History Of Crystallography Research Articles

Несколько дат из истории кристаллографии

The article is devoted to significant dates from the history of crystallography, celebrated in 2019. They are mainly associated with the publication of fundamental scientific works (N. Stenon, M. V. Lomonosov, A. Bravais, E. Mallard, L. Sohncke, H. Heesch) and reflect the steady development of crystallography. On the other hand, they show failed discoveries. In particular, the idea of antisymmetry by H. Heesch is already contained in the bud by A. Bravais. It could be obtained by comparing his «direct and inverse half-forms» of crystal polyhedron. The possibility of such unexpected associations is due to the high degree of mathematization of modern crystallography.

Crystallography and Its Impact on Carbonic Anhydrase Research.

X-ray and neutron crystallography are powerful techniques utilized to study the structures of biomolecules. Visualization of enzymes in complex with substrate/product and the capture of intermediate states can be related to activity to facilitate understanding of the catalytic mechanism. Subsequent analysis of small molecule binding within the enzyme active site provides insight into mechanisms of inhibition, supporting the design of novel inhibitors using a structure-guided approach. The first X-ray crystal structures were determined for small, ubiquitous enzymes such as carbonic anhydrase (CA). CAs are a family of zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the hydration of CO2, producing HCO3− and a proton. The CA structure and ping-pong mechanism have been extensively studied and are well understood. Though the function of CA plays an important role in a variety of physiological functions, CA has also been associated with diseases such as glaucoma, edema, epilepsy, obesity, and cancer and is therefore recognized as a drug target. In this review, a brief history of crystallography and its impact on CA research is discussed.

History of crystallography in Switzerland

History of crystallography in Switzerland

Review of X-Ray Crystallography

G Girolami’s X-Ray Crystallography is intended to accompany an introductory, graduate-level course in single-crystal diffraction methods. His book is separated into three sections: Symmetry and Space Groups, Chapters 2−12; X-rays and Diffraction, Chapters 13−27; and Solving and Refining Crystal Structures, Chapters 28−40. Chapter 1 provides a brief history of crystallography. Chapter 41 describes powder diffraction; Chapter 42 describes electron and neutron diffraction. In general, the information is presented in a clear and sometimes unique manner. His many worked examples throughout the book and problems included at the end of each chapter help clarify descriptions of the theory.

History of crystallography in Croatia

History of crystallography in Croatia

Argentinian Association of Crystallography: IYCr activities and 10th anniversary

"The history of Crystallography in Argentina is very rich, probably starting with the pioneer work of Prof. Ernesto Galloni in the decade of the `40s. Thanks to Prof. Galloni, the National Committee of Crystallography was founded in 1958 and recognized by the IUCr in 1960. This committee organized several scientific meetings and was in good contact with the Ibero American Crystallography Group during about 35 years. After some crisis in the late `90s, some young crystallographers decided to reorganize the activities and form the Argentinian Association of Crystallography (AACr), which was finally founded on October 30th, 2004, on the occasion of the ""National Workshop on Crystallography"" held in Villa Giardino, Province of Córdoba. Therefore, in the International Year of Crystallography, the AACr is also celebrating its tenth anniversary. The regular annual events of the AACr are a scientific meeting, a school on Crystallography and a workshop. This year, they will be held in Mar del Plata (Province of Buenos Aires) in the period of October 27th-Novembre 7th. In addition, many other academic activities such workshops or postgraduate courses are being organized in the whole country. It is worth to remark the School on Fundamental Crystallography to be held in La Plata, followed by an Agilent-UNESCO-IUCr OpenLab in La Plata and Buenos Aires, in April-May. Moreover, taking into account that Crystallography is a field that needs more promotion in our country, the AACr decided to propitiate several educational and dissemination activities. They include a national crystal growing contest, promotion of Crystallography in high and primary schools through the National Fairs of Science of the Ministry of Education, dissemination talks for different audiences, exhibitions, etc. Acknowledgements: The AACr thanks all the crystallographers that are working hard in these activities: G. Echeverría, O. Piro, S. Suárez, M. Saleta, D. Tobía, R. Carbonio, G. Aurelio, J. Pedregosa, F. Doctorovich, S. Conconi, L. Baqué, F. Napolitano, S. Alconchel, C. Alvarez, A. Ares, C. Bernini, S. Brühl, M. Dailoff, M.A. Foi, M. Harvey, M.S. Lassa, S. Montoro, E. Pannunzio Miner, etc."

The 100 Years History of Crystallography in Japan

A century ago, crystallogtaphy ushered in the era of modern science & technology in Japan. The beginning of modern crystallography in Japan dates back to 1913. Torahiko Terada (Tokyo Imperial University) demonstrated X-ray diffraction[1] and Shoji Nishikawa (Tokyo Imperial University) reported on X-ray patterns of fibrous, lamellar and granular substances[2]. In 1936, Ukichiro Nakaya (Hokkaido University) successfully classified natural snow crystals and made the first artificial snow crystals. In the last half-century, developments in crystallography helped form thriving manufacturing sectors such as the semiconductor industry, the iron and steel industries, the pharmaceutical industry, the electronics industry, the textile industry, and the polymer industry, as well as a wide array of academic research.

Missed opportunities in crystallography.

