History Of Different Regions Research Articles

Memorability of Tourism Experiences and The Influence Towards Revisit Intention to The Museum: A Conceptual Model Development

Museums play an important role in cultural tourism as they display cultural heritage, present the culture and history of different regions, and have educational and entertainment functions. Museum visitors belong to the same tourism industry that makes up the whole contribution to the country's GDP. It is indisputable to address tourism as an industry that focuses on visitors' personal experience, whereby tourists are eager for a memorable tourism experience (MTE). Specifically, a study on MTE and revisit intention has existed in recent years. Despite the growth of studies on MTE and revisit intention, studies that focus on museum settings were found to be scarce. Hence, this article aims to integrate previous research about MTE and revisit intention that finally will propose a conceptual framework for future study. This case study will use a non-probability sampling method that will consider the National Museum as the survey site. The findings of this study are expected to assist the relevant tourism stakeholders in maneuvering tourism experience marketing and promoting revisit intention among the visitors of the museums in Malaysia.

Revealing the recent demographic history of Europe via haplotype sharing in the UK Biobank

Haplotype-based analyses have recently been leveraged to interrogate the fine-scale structure in specific geographic regions, notably in Europe, although an equivalent haplotype-based understanding across the whole of Europe with these tools is lacking. Furthermore, study of identity-by-descent (IBD) sharing in a large sample of haplotypes across Europe would allow a direct comparison between different demographic histories of different regions. The UK Biobank (UKBB) is a population-scale dataset of genotype and phenotype data collected from the United Kingdom, with established sampling of worldwide ancestries. The exact content of these non-UK ancestries is largely uncharacterized, where study could highlight valuable intracontinental ancestry references with deep phenotyping within the UKBB. In this context, we sought to investigate the sample of European ancestry captured in the UKBB. We studied the haplotypes of 5,500 UKBB individuals with a European birthplace; investigated the population structure and demographic history in Europe, showing in parallel the variety of footprints of demographic history in different genetic regions around Europe; and expand knowledge of the genetic landscape of the east and southeast of Europe. Providing an updated map of European genetics, we leverage IBD-segment sharing to explore the extent of population isolation and size across the continent. In addition to building and expanding upon previous knowledge in Europe, our results show the UKBB as a source of diverse ancestries beyond Britain. These worldwide ancestries sampled in the UKBB may complement and inform researchers interested in specific communities or regions not limited to Britain.

Origins of the mechanical property heterogeneity in a hybrid additive manufactured Hastelloy X

Hybrid additive manufacturing (hybrid-AM) technique is a new processing technique in which the large part of a component is fabricated by conventional manufacturing techniques and the complex parts are added flexibly via AM. This technique provides an efficient and economical method for manufacturing metallic components with different degrees of complexity. However, the mechanical properties of the substrate and the additive manufactured zone usually failed to match well while the underlying mechanism is still not fully understood. To address this problem, here we revealed the mechanisms of mechanical property heterogeneity in a hybrid-AMed Hastelloy X by microstructural characterization, thermo-mechanical simulations, and strengthening mechanism analyzing. The results demonstrate that the tensile properties and micro-hardness along the building direction show distinctive heterogeneity in the hybrid-AMed Hastelloy X, which is directly related to the evident microstructure changes. We attributed the microstructural variation to the different thermal histories of different regions during AM. Strengthening mechanism analysis indicated that the inhomogeneity of mechanical properties in the hybrid-AM Hastelloy X was mainly determined by the heterogeneous distribution of grain size, dislocation density, and crystallographic texture. EBSD, ECCI, and residual stress simulation all provided strong evidence for this conclusion. These findings shed new insights not only for achieving more homogeneous mechanical properties during the hybrid-AM process but also for laser additive repair and other fields.

