History Of Circumcision Research Articles

Prevalence and Characteristics of Penile Cancer in Karangasem Regency, Indonesia, 2020-2022

Background: Indonesia reported 1,143 penile carcinoma cases from 2004 to 2013. Bali reported the highest age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) in 2004-2013. Method: A quantitative descriptive retrospective study was conducted at Karangasem General Hospital and Balimed Karangasem Hospital. Results: This study involved 29 patients diagnosed with penile cancer in 2020-2022. The highest number of cases was found in 2020. Most cases were in the 60-69 year age-group (34.5%), with a low educational level (75.9%), a smoking habit (75.9%), no history of circumcision (100%), and squamous cell carcinoma (86.2%). The treatment was mainly partial penectomy (41.3%). Conclusion: The study found that the highest prevalence of penile cancer was 6.02 per 100,000 people in 2020.

Socio-economic disparities in female genital circumcision: finding from a case-control study in Mahabad, Iran

BackgroundFemale genital circumcision (FGC) is still a challenge in reproductive health. This study investigated socioeconomic disparities in FGC in the Kurdish region of Mahabad, Iran.MethodsA case-control study was conducted in three comprehensive health centers on 130 circumcised girls as the case group and 130 girls without a history of circumcision as the control group, according to the residential area and the religious sect. The participants completed a previously validated demographic and circumcision information questionnaire. A multivariate logistic regression model with a backward method at a 95% confidence level was used to determine the relationship between socioeconomic variables and FGC.ResultsMultivariate logistic regression showed that a family history of FGC (AOR 9.90; CI 95%: 5.03–19.50), age ranging between 20 and 30 years (AOR 8.55; CI 95%: 3.09–23.62), primary education (AOR 6.6; CI 95%: 1.34–33.22), and mothers with primary education (AOR 5.75; CI 95%: 1.23–26.76) increased the chance of FGC.ConclusionThe present study provided evidence on socioeconomic factors related to FGC in girls. A family history of FGC, age ranging between 20 and 30 years, and girls’ and their mothers’ education level were strong predictors of FGC. The findings indicate the need to design effective interventions to address these factors to help eradicate FGC.

Analysis of related factors between the occurrence of secondary epidermoid cyst of penis and circumcision

Secondary epidermoid cyst of the penis is a very rare epidermoid cyst that occurs in the penis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the occurrence of secondary epidermoid cyst of penis and circumcision-related factors, and to provide possible reasonable and effective suggestions for circumcision. The data of all patients who visited the clinic for epidermoid cysts of the penis from September 2000 to September 2021 in Xiangya Hospital were collected. A retrospective study was carried out on whether the patients had been circumcised and the surgical method, anesthesia method, cyst location, surgical age, postoperative wound infection, whether they were phimosis patients, and the level of the surgeon. Among the 24 patients followed up, 95.8% had a history of circumcision, and only 4.2% had no history of circumcision, and the more traumatic surgical methods developed secondary epidermoid cyst of the penis after surgery the higher the probability. Injecting anesthesia at the base of the penis increases the chances of developing a secondary epidermoid cyst of the penis. Postoperative secondary epidermoid cyst of the penis were mainly located in the anterior segment and posterior segment, and the anterior segment had a higher proportion, followed by the posterior segment. Secondary epidermoid cyst of the penis occur mainly in adults. Postoperative wound infection accelerates the appearance of secondary epidermoid cyst of the penis. Patients with phimosis have an increased probability of developing secondary epidermoid cysts of the penis after surgery. The incidence of secondary epidermoid cysts and postoperative infection after manual circumcision by the attending physician was higher than that of the chief physician. Circumcision, injection of anesthesia at the base of the penis, ligation of the penis, and postoperative wound infection may be the etiologies and triggers of secondary epidermoid cysts of the penis. Adults and phimosis patients may be high-risk groups. Lower-level surgeons may increase the odds of postoperative secondary epidermoid cysts of the penis, and it is recommended that surgery be performed by a clinically-experienced, higher-level surgeon. The indications for circumcision should be strictly evaluated and the operation should be performed as soon as possible, and the less invasive surgical method and anesthesia method should be selected. Reduce irrelevant operations during surgery and avoid wound infection after surgery.

Acquired Penile Epidermoid Cysts in Children.

