Historical Development Research Articles

The rise of AI: a comprehensive research review

<p>Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative force with far-reaching implications across various domains. This research review provides a comprehensive analysis of the rise of AI, examining its evolution, applications, ethical considerations, and future prospects. The study traces the historical development of AI, highlighting key milestones and technological advancements that have propelled its growth. It explores the wide-ranging applications of AI in sectors such as healthcare, finance, transportation, manufacturing, and entertainment, showcasing its impact on efficiency, decision-making, and user experiences. Ethical considerations surrounding AI, including bias, privacy, and societal implications, are thoroughly discussed. The transformative potential of AI in shaping society is examined, with insights into its effects on employment, education, governance, and societal challenges. Looking ahead, the review identifies emerging technologies and discusses challenges related to data privacy, security, and transparency. The research review concludes by emphasizing the importance of responsible and ethical development of AI, while underscoring the need for continued research and collaboration to fully harness its potential. This comprehensive review serves as a valuable resource for researchers, and practitioners seeking a holistic understanding of the rise of AI and its implications.</p>

Public Interest Litigation and the Protection of Women against Rape: A Comprehensive Study

Abstract: Public Interest Litigation (PIL) has emerged as a powerful tool for social justice, particularly in cases concerning the protection of women against sexual violence. This article provides a comprehensive study of PIL in the context of rape cases, focusing on its impact on legal frameworks, judicial activism, and societal attitudes towards women's rights. The article begins by tracing the historical development of PIL in India and its evolution as a mechanism for addressing systemic issues, including gender-based violence. It then examines landmark cases where PIL has been instrumental in shaping legal precedents and driving policy changes aimed at enhancing the protection of women against rape. Furthermore, the article explores the role of PIL in expanding the definition of rape, enhancing access to justice for survivors, and promoting gender-sensitive reforms in the criminal justice system. It also highlights the challenges and criticisms associated with PIL, including concerns about judicial overreach and the need for balanced decision-making.

Bibliometrics analysis of hotspots research on infertility syndromes and polystyrene.

Polystyrene plastic pollution poses a pressing environmental concern and represents a significant risk factor for infertility. Despite this, a comprehensive overview of the field remains scarce, with future trends largely unknown. Bibliometrics, an applied mathematical and statistical method, offers a means to analyze textual information across various levels, facilitating quantitative assessments of all knowledge carriers and unveiling the nature and developmental trajectories of a discipline. This study aimed to employ bibliometric methods to scrutinize the current status and research hotspots within the realm of polystyrene and infertility. Literature spanning from 1980 to 2023 pertaining to polystyrene and infertility was retrieved from the core database of Web of Science. Quantitative analyses were conducted utilizing CiteSpace (version 5.7.R7), VOSviewer (version 1.6.18.0), and an online literature analysis website (https://bibliometric.com/). The analysis visually represented countries, institutions, authors, journals, and keywords within the field. This study delved into the development history, knowledge structure, research hotspots, and potential trends in the field, furnishing a macro perspective for researchers. The investigation encompassed 267 articles published across 120 journals by 1,352 authors affiliated with 417 institutions in 51 countries, with these articles garnering 10,310 citations across 2,811 journals. The top three countries contributing the most articles were China, the United States, and Germany. In essence, the research hotspots primarily revolved around metabolism, endocrinology, and immunity. Despite China's relatively recent entry into this field, its rapid development is evident. However, the low citation frequency suggests a need for improved article quality.

Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) in Saline Aquifers versus Depleted Gas Fields