Friction stir welding joints of 2195-T8 Al–Li alloys: Correlation of temperature evolution, microstructure and mechanical properties

7.5 mm thick 2195-T8 Al–Li alloy plates were manufactured by friction stir welding (FSW). Thermal history of different regions in welding joints was recorded during welding. Microstructure characterization was conducted out by electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mechanical properties were measured using micro-hardness and tensile test. The correlation of temperature evolution, microstructure and mechanical properties of individual regions in welding joints was discussed. It was shown that peak temperature was 358 °C–376 °C in the heat affected zone (HAZ) where joint failure occurred due to the dissolution and coarsening of T1 and development of coarse grain boundary phase and precipitate free zones (PFZs). Peak temperature of thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) ranged from 376 °C to 401 °C, leading to complicated precipitation behavior. The dissolution and coarsening of precipitates resulted in joint softening, while a layer of fine equiaxed grains at the interface of the AS-TMAZ/NZ increased the hardness of this region. The base material (BM) mainly consisted of rolling textures, while the NZ and TMAZ had strong shear textures. Moreover, the intensity of shear textures was evidently higher in the NZ, but relatively lower in the RS-TMAZ. The hardness and tensile strength profiles of welding joints appeared in “W” shape. From the base material zone to the nugget zone within a welding joint, fracture mechanism changed from brittleness fracture to toughness fracture.

Role of generativity on tourists’ experience expectation, motivation and visit intention in museums

Museums showcase the cultures and histories of different regions and serve as new tourist attractions in numerous cities. Scholars and practitioners are keen on understanding the factors that influence the museum visit intention of visitors. The current study examined generativity, which refers to one's care and concern for the next generation, and its impact on the museum experience expectation, motivation and visit intention of tourists. A questionnaire survey involving 306 museum visitors in Macau was conducted. Results of structural equation modelling suggested that generativity directly affected experience expectation and visit intention. Moreover, experience expectation had a direct effect on visit intention. Additionally, this study found that experience expectation and motivation were mediating variables between generativity and visit intention. Furthermore, implications and suggestions were provided for tourism providers and museum managers.

«THE COSSACK PERIOD» AS A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL CONCEPT IN THE WRITINGS ON THE LOCAL HISTORY OF DNIEPER REGION UKRAINE, XIX – BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY

In the article it is posed the problem of the existence of historiography concept of «the Cossack period» in the historiography of the local history of Dnieper region Ukraine in the epoch of the formation of modern Ukrainian nation. At that time the historiography of history of Ukraine was gradually transformed into an independent direction of research. In particularly this process was connected with the appearance of its own national history periodization. In this regard, the traditional Cossack theme which was concidered as Ukrainian in the conditions of the Russian Empire, to a certain extent had lost the role of the sole representative of history of Ukraine.The Ukrainian historiography has expanded the horizons of Ukrainian history towards ancient times, for example, the times of Rus’ (according the conception of Rus’-Ukraine by V. B. Antonovych and M. S. Hrushevs’kyi) and earlier and also concedered the original development of contemporary Ukrainian society as a period of national revival. Accordingly the epoch of emerging and development of the Cossacks as a individual Ukrainian historical phenomenon was changed into the next stage of the history of Ukraine in modern model (paradigma) of its historical development. Therefor in the article it is paid attention to the emergence of the concept of «the Cossack period» in the context of general history of Ukraine.At the same time, the historical researches in Dnieper region Ukraine which were of non-whole national Ukrainian, but of territorial, local character also contained in themselves the reflection of attempts to distinguish the concept of «the Cossack period» because they considered all periods available by sources in the history of the regions – from antiquity (as to the South) to the present, or in the history of certain settlements they examined a consistent change of periods, starting from their foundation.The article also paid attention to the different approaches of the authors to using the concept of «the Cossack period» in the historiography of the local history, proposed the three types of concept: people (narodnycky) type (or demographic, ethnographic, estate); political one (or political and state) (concerning the Hetmanate or Zaporoz’ka Sich); mixed people (narodnycky) and political one (Slobids’ka Ukraine).As a result of the made research it was found that in the historiography of the history of different regions of Dnieper region Ukraine there were particular types of concept of «the Cossack period», depending on the local historical experience, the approaches of the individual authors and others. The influence of the concept of «the Cossack period», which was characteristic to V. B. Antonovich-M. S. Hrushevsky’s national paradigm of history of Ukraine, according to used sources, is the most noted in the history of the Kharkiv, by D. I. Bagalij, who was V. B. Antonovich’s disciple, although we can not exclude its effect towards the authors of the history of the city of Chernihiv.