BackgroundIn this study, we aim to present the experience of a tertiary center regarding penile epidermoid cysts over 15 years.MethodologyPatient files of those who underwent surgical excision for penile epidermoid cysts between 2005 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The demographics, clinical characteristics, etiological factors, cyst features, surgical techniques, complications, and follow-up data were analyzed.ResultsIn total, 24 penile epidermoid cysts were excised in 21 boys. The median age at the time of surgery was 52 (15-204) months. The median duration between previous surgery and cyst excision was 40 (1-180) months. In total, 11 cases had a history of circumcision, and 10 had undergone hypospadias surgery. There was no significant difference between these two etiologic groups (p > 0.05). The main symptom was an asymptomatic penile mass. The average cyst size was 9.4 ± 6.7 mm. All cysts were completely excised with incisions made over old scars, except one. No complications were observed during a median follow-up period of 50 (12-120) months, and only one recurrence was noted.ConclusionsAcquired penile epidermoid cysts may present as an early or late complication after penile surgery. Complete excision with an incision along the existing scars seems to be an effective solution for preventing new scars.

Characteristics of Penile Cancer at Tertiary Centre Hospital: A Nine Years Study from 2010-2019

Background: Penile cancer is a rare and aggressive disease. The incidence in India, Africa, and South America ranges from 2.3 to 8.3 per 100,000. No data regarding incidence rates in Indonesia. The etiological factors include poor genital hygiene, phimosis, tobacco use, multiple sex partners, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and chronic inflammatory states. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents 95% of penile cancers. Progression and treatment of the disease cause devastating consequences and morbidity such as disfiguring penile amputation. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological characteristics of penile cancer in the city of Bandung, its associated risk factors, clinical manifestations, and compare the results with previous studies. Methods: This was a descriptive study conducted at Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung from January 2010 to 2019. The study included all penile cancer patients that came to Urology Department. Variables such as age, history of circumcision, phimosis, HPV infection, marital status, smoking habit, educational level, age of onset, operation, histopathological results, history of multiple sex partners, location of the tumor, comorbidities, and staging are collected from the medical record and analyzed. Results: A total of 13 penile cancer patients were involved with the age range from 28 to 67 years and 50.69 years on average. Most of them were smokers (69.2%) and uncircumcised (53.8%). All of the patients came at an advanced stage, and penectomy was done. Histopathologically, 84.6% were SCC. One of our patients was consulted by a haemato-oncologist for adjuvant chemotherapy (6 cycles of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil). Conclusions: Penile cancer is a rare neoplasm in Bandung, West Java. The characteristics of penile cancer patients found in our hospitals were on average 50.7 years old, and the most risk factors found were smoking and uncircumcised. Histopathologically, most of them were SCC. All patients came to seek medical treatment at an advanced stage and had undergone surgical penectomy.

The Art of Cutting Around

Brief history of circumcision, from the evolution of a purification practice among Egyptian priests to the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

The Art of Cutting Around

Brief history of circumcision, from the evolution of a purification practice among Egyptian priests to the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

HBV, HCV and HIV among female sex workers; is it a health problem?

Female sex workers (FSWs) are a marginalized group notoriously having limited healthcare access and poor-quality care. Inevitably, they are vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections including human immune deficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The aim of this study was to study the frequency and the factors associated with HIV, HBV, and HCV among FSWs. In a cross-sectional study from December 2016 till March 2017, 52 Egyptian FSWs were interviewed and tested for markers of HBV, HCV and HIV infections. Oral and anal sex were reported in 48.1% and 17.3%, respectively. 25 FSWs had sex with drug users and 25% reported sex under the influence of drug/alcohol. Consistent condom use was reported in 3.8%. Two cases (3.8%) were HCV-Ab positive. Anti-HBs and anti-HBc were detected in 10 (19.2%) and 5 (9.6%) respectively and 78.8% were susceptible to HBV infection. None had HIV antibodies. History of circumcision by a traditional practitioner (p = 0.047), older age (0.014), and multiple sex partners (p = 0.024) were significantly associated with HBV infection. FSWs are at a higher risk of acquiring HBV infection than the normal population. They are at the potential risk of other STIs due to the high prevalence of at-risk-sex-practices.