Saline aquifers have been used for CO2 storage as a dedicated greenhouse gas mitigation strategy since 1996. Depleted gas fields are now being planned for large-scale CCS projects. Although basalt host reservoirs are also going to be used, saline aquifers and depleted gas fields will make up most of the global geological repositories for CO2. At present, depleted gas fields and saline aquifers seem to be treated as if they are a single entity, but they have distinct differences that are examined here. Depleted gas fields have far more pre-existing information about the reservoir, top-seal caprock, internal architecture of the site, and about fluid flow properties than saline aquifers due to the long history of hydrocarbon project development and fluid production. The fluid pressure evolution paths for saline aquifers and depleted gas fields are distinctly different because, unlike saline aquifers, depleted gas fields are likely to be below hydrostatic pressure before CO2 injection commences. Depressurised depleted gas fields may require an initial injection of gas-phase CO2 instead of dense-phase CO2 typical of saline aquifers, but the greater pressure difference may allow higher initial injection rates in depleted gas fields than saline aquifers. Depressurised depleted gas fields may lead to CO2-injection-related stress paths that are distinct from saline aquifers depending on the geomechanical properties of the reservoir. CO2 trapping in saline aquifers will be dominated by buoyancy processes with residual CO2 and dissolved CO2 developing over time whereas depleted gas fields will be dominated by a sinking body of CO2 that forms a cushion below the remaining methane. Saline aquifers tend to have a relatively limited ability to fill pores with CO2 (i.e., low storage efficiency factors between 2 and 20%) as the injected CO2 is controlled by buoyancy and viscosity differences with the saline brine. In contrast, depleted gas fields may have storage efficiency factors up to 80% as the reservoir will contain sub-hydrostatic pressure methane that is easy to displace. Saline aquifers have a greater risk of halite-scale and minor dissolution of reservoir minerals than depleted gas fields as the former contain vastly more of the aqueous medium needed for such processes compared to the latter. Depleted gas fields have some different leakage risks than saline aquifers mostly related to the different fluid pressure histories, depressurisation-related alteration of geomechanical properties, and the greater number of wells typical of depleted gas fields than saline aquifers. Depleted gas fields and saline aquifers also have some different monitoring opportunities. The high-density, electrically conductive brine replaced by CO2 in saline aquifers permits seismic and resistivity imaging, but these forms of imaging are less feasible in depleted gas fields. Monitoring boreholes are less likely to be used in saline aquifers than depleted gas fields as the latter typically have numerous pre-existing exploration and production well penetrations. The significance of this analysis is that saline aquifers and depleted gas fields must be treated differently although the ultimate objective is the same: to permanently store CO2 to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and minimise global heating.

EXPLORING THE EVOLUTION OF SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLEXITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABILITY PROGRAMS

Objective: The objective of this study are to investigate what and how existing sustainability programs are, to group and map these sustainability programs' main ideas to gain a more constructive and integrated understanding, and to find clues or opportunities to improve efforts to achieve sustainability. Theoretical Framework: The concept of sustainable development remains complex, ambiguous, and challenging to implement. The global environmental situation is worsening, leading to disasters and unfavorable climate change. Despite numerous efforts such as seminars, research, conferences, and work programs, both locally and globally, the understanding and implementation of sustainability remain unclear. There are differing views on the focus and strategy needed to address the development paradox, indicating a lack of consensus on the true meaning of sustainability. Method: This qualitative descriptive research employs a two-tiered literature review approach. The first focuses on the historical correlation between development and sustainability, examining early human civilization's development activities during the Neolithic era. The second tier analyzes and categorizes existing sustainability programs, reviewing various research articles on environmental preservation, natural resource protection, impact reduction, and social equity programs since the first industrial revolution. The findings are synthesized critically and comprehensively to identify common themes and core ideas. Results and Discussion: This study acknowledges the complexity and challenges of sustainability, emphasizing the ongoing relevance of conservation and resilience as core concepts. To address the dichotomy of development, new sustainability programs must also consider the revitalization of natural resources, continuity of ecosystem services, biodiversity maintenance, and resilience building. Approaches such as ecosophy and predictive methods based on dynamic phenomena can contribute (as a clue) to achieving sustainability goals by encouraging holistic thinking, balancing human and environmental needs, and promoting co-evolution. Research Implications: The complexity and constellation of diverse and intricate sustainability programs can be seen through this research. Although limited, these findings are expected to contribute to Sustainability science through a more comprehensive and constructive understanding of sustainability history and knowledge that has been described. Originality/Value: This study conducts a comprehensive research method covering various disciplines and a broad scope of sustainable development, including its evolution since the industrial revolution and aspects related to history of development. The research result creates a visual map representing the structure of existing sustainability programs, serving as a guide for proposing new research initiatives. This knowledge facilitates aligning new proposals with existing themes, bridging gaps in theories, and fostering the exploration and development of innovative sustainability ideas.