Experiment-based regional characterization of HAZ mechanical properties for laser welding

As for the tailor welded blanks (TWB) of dual-phase steels, heat-affected zone (HAZ) always exhibits significant changes of mechanical properties after experiencing the laser welding process. Hence, the characterization of HAZ mechanical properties is very critical for the accurate forming simulation and service performance of laser-welded blanks. However, it is still difficult to obtain the regional mechanical properties of HAZ because it has a varied transition of microstructures and mechanical properties in a very narrow range (e.g., <1 mm). In this paper, to investigate the regional mechanical properties of HAZ in the laser-welded joints of DP600 steels, an experimental approach was carried out based on the thermal simulation running on the Gleeble machine. The thermal histories of different regions in HAZ during laser welding were simultaneously measured by thermocouples, and then applied for the thermal simulation. The regional characterization of HAZ mechanical properties was realized with the thermal-simulated HAZ specimens. The results show that the thermal histories in weld and HAZ are very sensitive to the distance from the weld centerline, which results in different relevant microstructures and mechanical properties. The tensile strength of HAZ at different locations decreases with increasing distance from the weld centerline, but the elongation has the opposite tendency. The regional mechanical properties of HAZ were also applied to the finite element model of the tensile testing for welded joint by ABAQUS, an elastic-plastic finite element code. And the finite element simulation shows good agreement with the experimental.

东非裂谷系西支(湖区)油气资源潜力评价与分析

随着油气资源的需求量不断增加，东非裂谷系西支(部分湖区)作为未来油气资源勘探的潜力地区，其勘探程度一直较低。由于各个盆地具有相对不同的沉积历史，为了掌握东非裂谷系西支的勘探前景，需要对各盆地及次级盆地进行详细的研究。本文从东非裂谷的整体地质概况开始，分析了东非裂谷的构造演化，将西支7个主要的地堑分别进行石油地质特征的研究，结合不同地区的勘探历史，得出对东非裂谷西支(湖区)油气资源的评价结果。认为Albert地堑和Tanganyika地堑油气资源很丰富，勘探潜力很大；Malawi地堑(Nyasa地堑)、Rukwa地堑、Ruhuhu地堑油气资源较为丰富，虽然勘探力度不足，但也具有一定的勘探潜力。 With the increasing demand for oil and gas resources, part of the lakes of the western branch of the East African Rift, regarded as a potential area of oil and gas exploration in the future, have maintained a low level of exploration. Since each basin has a relatively different sedimentary history, we need to make exploration of each basin and sub-basin in detail to grasp the exploration prospects of the East African Rift System. In this paper, starting from the overall geological setting of the East African Rift, we analyze the tectonic evolution of the East African Rift, study the petroleum geological features of seven major grabens of the western branch, then combine with the exploration history of different regions, and we obtain the evaluation results of the western branch (Lakes) of the East African Rift. We think that the oil and gas resources of Albert Graben and Tanganyika Graben are very rich and have a great exploration potential; the oil and gas resources of Malawi Grabens (Nyasa Grabens), Rukwa Grabens, Ruhuhu Grabens are abundant. Although there is a lack of exploration and development, they still have a certain exploration potential.

Assessment and Analysis of Ismaili Sect’s Functionality Sect in Azerbaijan 4th - 10th Century A.H

The Ismaili is one of the sub-sects of Shiite sect which in addition to being involved in some specific events in the history of different regions in the world of Islam from India to Iran and North Africa has been able to form governments. The record of Ismaili’s presence in Azerbaijan goes back to the third century A.H and the ruling period of Mosafer and Sajian in the fourth century A.H that continued to Seljuqs and Ilkhanids periods. Upon Mongol attacks the center of Immamat moved to Azerbaijan, during 8 and 9th century A.H and this coincided with the Nezari Ismaili’s internal evaluations in Iran. The level of Ismaili sect’s presence in and its contribution to Azerbaijan between 4th and 10th century A.H is assessed here through a descriptive-analytic method and library studies.

How useful could Arabic documentary sources be for reconstructing past climate?