Feasibility of 5-aminolevulinic acid mediated photodynamic therapy for male genital lichen sclerosus

In this report, 5-aminolevulinic acid mediated topical photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) was firstly used to treat 3 male patients (26-39 years old) who suffered from male genital lichen sclerosus (MGLSc), all of who had a history of circumcision. Repeated ALA-PDT treatments were performed on these patients and achieved various degrees of improvement in signs and symptoms, especially in the sclerosis and subjective symptoms. Three patients showed 30%-70% of reduction of lesion size after treatments. The side effects of ALA-PDT were irradiation site pain and swelling, which disappeared quickly after irradiation without the need of medication. There was no recurrence or aggravation with at least 6 months of follow-up. This case report demonstrates that ALA-PDT is effective and well tolerated for MGLSc patients who have a history of circumcision. The true value of ALA-PDT for MGLSc deserves further study.

Glandular amputation by strangulating tied suture: a case report of late-onset complication in the Plastibell circumcision technique

BackgroundCircumcision is considered to be a procedure with minimal morbidity but may be associated with catastrophic complications in inexpert hands.Case presentationWe presented a 9-year-old boy with a past medical history of circumcision at the age of one year with Plastibell clamp who was referred with severe chronic penile injury due to neglected plastibell string. After string removal under a loupe magnification (4×), we saw a deep circular injury at distal penile shaft which led to painless glandular autoamputation 45 days later. The patient was managed conservatively with daily urethral self-dilation until future reconstructive surgery.ConclusionThis complication emphasized the importance of the follow-up visit by a physician for any probable string remnant.

THE RISK FACTORS OF PENILE CANCER PATIENTS IN ARIFIN ACHMAD REGIONAL GENERAL HOSPITAL, RIAU PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Introduction: To evaluate the incidence rate, patient profile, and risk factors of penile cancer patients. Material & method: We reviewed the medical records of incidence rate, patient profile, and risk factors patients of penile cancer in Arifin Achmad Hospital Regional General of Riau Province in January 2013 to December 2017. The data collected were age, histopathology types, smoking history, ethnic/tribes, circumcision history and city/district origin. Approval on the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Board for Medicine and Health Research, Medical Faculty, University of Riau. Result: There were 20 penile cancer patients. Penile cancer was frequently (40%) diagnosed in the 46-55 age group. Most patients came from Pekanbaru city in 25% and most (60%) patients were Batak tribes followed by Malay tribes (15%). Sixty percent of patients had risk factors for smoking history and 75% were not circumcised. All penile cancer patients had histopathology results in the form of squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion : Risks factors of penile cancer patients in our hospital were Pekanbaru city origin, Batak tribe, smoking history, and not circumcised.

Evaluation of Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatin (TIP) Regimen on Penile Cancer in Adam Malik Medan: A Single Center 2 Years of Experience.

BACKGROUND:Penile tumour is a rare tumour in the genitourinary system, account for 0.4-0.6%. Although rare, patients are often unaware and come in late stage, so the use of chemotherapy agents is becoming crucial.AIM:This study was conducted to evaluate responses and overall survival rate of Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatin (TIP) regimen in penile cancer with nodal involvement.METHODS:We included all medical records of penile squamous cell carcinoma patients associated with nodal involvement who acquired TIP regimen in Adam Malik Hospital between 2014 and 2016. We administered 175 mg/m2 of Paclitaxel on day 1, 1200 mg/m2 of Ifosfamide on days 1 to 3, and 25 mg/m2 of Cisplatin on days 1 to 3 as our standard TIP regimen. The regimen was re-administered every 21-28 days. Characteristics of the patient including age, history of circumcision, races, primary lesion of the tumour and TNM staging were noted. Adverse event, clinical responses, and overall survival were assessed and evaluated.RESULTS:We extracted data from 17 patients of penile cancer with nodal involvement who acquired TIP regimen with a mean age of 44.18 ± 11.13 years old from our medical records. Only 10 patients completed the full 4 cycles of the regimen. Four patients died before completion, two patients refused to continue the regimen, and 1 patient is still on the second cycle. Total penectomy was the most frequent procedure had taken, and clinical stage T4 and N3 was the most findings at initial diagnosis. There was no complete response noted. Six patients were noted as partial response, and 1 patient was noted as progressive disease. The Kaplan-Meier curve shows an overall 6 months (95% CI: 4.4-7.6 months) of survival with a median of follow-up time was 7 (1-11) months. In subgroup analysis, we found that the responder group has significantly better overall survival than the non-responder group (log-rank test, p = 0.004).CONCLUSION:Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatin (TIP) regimen give significant clinical benefit in penile cancer with nodal involvement.

