized cutaneous and genital form of Sticker’s sarcoma. The animal was instituted with vincristine sulphate intravenously at 0.025 mg/kg body weight once a week for 4 weeks along with ascorbic acid 20 mg/kg body weight, orally for 28 days as supportive treatment. At the end of 4 weeks of chemotherapy, the animal recovered uneventfully.

Pancreatic Colloid Carcinoma in an Elderly Cat

A 21-year-old neutered female domestic shorthaired cat was presented with a history of inappetence, vomiting and haematuria. The cat was humanely destroyed at the owner's request and a necropsy examination was performed. A 0.8×0.5×0.5cm mass was located in the left lobe of the pancreas. The mass was gelatinous in nature and the external and cut surfaces were pale yellow in colour. Microscopically, the mass was non-capsulated and comprised an accumulation of extracellular stromal mucin containing suspended neoplastic columnar epithelial cells forming tubular structures. Immunohistochemically, these cells diffusely expressed cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, CK7 and carcinoembryonic antigen and were partially positive for CK19 and trypsin, but negative for vimentin. The tumour was diagnosed as a colloid carcinoma. The clinical presentation in this case was caused by chronic renal failure complicated by secondary renal hyperparathyroidism and associated metastatic calcinosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of colloid carcinoma arising from the pancreas in a cat.

A clinically rare occurrence of rectal mucosal prolapse associated with tenesmus in a calf caused by Eimeria sp.

Eimeria sp. is a host-specific intracellular parasite that mostly affects young animals. This parasite causes great economic losses in livestock sector. A 6weeks old calf was brought to Referral Veterinary Polyclinic, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar with the history of inappetance and passage of foul smelling diarrhoeic feces rich in occult blood and mucous for the last 3days. On clinical examination, calf was found to be present in lateral recumbency and showed severe tenesmus, prolapsed rectal mucosa along with small quantity of blood mixed feces sticking to the perineum and tail regions. Diagnosis was done based on clinical observations and fecal examination which showed oocysts of Eimeria sp. The prolapsed rectal mucosa was corrected aseptically by manual procedure. The calf was treated with a combination of sulfadimidine and amprolium along with supportive therapy. The calf recovered clinically after 5days of therapy and further fecal examination showed no evidence of oocysts of Eimeria sp.

Malignant Neuroendocrine Tumour (Carcinoid) of the Spleen in an African Pygmy Hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris)

A malignant neuroendocrine tumour (carcinoid) of the spleen was diagnosed on post-mortem examination of a 3-year-old, male African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris). The animal presented with a history of inappetence, weight loss, lethargy, a wide-based gait and a palpable abdominal mass. The gross pathological, histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical findings are described. Primary splenic carcinoids are reported rarely in the human medical literature and this is believed to be the first report in a non-human animal.

Efficacy of doramectin against sarcoptic mange in camels.

A total of four camels aged between seven to eight years were presented to the College Clinics with a history of inappetance and intense itching around neck, inguinal and perineal regions. Based on skin scrapping examination and clinical signs, mange infestation of Sarcoptes scabei was confirmed. Successful therapeutic management was done with the use of doramectin @ 0.2 mg/kg b.wt. s/c along with supportive therapy. Complete recovery and disappearance of mites from skin scrapping was noticed for all four camels after four weeks.

Microbiological Analysis of Acute Mastitis in a Van Cat

In this case report, a 7-year-old female Van cat of 2.3 kg weight, bred and given birth in the Van Cat Research Center, is presented. There was a two day history of inappetence and fatigue, along with lying without movement for long. Our physical examination showed an acute inflammation accompanied by swelling, severe pain and hardness in the left caudal thoracic mamma, in addition to a bruise starting from the nipple and extending to the rest of the tissue. The cat was diagnosed with mastitis. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus simulans were identified after the microbiological analysis of the milk from the affected breast.