Trees, corals, ice cores and documentary evidence provide high-resolution proxies that allow past climate to be reconstructed (Jones et al., 2009). Documentary evidence includes all forms of written historical information about past climate or weather, but its use for climate reconstruction is restricted to locations for which there is a rich documentary legacy. Several climate analyses and reconstructions have been undertaken using documentary evidence from Europe (Brazdil et al., 2005; 2010), North and South America (Dupigny-Giroux and Mock, 2009; Prieto and Garcia-Herrera, 2009; Neukom et al., 2010), Asia (Ge et al., 2005; 2010; Aono and Kazui, 2008; Hirano and Mikami, 2008) and oceanic areas (Garcia-Herrera et al., 2005). The Islamic World is a region for which such sources could also be used to reconstruct past climate, as indeed they have been widely used for astronomy and geophysics. Astronomers have used the observations made by Arab astronomers for centuries, with some remarkable examples. Historical eclipse observations, recorded by various ancient and mediaeval cultures including Arabs, have enabled changes in the Earth’s rate of rotation to be monitored with fair precision as far back as around 700 AD (Stephenson, 2003). Rada and Stephenson (1992) catalogued meteor showers using mediaeval Arab chronicles and Ahn (2003) investigated the spatial distribution of meteor streams crossing the orbit of the Earth from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries using chronicles from Korea, Japan, China, Arabia and Europe. Documentary sources from Iberia have been used to identify and date such astronomical phenomena as eclipses and comets (Vernet, 1982), naked-eye sunspots (Vaquero and Gallego, 2002) and aurora sightings (Vaquero and Gallego, 2001). The work of Basurah (2006) provides descriptions for 18 aurora displays on various dates at low latitudes in the Mediterranean area taken from Islamic chronicles (ninth to sixteenth centuries). In seismology, Arabic chronicles were extensively used to prepare the Seismic Catalogue of the Iberian Peninsula (Martinez and Mezcua, 2002) and to study seismic activity in Syria and Palestine (Ambraseseys, 2005). However, the use of these sources to recover climate information is, to the best of our knowledge, still very limited (Bulliet, 2009; Jones et al., 2009). Here we describe a preliminary inquiry based on Arabic documentary sources from Iraq. We would stress the antiquity of the documents used, with dates in the period 816–1009 AD. The sources consulted are Arabic chronicles that narrate the social, political and religious history of different regions in a form very characteristic of Arab culture.

The Promise and Challenges of Global Labor History

The idea that the histories of different regions in the world are interconnected is not particularly novel; it already existed several centuries ago. Thus, for example, when the German historian and playwright Friedrich Schiller was granted a chair at the University of Jena in 1789, he declared in his inaugural address that “the most remote regions of the world contribute to our luxury.” After all, he continued, “The clothes we wear, the spices in our food, and the price for which we buy them, many of our strongest medicines, and also many new tools of our destruction—do they not presuppose a Columbus who discovered America, a Vasco da Gama who circumnavigated the tip of Africa”?2Nevertheless it took quite some time before professional historians began to consider these global connections seriously in their research. Colonial and “imperial” historians led the way. They were joined by economic historians. Labor historians became interested in intercontinental perspectives only more recently; until the 1970s, they typically locked themselves into the framework of individual nation-states. Even great innovators in the discipline, such as E. P. Thompson, thought mostly in terms of “national” working classes.

Latino Los Angeles in film and fiction: the cultural production of social anxiety

Los Angeles has long been a place where cultures clash and reshape. The city has a growing number of Latina/o authors and filmmakers who are remapping and reclaiming it through ongoing symbolic appropriation. In this illuminating book, Ignacio Lopez-Calvo foregrounds the emotional experiences of authors, implicit authors, narrators, characters, and readers in order to demonstrate that the evolution of the imaging of Los Angeles in cultural production is closely related to the politics of spatial location. This spatial-temporal approach, he writes, reveals significant social anxieties, repressed rage, and deep racial guilt. Latino Los Angeles in Film and Fiction sets out to reconfigure the scope of literary and cultural studies. Integrating histories of different regions and nations, the book sets the interplay of unresolved contradictions in this particular metropolitan area. The novelists studied here stem from multiple areas, including the U.S. Southwest, Guatemala, and Chile. The study also incorporates non-Latino writers who have contributed to the culture of the city. The first chapter examines cultural production from an ecocritical perspective on urban interethnic relations. Chapter 2 concentrates on the representation of daily life in the barrio and the marginalization of urban youth. The third chapter explores the space of women and how female characters expand their area of operations from the domestic space to the public space of both the barrio and the city. A much-needed contribution to the fields of urban theory, race critical theory, Chicana/o Latina/o studies, and Los Angeles writing and film, Lopez-Calvo offers multiple theoretical perspectives including urban theory, ecocriticism, ethnic studies, gender studies, and cultural studies contextualized with notions of transnationalism and post-nationalism.