Congenital prepubic sinus presenting with purulent discharge after circumcision: a case report

BackgroundCongenital prepubic sinus is a rare anomaly found in the midline of the lower abdomen. Congenital prepubic sinus is usually asymptomatic in neonates, and a diagnosis is often achieved later in life after spontaneous extrusion of purulent material from the pre-existing hole in the pubic region. We present a case of congenital prepubic sinus presenting with purulent discharge after circumcision.Case summaryA 4-year-old Caucasian boy presented to our urology out-patient clinic with purulent discharge from the distal part of the dorsum of his penis. He had a history of circumcision performed at a different center, 6 months ago. His parents stated that although various antibiotics were used, the purulent discharge continued for 6 months and the child had no complaints before circumcision. His condition was reported as superficial dorsal venous thrombosis, known as penile Mondor disease, in magnetic resonance imaging that was performed in the previous hospital. A physical examination revealed a small pinhole lesion at the distal part of his penis and a rigid cylindrical tube extending to the proximal side of his penis. We performed fistulography by injecting contrast material through a small angiocatheter and confirmed the diagnosis of prepubic sinus. Surgical exploration was performed and a long sinus, apparently ending as a fibrous tract at the anterior surface of his pubic symphysis, was found and resected.ConclusionsBefore congenital prepubic sinus surgery, it is critically important to rule out penile Mondor disease and the possibility of a circumcision complication (especially infective complications) mimicking congenital prepubic sinus.

Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction in Damietta governorate

Aim: to assess the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction among women of Damietta governorate Patients and methods: 500 randomly selected sexually active non-pregnant married women at age 18 – 45 years from outpatient clinics of Al-Azhar University Hospital were subjected to filling out the Arabic validated FSFI. Results: The frequency of female sexual dysfunction among women of Damietta Governorate was 62% of participants. There was a statistically significant difference between women with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) and women without FSD in age, age of marriage and education level (P<.0001). Also, women not working were at higher risk to get FSD (P<.001) with the significant impact of socioeconomic level on having FSD. Also, we reported a statistically significant difference between women with FSD and women without FSD in the mode of delivery and women used IUD &72.6% had a history of circumcision. There was a statistically significant difference between women with FSD vs women without in mean score of desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain as women with FSD showed less score in all domains compared to women without the disease. Conclusion: FSD was a significant health problem in Damietta that needs to be investigated more deeply and assessing associated risk factors. Low rate of overt complaints regarding sexual problems among Egyptian women does not indicate lack of sexual interest but reflects cultural factors such as shyness, embarrassment, reluctances of the women and lack of physicians’ awareness which lead to inadequate identification and management of such problems.

FR-04 P.C. REMONDINO AND THE HISTORY OF THE CIRCUMCISION

You have accessJournal of UrologyHistory Forum1 Apr 2018FR-04 P.C. REMONDINO AND THE HISTORY OF THE CIRCUMCISION Rikin Patel Rikin PatelRikin Patel More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2018.02.3024AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES P.C. Remondino was the first president of the San Diego Board of Health and the co-founded of San Diego's first private hospital. Of his noteworthy accomplishments, he was the author of the bestselling book on the history of circumcision. In addition to being a devoted physician, entrepreneur, and scholar, his evidence-based public health movement pertaining to circumcision helped shape practice patterns throughout the late 1800s. His personal life consisted of an extensive call to action with active military duty as well as a prominent role in medical leadership. METHODS Literature review was performed and prominent resources included Dr. Remondino's book entitled "History of Circumcision" in 1891 as well as an editorial by Dr. George Kaplan entitled Peter C. Remondino MD: the Man and His Library. RESULTS PC Remondino was best known for The History of Circumcision from the Earliest Times to the Present (1891). He sold over 50,000 copies in the first printing and resulted in a second printing in 1900, with reportedly a half million copies soldReprinted in 1974, 2001, and 2008. He was considered to have almost singlehandedly popularized circumcision in the United States at a time when the intact foreskin was the norm and circumcision was an aberration.. CONCLUSIONS Dr. Remondino was a scholar, bibliophile, and an omnivorous reader with memory of remarkable accuracy such that he could quote at length from almost anything he had ever read and could even recall references immediately. He “upheld the finest traditions of his calling by paring devoted attention to many cases when little or no monetary remuneration for his services could be expected” © 2018FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 199Issue 4SApril 2018Page: e1242 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2018MetricsAuthor Information Rikin Patel More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Abstract: Clitoroplasty and Labia Minoraplasty in Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty in Circumcised and Uncircumcised Transwomen