Protection of Civilians in International Humanitarian Law

This paper will discusse the historical development of the protection of civilians in international humanitarian law and summarizes the importance of the protection of civilians in international humanitarian law. The paper then analyses specific international humanitarian law measures for the protection of civilians, as well as problems in the identification of civilians and dilemmas in armed struggle. The paper suggests that the international community must further clarify the requirements for protecting civilians under international humanitarian law to effectively implement.

The Evolution and Impact of Secondary Metabolites in Plants and their Relationship with Human Health

Secondary metabolites in plants encompass a vast array of chemical compounds with crucial roles in plant defense, interaction, and adaptation. These compounds significantly impact human health, serving as sources for pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and therapeutic agents. This review paper explores the historical development of our understanding of secondary metabolites, their various types and functions, and their relationship with human health. By examining recent advancements and ongoing research, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of plant secondary metabolites on human well-being and potential future directions for this field.

The Intellectual Class and the Rise of German Cultural Nationalism

German cultural nationalism emerged in the context of the invasion of French culture. This cultural nationalism was different from the nationalism represented by Britain and France, which focused on the expression of nationalism from the cultural level, and made use of cultural connection and unity to achieve the establishment of a nation state. In the 17th and 18th centuries, French culture invaded Germany in all aspects, and the aristocrat and the middle classes of the German states were proud of speaking French, while German was neglected as a national language. Against the background of the political and economic unification of the German region, a group of Deutsch intellectuals began to actively propagate and promote the German culture and language, hoping to establish a unified German national identity from the cultural identity to complete the unification of the country, and to make the German state regain its historical glory. The subsequent historical development proved that German cultural nationalism became the foundation stone of German unification. After the Napoleonic Wars, German cultural nationalism was further transformed into German political democracy, and Prussia finally completed the unification. How did German cultural nationalism emerge from all this, and what was the role of the German intellectual class in it? By studying this period of history, this paper is able to further understand the intricate international context and international situation in Western Europe at that time. At the same time, it draws on the positive factors of German cultural development.

Recent Progress of Electrolyte Materials for Solid‐State Lithium–Oxygen (Air) Batteries

AbstractSolid‐state lithium–air batteries (SSLABs) have become the focus of next‐generation advanced batteries due to their safety and high energy densities. Current research on SSLABs is mainly centered on solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs). Although SSEs exhibit excellent properties, such as good stability, high safety, and great mechanical strength, they also display several distinct weaknesses of low ionic conductivities, poor stabilities in air, and high interfacial impedances, which will require sustained attentions for further investigations. This review first overviews the development history of SSEs achieved in terms of Li–air batteries. Subsequently, the fundamental properties, preparation methods, merits and drawbacks of different SSEs, along with their use in SSLABs, and the optimization strategy, especially for the inorganic solid electrolytes, polymer electrolytes, and hybrid electrolytes are comprehensively summarized. Finally, the research progresses made with SSEs are outlined, and critical insights and approaches for the remaining challenges of electrolytes and commercial application of SSLABs are proposed, which include advanced characterization, combining experiments and artificial intelligence such as theoretical calculations, and constructing selective permeability membranes. It is expected that this timely review will provide researchers with an integrated, systematic, and in‐depth understanding of SSEs and guidelines for future research, thus further promoting the commercial application of SSLABs.

Enteral Nutrition Therapy: Historical Perspective, Utilization, and Complications.

Enteral nutrition (EN) therapy can provide vital nutrition support for patients with various medical conditions as long as it is indicated and supported by ethical reasoning. This review seeks to offer a detailed account of the history of EN development, highlighting key milestones and recent advances in the field. Additionally, it covers common complications associated with EN and their management. After years of research and development, we have reached newer generations of enteral feeding formulations, more options for enteral tubes and connectors, and a better understanding of EN therapy challenges. Given the availability of many different formulas, selecting a feeding formula with the best evidence for specific indications for enteral feeding is recommended. Initiation of enteral feeding with standard polymeric formula remains the standard of care. Transition to small-bore connectors remains suboptimal. Evidence-based practices should be followed to recognize and reduce possible enteral feeding complications early.