Darwin’s biogeography

AbstractThe year 2009 marks the 150th anniversary of the publication of Charles Darwin’s Origin of Species. This book was so influential that it is often considered to be the most important scientific work ever written. Many volumes have been published about the Origin and its lasting effects on religion and society, but few have examined its influence on biogeography. However, it was Darwin’s initial interest in comparing the natural history of different regions during the voyage of the Beagle that led him to propose natural selection as an evolutionary force. He had visited the Cape Verde Islands and saw the similarity of their biota to that of Africa, and then noted the South American relationships of the Galapagos fauna and flora. But the island plants and animals were different from their mainland relatives, and, in the Galapagos, each island appeared to have its own endemic forms. It was these biogeographical observations that were critical to Darwin’s formulation of a theory to account for them. His subsequent conclusions on the evolutionary importance of centres of origin and dispersal were generally well accepted for the next 100 years, until the advent of vicarianism, which began in the early 1970s. That vicarianist movement received an impetus from two sources: (1) the works of Leon Croizat, who did not believe that living organisms could disperse overseas by themselves; and (2) the development of plate tectonics and its causation of continental drift. Vicarianists believed that primitive species were originally widespread over the Earth’s surface but were rafted to different parts of the world by continental fractionation and movement. However, continental drift in the Mesozoic could not have involved contemporary species or genera as many vicarianists claimed. The development of phylogeography, beginning in the 1980s, and improved knowledge of the fossil record soon demonstrated that multitudes of living species, and even many genera and families, underwent long‐distance dispersal during the Cenozoic. This resulted in a decline of vicarianism and a vindication of Darwin’s conclusions on centres of origin and dispersal.

Gouverner et définir un territoire : géopolitique, art et production manuscrite au Lāstā entre 1667 et 1768

Ruling and defining a territory, geopolitics, paintings and manuscripts in lasta between 1667 and 1768 ; This paper takes place in a research program on the historical geography of the Christian Kingdom of Ethiopia which purpose is to bring to light the history of different regions as centers and not only as peripheries to be dominated or to be conquered. The Lāstā, which statute toward the central royal authority is reversed between the 13th to the 17th century, seems to be an emblematic zone for this study. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Lāstā has asserted itself as the bastion of a political and religious opposition to the centralizing royal authority of Gondar and has an autonomy which has to be defined. The production of manuscripts and paintings is one way to study this area not by the prism of the documents elaborated by the government of Gondar but in the documents produced in this area. Replacing these items in their context, considering their patrons and the different artistic tendencies which can be observed either in link with the painting created in the capital or in a style definitely distinct, we will try to determine what we can know about Lāstā’s political organization at that time and which part the images take in the construction of its identity. Thus, we will try to better understand the relationships between central and regional authorities and to bring a new light on the structure of the Ethiopian Kingdom.

Размышления о “Центральной Азии в составе Российской империи”