INTRODUCTION: Gender dysphoria, the incongruence between anatomic sex and gender identity is estimated to affect 1% of the population. Creation of a feminine vulva remains a technical challenge for surgeons, especially in circumcised patients. We present a vulvoplasty technique with creation of neoclitoris and labia minora using a dorsal glans pedicled flap with prepuce skin in uncircumcised patients or distal shaft skin in circumcised patients. METHODS: A retrospective case review was performed of all penile inversion vaginoplasties performed by senior author between 2014 and 2016. History of circumcision, use of full thickness skin grafts to lengthen vault, necrosis of labia minora, and any revisionary surgery was recorded. RESULTS: A total of 159 single stage penile inversion vaginoplasty operations were performed using the described technique from 2014–2016. All patients were evaluated by the UZ Gent multidisciplinary gender team prior to surgery and met standards of care established by WPATH. The majority, 97.5 % of patients, required FTSG to lengthen the vaginal vault. Creation of clitoral hood and labia minora was achieved in all patients with 3.2 % requiring minor aesthetic refinements for partial skin necrosis and 25.8% for labia majora refienments or dehiscence. Just one patient experienced total necrosis of the labia minora prepuce flap tissue. Average length of follow-up was 2 years. The neoclitoris is constructed from a M-shape dorsal glans flap, sutured into a dome, and inset to the distal resected corporal bodies in the anterior midline. The urethra mucosa is inset as a shield and the prepuce flap is wrapped laterally and posteriorly to construct labia minora. In circumcised patients, distal penile shaft skin is used in absence of prepuce skin and survives on random blood supply through the circumcision scar. Labia majora are fashioned from the scrotal skin. Remaining penile shaft skin is inverted to construct the introitus and vaginal apex is lined with full thickness skin graft from excess scrotal skin. Postoperative genital aesthetics were excellent. CONCLUSION: Creation of the clitoral hood and labia minora during penile inversion vaginoplasty is achievable in both circumcised and uncircumcised patients with excellent aesthetic results and low revisionary surgery rate.

Tuberculosis of the Penis: A Review of the Literature.

Background. Tuberculosis of the penis (TBP) is rare. Aim. To review the literature. Method. Various internet data bases were searched. Literature Review. TBP could be primary or secondary, may develop following circumcision performed by a person who had pulmonary Tb, and may be transmitted to the penis from ejaculation, contamination from clothing, or from contact with endometrial secretions, following an earlier pulmonary Tb or Tb elsewhere. TBP presents with a painless/painful small nodule, ulcer, mass on penis which gradually enlarges, and induration/swelling of penis, with or without erectile dysfunction. Inguinal lymph nodes may or may not be palpable. The patient's voiding is normal. There may or may not be history of circumcision, pulmonary Tb, and BCG immunization. TBP mimics penile carcinoma, granulomatous syphilis penile ulcer, genital herpes simplex, granuloma inguinale, and HIV infection. Diagnosis is established by microscopic examination finding of granulomas +/−AFB in penile discharge or biopsy of lesion or culture of Tb organism from discharge or biopsy specimens or positive Elisa serology/PCR for Tb. PTBs respond to first- or 2nd-line anti-Tb 6-month treatment. Close contacts should be screened. Extrapulmonary Tb should be excluded. Conclusions. Clinicians should consider possibility of PTB in cases of penile lesions and erectile failure.