From Stupa to Pagoda: Re-Examining the Sinification and Transformation of Buddhist Monuments from Indian Origins

This study conducts a comparative analysis of Buddhist sacred structures throughout Asia, focusing on the historical development, regional disparities, and the cultural sinification process of stūpas, caityas, and pagodas. Specifically, it delves into the origins, definitions, and terminologies of early Buddhist monuments, such as stūpas/mahācetiyas and caityas/cetiyas, emphasizing their Indian origins. The research further explores the adaptation and reinterpretation of these original Indian concepts as they spread to East Asia, morphing into new forms, such as pagodas and Buddha halls. It examines the subtle shifts in terminology and the altered meanings and functions of these monuments, from their Indian origins to their sinified representations in East Asia. The transformation of Indian Buddhist monuments through local culture and technology into East Asian architectural forms is investigated, offering a detailed perspective on the dynamic transformation of sacred spaces in Buddhism. This illustrates the religion’s adaptability and integration with the local cultures of ancient East Asia. By analyzing the terminologies and symbolic meanings associated with the architectural transition from stūpa to pagoda, the study argues that sinicized ritual spaces in East Asia have adopted architectural types from pre-Buddhist traditions to represent Indian spaces, thereby highlighting the nuanced changes and the continuous adaptation of sacred Buddhist architecture.

The development history and applications of graphic processing unit and graphics card

The development history and applications of graphic processing unit and graphics card

The Abuse of Right Principle in Japan and Germany

The article “The abuse of right principle between legal certainty and case-by-case justice deals with the application practice of the abuse of rights principle in Germany and Japan. As an instrument for resolving tensions between written law and the cultural and moral ideas of Japanese judges, the concept was imported to Japan in the 19th century in the course of the westernisation of the legal system. In the beginning, German and Japanese application practices were naturally very similar, but as time and historical development progressed, the two application regimes increasingly diverged. The Japanese judiciary has retained the free and little-controlled application practice of the 19th century, while the German judiciary today controls the concept much more tightly. In practice, this means that the Japanese Supreme Court does not give the lower courts any formal guidelines on application, but rather seeks to prevent grossly arbitrary applications by classifying possible arguments. The German judiciary, on the other hand, developed a complex structure of so-called case groups. Case grouping means that arguments are not classified as in Japan, but rather the actual factual constellations are conclusively determined as admissible or inadmissible. Thus, after approx. 120 years of independent development in Japan and Germany, there are considerable differences between the application practice of the prohibition of abuse of rights, despite the same starting point. The reasons for these differences are multifaceted in nature; within the framework of this paper, it was primarily possible to identify historical factors in the form of experience with arbitrary justice, cultural influences in the form of community orientation in Japan and institutional reasons in the form of court organisation.

Perspectives from military neonatal transport: past, present, and future.

This article traces the historical development of neonatal transport, from ancient Greek mythology to the modern era, with a particular focus on the contributions of U.S. military aviation. The narrative begins with early efforts in thermoregulation through stationary incubators and progresses to the pivotal role of aerial hospitals during World War II. Post-WWII, the establishment of neonatal transport services in New York and advancements in incubator technology set the stage for further innovation. The U.S. military's involvement in neonatal transport, initiated in the 1970s, witnessed significant milestones, including the adaptation of ECMO technology for air transport. The narrative unfolds through the lens of U.S. military neonatology in the Western Pacific, particularly at Clark Air Base. The article concludes with insights into the U.S. Indo-Pacific Command's neonatal transport mission, highlighting challenges faced during the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic and the development of specialized infection containment transport systems.

The Historical Development of the Concepts Underlying the Design and Construction of Targeted Coordination Polymers/MOFs: A Personal Account.

Presented here is a personal account of how the ideas and concepts underlying the design and construction of coordination polymers/MOFs developed historically - from the earliest conjectures in the 1970's about the possibility of using pre-organized building blocks to construct targeted polymeric structures, to the initial experimental implementation of these ideas in the mid-80's and to the introduction of the name MOFs in the 90's. The early exploratory work with pre-organized building blocks described in this article paved the way for the subsequent explosion of research activity in the CP/MOF area and for the generation of an essentially unlimited range of designed coordination polymer structures promising a variety of useful properties.