SUMMARY: In his essay, Sergei Abashin shares reflections on the volume Central Asia within the Russian Empire . He compares this volume with other volumes published in the series Borderlands of the Russian Empire . Abashin observes that the task of writing histories of different regions of the Russian Empire according to a single plan has failed. The author contends that attempts made in the series to overcome the influence of national narratives were unsuccessful. Proof that national narratives have crept into a new analytical framework is found in the fact that the volume was eventually titled Central Asia , despite the fact that the region had never constituted geographic or administrative unit prior to the twentieth century. Moreover, Abashin contends that putting all the borderlands of the Russian Empire into a single analytical framework conceals imperial diversity and inequitable relations between different borderlands and the imperial center. Though Central Asia briefly fascinated Dostoevsky and other champions of mission civilisatrice , it never occupied a place in governance and symbolic geography of imperial mindscape similar to that of the Caucasus. At the same time, the efforts undertaken in the series to overcome the inertia of past imperial narratives, with their concomitant focus on the imperial center, led to a paradoxical situation in which the center did not merit a separate volume. Still, study of the history of diverse borderlands evokes the image of the center and judging by the various volumes of the series, the imperial center was perceived differently in different borderlands. Reflecting on the volume dedicated to Central Asia, Abashin observes that the period of entry (conquest and incorporation) of new territories into the Empire receives more scholarly attention than periods of ruling routine. This creates an imbalance in the historical analysis of colonialism and pushes historians to rely on the visionary designs of a short heroic period, thus missing the importance of the dissipation of these visions during the longer period of imperial routine. Abashin also describes other imbalances apparent in historical reconstructions of the steppe region and Turkestan, both of which (contrary to historical evidence) are usually taken together and thought of as homogenous colonial peripheries. In conclusion, Abashin defends the view of the steppe region and Turkestan as a peculiar borderland in the Russian Empire, based on a number of historical factors. More to the point, Abashin reminds the reader that the region of Central Asia appears to be a peculiar part of the Russian Empire because its study is contested between two hardly compatible traditions: historiography (or studies of Russian history) and Oriental Studies.

Wizerunek polityka lokalnego i rola środków masowego przekazu w jego kształtowaniu

The Author of the paper discusses the notion of the image, presents the expectations of Poles concerning politicians (in particular politicians at a local level), and pays particular attention to the importance of the diversified history of different regions in Poland. The paper also addresses the problem of how an image is created emphasizing those elements that are significant from the perspective of a local politician. Finally, the Author refers to the significance of the mass media and direct electioneering during a campaign at a local level.

Understanding Enclosure

This article seeks to re-evaluate the history and importance of one of the most important processes to have shaped the English cultural landscape in the last one thousand years. It emphasises the diversity of the enclosure experience through space and time, and attempts to identify some general 'rules' which help explain what happened. It also challenges some recent scholars who view enclosure as a unified, structuring process.The article begins by describing the different forms of enclosure; the distinction between piecemeal and general enclosure, and the various forms that general enclosure could take. It challenges the over-sharp distinction drawn in the past between 'champion' and 'ancient' countryside. It identifies two main phases of agricultural change – from late medieval times until 1700, and from 1700 to 1900 – and links these to the enclosure history of different regions, pointing out, for instance, the great early modern shift from arable to enclosed pasture in the Midlands that produced the familiar ridge and furrow earthworks which were, until recently, a ubiquitous feature of the region.The article establishes two general principles: firstly, the ease with which enclosure was achieved was closely connected to the nature of existing landholding patterns, and secondly, that before 1700 most enclosure was associated with a conversion to permanent pasture. It also proposes a modified chronology for enclosure.Finally the article explores the social and ideological causes and implications of the enclosed landscape: its expression of paternalistic social concerns, the landed elite's desire for prestige, and order – a landscape that was diametrically opposed to the commons, the democratic abode of 'undesirable elements' and the poor. It takes issue however, with the view that enclosure caused the decline in the fortunes of the rural poor and the small farmers. The article concludes by setting out a new agenda for landscape historians, one based on the analysis of the enclosure history of ecologically distinct regions and areas.

Taxonomy and Bathymetric Distribution of Holocene Deep-Sea Benthic Foraminifera in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea

This study examines and illustrates deep-sea benthic foraminifera from 21 Holocene samples from the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea Deep Sea Drilling Project sites. The samples represent a wide range of water depths (ca 800-5600m). A total of 226 taxa were recorded and their bathymetric distribution was examined. Seventy six important taxa are illustrated using scanning electron micrography. About 76% of the total species recorded belong to the suborder Rotaliina, 13% to Textulariina, and 11% to Miliolina. Identification of 18 species was equivocal and, consequently, they are described with 'cf.' Thirty three taxa are identified up to generic level. Calcareous forms are dominant above 5000m whereas agglutinated forms are dominant below 5000m water depths. This supports the theory that the Calcite Compensation Depth (CCD) in the Indian Ocean lies at about 5000m as reported earlier. Characteristic assemblages are found to be associated with distinct deep-water masses. INTRODUCTION Taxonomy plays a significant role in the understanding of ecologic and biostratigraphic importance of benthic foraminifera. Until the 1970's deep sea benthic foraminifera were largely used for taxonomic purposes. Later, studies by Streeter (1973) and Schnitker (1974) mainly focused on relationships between modem deep-sea benthic foraminifera and deep-water masses which allowed micropaleontologists to decipher environmental changes occurring through the Neogene. These studies on faunal-water mass associations had a great impact on earlier interpretations and eclipsed advances on taxonomic reports of benthic foraminifera owing to the incorrect belief that the deep-sea fauna are cosmopolitan. Ambiguous taxonomic identifications in many studies have resulted in inconsistent ecologic interpretations while using the same taxon or taxa in different regions. Thus a stable taxonomy assists in comparing paleontologic data and offers a more reliable understanding of the paleoecological history of different regions. The first comprehensive taxonomic study on Recent deep-sea benthic foraminifera was that of Brady (1884), based on samples dredged from the world ocean during the Challenger expedition (1873-1876). Brady's study was fundamental to the development of the taxonomy of deep-sea benthic foraminifera and provided the basis for later work. Deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the Neogene sequences from the Indian Ocean Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) holes were first illustrated by Boltovskoy (1978) whereas Recent deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the other southeast Indian Ocean deep-sea cores were first figured by Corliss (1979). More recently, several studies have presented illustrations and taxonomic notes of Neogene deep-sea benthic foraminifera from the Indian Ocean region (Srinivasan and Sharma 1980; Gupta 1987; Boersma 1990; Hermelin 1991; Mackensen 1992). The present study will improve our understanding of the Indian Ocean benthic foraminifera, their bathymetry, and water mass relationships, and will assist in comparing paleontologic data for understanding paleoecologic history of different regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present study is based on benthic faunal data from 21 DSDP holes from the Indian Ocean (16 holes) and the Red Sea (5 holes) drilled during legs 22-26 of D/V Glomar Challenger. The holes cover a wide area and a wide range of water depths (table 1, text-fig. 1). The physiography and water mass conditions in the study area have been described in detail by Gupta (1994). TEXT-FIGURE 1 Location of DSDP sites studied. Shaded area represents high productivity equatorial belt. micropaleontology, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 351-367, text-figure 1, plates 1-6, tables 1-3, appendix 1, 1994 351 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.104 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 06:35:24 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Anil K. Gupta: Taxonomy and bathymetric distribution of Holocene deep-sea benthicforaminifera in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea TABLE 1 Details of sample/site locations. All samples are from Core Section 1-1. Site 211 213

The Prehistoric Landscape of Dartmoor Part 2: North and East Dartmoor

This paper describes the distribution of reaves (Bronze Age land boundaries) on North and East Dartmoor (cf. Fleming 1978a for South Dartmoor). It is suggested that they form a pattern which reflects the territorial arrangements of several communities distributed around the edge of Dartmoor. Each of these territories tended to be about 3–4 km in breadth and to include a single block of enclosed land laid out on one axis, sometimes covering over 1000 ha. The scale of territories here is more independent of the incidence of major geographical features than is the case on South Dartmoor. There is normally a simple division between enclosed land and upland pasture, without the intermediate settled valley zones which are important on the South Moor. Classic parallel reave systems occur, but so do simpler ‘block systems’, and this variability can best be conceptualized as a continuum, within a broad tradition of laying out enclosed land on a major axis and in rectangular parcels. It is suggested, mainly on the basis of the interdependence of the pattern's components, that most boundaries on Dartmoor were laid out in response to a single decision taken around 1300 bc (1700/1600 BC), although some cross-ridge reaves may be earlier in date. Some details of the layout reflect different levels of social organisation — what are here termed the neighbourhood group, the community, and the regional level of organisation. The paper also discusses the settlement history of different regions of Dartmoor, suggesting that a third major upland common, the East Moor, should be considered equivalent to the North Moor and the South Moor in terms of the development of land use. The East Moor was eventually encroached upon by the Rippon Tor parallel reave system, probably the largest prehistoric field system known in Britain.