Penile Cancer in Cali, Colombia: 10 Years of Casuistry in a Tertiary Referral Center of a Middle-Income Country

Background: Penile cancer is a rare disease in Colombia; in Cali, it represents 0.7% of all cancers. Penile cancer has been associated with old age, bad hygiene, smoking and lack of circumcision. This study aimed to describe the sociodemographic and clinica characteristics of patients with penile cancer who consulted to a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: A case series of all penile cance cases at a reference institution in Cali during 2001-2010. Socioeconomic, demographic and clinical features of patients were described, and bivariate analyses were carried out. Results: There were 46 penile cancer cases. The average age was 60 ± 16.9 years. The main reason for consultation was an exophytic mass on the penis (75.0%). The most common location was the glans (69.6%), and the more frequent histology type was the squamous cell carcinoma (95.7%). With regard to risk factors, 65.5% of the patients had history of smoking and90.9% did not have circumcision. Patients who underwent radical amputation had higher rates of positive nodes (55% vs. 13.5%, p=0.015) and ulcerative lesions (77.8% vs. 29.7%, p=0.018) than those who did not have the procedure done. Recurrence was associated with the presence of lymphadenopathy (p=0.02) and history of circumcision (p=0.015). Conclusion: Most of the patients with penile cancer found in this study had old age, history of tobacco use and lack of circumcision. Patients who presented with lymph node metastasis had to undergo more radical procedures and suffered a greater rate of recurrence compared with those without lymph node involvement. Robust studies to determine the risk factors among low-income populations are required.

Twentieth Century Wanzams among the Asante People of Ghana: A Historical Study of the Facts on Male Circumcision

This paper studies the history of circumcision amongst religious and traditional societies and the arguments on the medical or non-medical essence of the practice. The paper further highlights amongst the Asante people of Ghana, a practice argued to have been introduced by Islamic Wanzams who are severally referred to as Muslim Circumcision Surgeons. Often circumcision amongst communities in West, Southern Africa, Asia and other Aboriginal groups has been spurred on by customs and traditions [1]. Yet the case of Asante was different. Hence attention has been paid to the history of circumcision amongst the people of Asante. More significantly, the health implications associated with circumcision surgery in Asante have been highlighted. Possible benefits from the practice of circumcision and the potential dangers associated with it, especially the operations of the Asante circumcision surgeons (Wanzams) have been amply scrutinised in the narrative. In the conclusion, attention is paid to some of the scientific arguments for male circumcision. The study is purely qualitative relying on documentary and non-documentary sources. Some of the documentary sources have been gleaned from journal articles, news papers and books etc. The non-documentary data have been sourced from interviews. Both the documentary and non-documentary sources have been thematically pieced together to form a social history of medicine narrative which has potential ramifications on the essence of male circumcision by Wanzams, as well as the need for further research, training and dialogue in the practice in Ghana and Asante in particular.

A population-based study of circumcision and non-HIV sexually transmitted infections in a contemporary group of African American men: the flint men's health study

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: An estimated 19 million new sexually transmitted infections (STI) are reported annually in the United States, which cost the health care system $17 billion each year. The relationship between circumcision and STI risk remains controversial, despite several randomized controlled trials out of Africa demonstrating that circumcision reduces the rate of HIV transmission by up to 76%. We sought to assess potential variable risk of non-HIV sexually transmitted infections among a large community-based cohort of circumcised and uncircumcised African American men. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Flint Men’s Health Study, a population-based cohort study of African American men. 817 men, ages 40-79, from Genesee County, Michigan provided information on clinical and sociodemographic characteristics, and sexual and reproductive health and practices. Relevant data collected included information on demographics, circumcision history, STI history, and sexual behaviors. Differences in the distributions of these factors by circumcision and STI status were examined and tested using Pearson chi-squared tests. Additionally, a multivariate logistic regression examined the association between circumcision and STI, controlling for age, income, and number of sexual partners. RESULTS: Overall, 51% of men were circumcised with nearly 60% of circumcisions occurring in the first year of life. Men aged 40-49 (58.5%) were circumcised more than older men (55.9%, 44.1%, and 44.0% of men aged 50-59, 60-69, and 70-79, respectively, p 1⁄4 0.0026). 55% of men reported some history of STI with lower income associated with a higher rate of STI (p 1⁄4 0.015). Men with the greatest number of sexual partners generally had the highest rates of STI (p < 0.0001). There was no significant association between circumcision status and STI in the multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for known confounders, men in our study who were uncircumcised were not any more likely to report a history of STI. Our data may challenge common beliefs regarding the protective nature of circumcision against STI, which have mostly been extrapolated from studies looking at HIV rates in primarily non-American men. Further investigation may elucidate the complicated relationship between circumcision and STI and help draw lasting conclusions on the potential protective benefit of circumcision in American males.