Scrutinized from the perspective of time, the giants in the history of crystallography more than once missed a nearly obvious chance to make another great discovery, or went in the wrong direction. This review analyzes such missed opportunities focusing on macromolecular crystallographers (using Perutz, Pauling, Franklin as examples), although cases of particular historical (Kepler), methodological (Laue, Patterson) or structural (Pauling, Ramachandran) relevance are also described. Linus Pauling, in particular, is presented several times in different circumstances, as a man of vision, oversight, or even blindness. His example underscores the simple truth that also in science incessant creativity is inevitably connected with some probability of fault.

Lecture on topological crystallography

This is an expository article on modern crystallography based on discrete geometric analysis, a hybrid field of several traditional disciplines: graph theory, geometry, theory of dis- crete groups, and probability, which has been developed in the last decade. The mathematical part relying on algebraic topology is fairly elementary, but may be still worthwhile for crystallo- graphers who want to learn how well-established mathematics is effectively used in the practical science. A brief history of crystallography is also explained.

Crystallography from Haüy to Laue: controversies on the molecular and atomistic nature of solids

The history of crystallography has been assessed in the context of the emergence and spread of the molecular theory. The present paper focuses on the 19th century, which saw the emancipation of crystallography as a science sui generis. Around 1800, Laplace's molecularism called the tune in the various sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, crystallography). In crystallography, two schools opposed each other: that of Weiss, in Berlin, and that of flatly, in Paris. Symmetry proved essential. It will be shown how the lattice theory arose in an essentially molecular framework and how group theory imposed itself. The salt hydrates suggested the idea of (two or more) superimposed molecular lattices. Gradually it became clear that an ultimate lattice theory ought to be atomic. The experiments of Laue, Friedrich and Knipping confirmed that atomic basis.

Crystallography from Haüy to Laue: controversies on the molecular and atomistic nature of solidsThis Laue centennial article has also been published inZeitschrift für Kristallographie[Kubbinga (2012).Z. Kristallogr.227, 1–26

The history of crystallography has been assessed in the context of the emergence and spread of the molecular theory. The present paper focuses on the 19th century, which saw the emancipation of crystallography as a science sui generis. Around 1800, Laplace's molecularism called the tune in the various sciences (physics, chemistry, biology, crystallography). In crystallography, two schools opposed each other: that of Weiss, in Berlin, and that of Haüy, in Paris. Symmetry proved essential. It will be shown how the lattice theory arose in an essentially molecular framework and how group theory imposed itself. The salt hydrates suggested the idea of (two or more) superimposed molecular lattices. Gradually it became clear that an ultimate lattice theory ought to be atomic. The experiments of Laue, Friedrich and Knipping confirmed that atomic basis.

The History of Crystallography in Switzerland

A short review of the development of crystallography in Switzerland and of the Swiss Society for Crystallography is presented.

A history of crystallography. I: From earliest times to the beginning of the nineteenth century. II: In the nineteenth century by I. I. Shafranovskii

<i>A history of crystallography</i>. I: <i>From earliest times to the beginning of the nineteenth century</i>. II: <i>In the nineteenth century</i> by I. I. Shafranovskii

A history of crystallography. I:From earliest times to the beginning of the nineteenth century. II:In the nineteenth centuryby I. I. Shafranovskii

<i>A history of crystallography</i>. I:<i>From earliest times to the beginning of the nineteenth century</i>. II:<i>In the nineteenth century</i>by I. I. Shafranovskii

Crystallography

For many years I have been interested in why a science of crystallography came into being with the form and at the time it did, what its relation is to other physical sciences and what the future is liable to hold for it. When this lecture was first decided on I planned to make of it a more or less comprehensive lecture on the history of crystallography—one is needed. But I am not going to do this mainly because I have recently had to make certain unexpected major decisions that have consumed the time that would have been needed to document so serious a talk. There is, however, point to even some rambling comments on the growth of crystallography; we are already too inclined to take our subject for granted and to forget that little more than a generation ago the study of crystals was something carried out in very few universities and then usually in a bare attic room whose sole equipment consisted of a few pearwood models and some mineral specimens removed for the afternoon from the neighboring mineralogical museum. Crystallography was generally considered a useful adjunct to the blowpipe as a way of identifying minerals, but not much more. The discovery that practically all solids, rather than only a few curiosities of nature, are crystalline made this obscurity a thing of the past and demonstrated that a concern with crystalline order must provide the nucleus for an expanding science of solid bodies.

Notes on the History of Crystallography

Notes on the History of Crystallography

Chemische Krystallographie

THE appearance of the first volume of this monumental work by Prof. P. von Groth marks an epoch in the history of crystallography. Ever since it was known that the famous editor of the Zeitschrift für Krystallographie had such a work in progress, expectancy has been of the keenest in the mineralogical and crystallographical world. That the book would be worthy of the man was felt to be assured, and the event has fully justified such confidence. It is to be published in four volumes, and if the other three are equal to the first now before us, the whole will form a compendium of crystallographic knowledge which for completeness, detail, and accuracy will stand unique. The work will include practically the whole of our crystallographic knowledge concern ing every crystallised substance yet described. Chemische Krystallographie. By P. Groth. Erster Teil. Pp. viii + 626. (Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1906.) Price 20 marks.