Helping Mongolia out of Poverty: Analyzing Social Challenges and Public Policy

Mongolia's challenging geography and historical development obstacles position it on the fringes of economic advancement. This paper presents a thorough analysis of its unique social, cultural, and economic hurdles, proposing visionary strategies for poverty alleviation and sustainable growth. The first section advocates a shift towards value-added industrialization, addressing the sparse population by exploring rural-to-urban migration and urging the dismantling of gender-based divisions while fostering rural entrepreneurship. The second part highlights leveraging indigenous cultural attributes and uplifting rural assembly industries to achieve balanced regional development. However, it cautions against unintended consequences like protectionism and urban-rural disparities. The third segment uncovers fundamental impediments rooted in Mongolia's self-sufficient, myopic nomadic culture, underscoring the need for education to reshape outdated mindsets. Moreover, the abrupt transition from nomadism to socialism and Western ideals has left a fragmented cultural identity, posing an identity challenge. This paper emphasizes the enduring influence of culture on socio-economic progress and underscores the significance of cultural preservation to steer Mongolia towards prosperity and global equity.

APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES OF INTERNAL ORGANS

The application of diagnostic expert systems in medical technology signifies a notable progression, as they provide a computerized framework for decision-support, assisting healthcare practitioners in the process of disease diagnosis. These systems facilitate the integration of patient data, encompassing symptoms and medical history, with a knowledge base in order to produce a comprehensive compilation of potential diagnoses. Through the utilization of knowledge-based methodologies, they enhance these potentialities in order to ascertain the most probable diagnosis. The present study examines expert systems, investigating their historical development, architectural structure, and the approaches utilized for knowledge representation. There is a significant emphasis placed on the advancement and implementation of these systems within the medical industry of Kazakhstan. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and drawbacks associated with diagnostic expert systems, emphasizing their potential to bring about significant advancements in medical fields. The study places significant emphasis on the necessity of developing and conducting thorough testing of these systems in order to improve the precision and effectiveness of medical diagnostics. The statement recognizes the importance of continuous research in order to enhance the design and implementation of these systems in various healthcare settings. This research makes a notable addition by examining optimization theory in the field of medical diagnosis. This study presents novel approaches for effectively addressing the intricacies and uncertainties associated with the diagnosis of complicated disorders. The work presents methodology for navigating the complex field of medical diagnostics by utilizing mathematical modeling and optimization approaches, specifically the gradient projection method. The utilization of diverse ways to tackle qualitative ambiguities in this approach signifies a significant progression inside the domain of diagnostic expert systems.

Московский государственный университет геодезии и картографии: 245 лет на службе интересам Отечества

The authors explore the history of foundation and development of one of the oldest universities in Russia, Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography (MIIGAiK). They note that it has acted as a fundamental scientific and educational institution in the field of geodesy and cartography, successfully solving the most important governmental goals for its more than two centuries of its history. The historical features are revealed, as well as the current activities and development prospects of the University are analyzed. For decades, our scientists have been the leaders in scientific developments for the space industry. The institution successfully operates a Comprehensive Laboratory for the Study of Extraterrestrial Territories, exploring the natural satellites of Earth, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. MIIGAiK is the main university of the rocket and space industry, which is part of the “Roscosmos Constellation” consortium. It is an integral element of the city and the country ecosystem paying special attention to arranging a comfortable and safe cultural and educational environment to develop creative and professional potential of each student

Research on the application of the terahertz technique

Terahertz is a new radiation source with many unique advantages and terahertz technology is a very important cross-cutting frontier field, providing a very attractive opportunity for technological innovation, national economic development and national security that may lead to revolutionary developments in science and technology. This article introduces the advantages and disadvantages of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz frequency band, the origin and development history of terahertz technology, and the composition of common terahertz systems, and outlines the technologies of secure communication, detection, imaging, etc., according to their principles. The analysis shows that under the premise of ensuring the size of its key devices to be miniaturized in application, and solving the technical difficulties such as its complicated use, high overall cost and reliance on low-temperature operation, the terahertz technology will have a broad market prospect in the fields of biology, medical treatment, communication, military security and so on.

Foldable display technology and wearable device integration design

This paper explores the latest advancements in foldable display technology and its integration into wearable devices. By synthesizing relevant literature, the paper introduces the development history, principles, and application domains of foldable display technology. It subsequently discusses the advantages and challenges of incorporating foldable display technology into wearable devices, presenting various integration design approaches and future directions. The paper concludes by envisioning the potential applications of foldable display technology and wearable device integration in fields such as smart healthcare, fitness tracking, and fashion technology.