History Of Circulation Research Articles

Deepwater circulation variation in the South China Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum

AbstractDeepwater circulation plays a central role in global climate. Compared with the Atlantic, the Pacific deepwater circulation's history remains unclear. The Luzon overflow, a branch of the North Pacific deep water, determines the ventilation rate of the South China Sea (SCS) basin. Sedimentary magnetic properties in the SCS reflect millennial‐scale fluctuations in deep current intensity and orientation. The data suggest a slightly stronger current at the Last Glacial Maximum compared to the Holocene. But, the most striking increase in deep current occurred during Heinrich stadial 1 (H1) and to a lesser extent during the Younger Dryas (YD). Results of a transient deglacial experiment suggest that the northeastern current strengthening at the entrance of the SCS during H1 and the YD, times of weak North Atlantic Deep Water formation, could be linked to enhanced formation of North Pacific Deep Water.

Immunogeno: Protective mechanism for Rift Valley fever in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, fever causing viral disease that affects domestic animals and humans. In Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), this pathology is not well documented. No epidemic of the RVF has not been reported but sera samples collected in six provinces surveyed from 2005 to 2006 revealed 14% of apparent prevalence and, high apparent prevalence (20%) of antibodies against RVF virus was reported in Katanga Province during the same survey; this serological evidence was associated with abortions cases in Cattle (Mulumba et al. 2009). Livestock immunisation is important for control of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) epidemics; however immunisation of susceptible domestic animals in endemic countries does not protect animals against the clinical disease but prevents the propagation of virus to human population through reduction of the amplification degree in host animals. The humoral immunity is sufficient for protection for animals as well as for humans. The infection caused by RVFV leads to neutralisation of the immunity of the animal (Barnard 1979).Various immunological studies have been made on the characterisation of immune response during RVFV epidemics but, until now several studies have been concentrated on the response of the innate immune particularly based on signal interferon system than the response of the adaptive immune and cell mediated humoral immune. The available information on the immune response related to RVFV does not seem to provide enough information on various mechanisms of the response immune system.The aim of the study is based on mechanism of immune response system including protective effect of immunisation against RVFV. In addition, epidemiological and molecular studies will be assessed. As a matter of fact, following studies will be conducted:• evaluation of the immunological protection against Rift Valley fever in vaccinated and non- vaccinated cattle using IgG and IgM ELISAs in Katanga Province• assessment of cellular response to Rift Valley fever disease in vaccinated and naturally infected cattle• molecular characterisation of RVFV strains circulating in vaccinated and non vaccinated cattle• assessment of protective effect related to vaccinal strains in cattle, using a longitudinal survey.The studies will be carried out Northern Katanga Province within two areas, one with historyof circulation of RVFV and other without history RVFV circulation.Whole blood, spleen, liver, lymph node will be collected as target tissues from cattle carcasses. In addition, goats and sheeps samples will be collected alongside from each area in order to clarify the disease situation. Serological tests based on the detection of Ig M and Ig G will be used. DIVA tests, LAMP, and IHC techniques will be used. Within previously vaccinated areas in the above mentioned areas and those that are not vaccinated, the collected samples will be analysed using RT-PCR/RT-LAMP.In vitro experimental studies systems will be carried out using animal PMBCs that will be infected with wild type of RVF virus as well as with vaccinal strains, such as clones 13 and MP12 to characterise various cell types such as CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, B-cells, NK cells and, macrophages will be studied with regard to activation and apoptosis signals on various post – infection days, using flow cytometry. A pool of animals will be vaccinated with the Clone 13 and another with the MP12 to determine the traceability. The monitoring of the immune response will be done through the measurement of immunoglobulin G (Ig G) and immunoglobulin M (Ig M). RT-PCR, spectrophotometer or Facs methods will be used for the dosage of cells T CD4 + and Cell T CD8+.

‘Beauty Bare: The Sonnet Form, Geometry and Aesthetics’

The appeal of the sonnet form over centuries is bot h unquestionable and curious. Most poets attempt a sonnet at one time or another in th eir career, and many readers in English, as well as other Western languages, have e ncountered a sonnet or two. While some might see the sonnet as an old-fashioned form, poets continue to produce them in great quantities, and new collections and studie s of them continue to appear. Zachariah Wells, editor of one sonnet anthology, at tributes the form’s longevity to its “adaptability, flexibility, plasticity” through his tory. 3 Others are more mystical in their ideas about the persistence of the sonnet: “Poets,” Don Paterson reflects, “write sonnets because it makes poems easier to write. Rea ders read them because it makes their lives easier to bear”. 4 There is a long-held perception that sonnets teach us something about the very nature of poetry, especial ly in relation to poetic form. This is frequently cited as the justification for insist ing that creative writing students try to write them, and that literature students learn to r ead them. But aside from the structural rigour of the form ‐ with the attendant assumption that the more restrictive the form, the greater the poetic challenge (haikus have a similar status in this respect) ‐ the actual reasoning behind the idea of the sonne t’s edifying qualities remains vague. Similarly, the sonnet’s aesthetic qualities are fr equently proclaimed, but slippery and difficult to articulate. Paul Oppenhei mer writes that the sonnet has a “mysterious aesthetic” that reveals “a psychologica l, as well as an aesthetic, law, or equation, or archetype” that makes it one of the mo st “secure and enduring forms in poetry”, but he remains vague as to what that is, p recisely. 5 Paterson connects the aesthetic and the psychological appeal of the sonne t: “a miraculous little form in which our human need for unity and discontinuity, r epetition and variation, tension and resolution, symmetry and asymmetry, lyric inspi ration and argumentative rigour, are all held in near-perfect oppositional balance” (xxvi-xxvii). It is frequently seen as having a meditative quality (xvi) ‐ an interiority, which Oppenheimer suggests is due to its non-musical, purely literary, history of cir culation. He provides convincing proof that despite the popular idea of sonnet meaning “little song,” it was always