History Of Arctic Exploration Research Articles

РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ИСТОРИИ О МЕЗЕНСКИХ «РОБИНЗОНАХ» НА СТРАНИЦАХ ДЕТСКИХ ИЗДАНИЙ XIX ВЕКА

The article is devoted to the story of Mezen hunters, which was published in children’s magazines of the second half of the 19th century. The historiography of this topic is not too extensive. The research interest was focused on the event of the Mezen “microhistory” for children. The source of the article was published in the journals “Journal for reading students of military schools” (1846), “Snowdrop” (1859, 1862) and “Children’s reading” (1871). The article recreates the mechanism of representation of the plot from the history of the development of Svalbard in the XVIII century in the periodicals of the pre-revolutionary period. Comparative analysis of the texts led to conclusions about the techniques used by writers, adapting 18th century narrative to children. The authors conclude that, firstly, during this period, the story of the Mezens in Svalbard is represented in the form of a recounting of events from the German language; secondly, the central episode of the Robinsonade is restored using an arsenal of visual aids; Third, the plot is presented in the form of an artistic and journalistic essay with a foreword about the history of Arctic exploration and the previous unsuccessful wintering. The results of the work suggest the approbation of the hypothesis and the construction of a variant of the plot about Mezen “robinsons” as it exists in children’s magazines of the XIX century.

The Arctic from a Hungarian Perspective

The history of Arctic exploration and the natural and social geographical characteristics of the region have been in the focus of Hungarian geographical research for 250 years. These studies are not exclusively geographical, but related to scientific fields (science, ethnography, and geopolitics), and include travel history. At the same time, no uniform work or knowledge base was created that would summarize domestic research in the Arctic region. The present study tries to fill this gap and summarize the role of Hungarian scientists in the research history of Arctic geography and related sciences and covers a geopolitical perspective. During the study, I applied a multidisciplinary approach, using domestic scientific works published in the fields of history, travel history, geography, ethnography, linguistics, as well as international relations, geopolitics, and international law. I concluded that the Arctic region has belonged to the field of interest of Hungarian scientists for centuries. I identified five major periods, during which different aspects and scientific fields played a central role (e.g., natural science, ethnography, geopolitics).

Organization and legal framework for using the Arctic space

In this paper we consider the history of Arctic exploration. The most important historical aspects of the Arctic region development are analyzed. We used the methods of scientific knowledge, which allow a comprehensive study of the essential aspects of the Arctic development. The important stages of the subarctic region development are investigated. The article highlights the issues of creation and functioning of the Arctic Council. The authors have identified the tasks of Russian legal regulation of the Arctic territories, which consists in the formation of national legislation at the level of other Arctic states, as well as in restoring the balance between legal and “substitute” norms. The scope of international legal regulation in the Arctic zone was also identified and it was established that the most significant influence was gained by the problems associated with the vital activities of the indigenous peoples of the North, nature management and environmental protection in the Arctic zone, as well as the military aspect in the use of the Arctic space.

Extreme archaeological sites and their tourism: a conceptual model from historic American polar expeditions in Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Northeast Greenland

Differing levels of scholarly study, wide geographic dispersal, tourist visitation and protection by national cultural resource management regimes have left large gaps both in the scholarship and even the possibilities for scholarship at archaeological sites from the history of Arctic exploration. This article summarizes the history of seven American Arctic expeditions, the actual and potential archaeological remains they left behind, and the historic and contemporary use of these sites in Arctic tourism. It then proposes a set of field and cloud computing methodologies for the collection and networking of data to begin to fill the gaps in the records of these expeditions and in the process offer a model for an international scholarly architecture for the interactive study of polar archaeological sites tourism.

A History of Arctic Exploration: discovery, adventure and endurance at the top of the world - By Matti Lainema and Jura Nurminen

International Journal of Nautical ArchaeologyVolume 40, Issue 2 p. 459-460 A History of Arctic Exploration: discovery, adventure and endurance at the top of the world – By Matti Lainema and Jura Nurminen ANN SAVOURS, ANN SAVOURS Canterbury, EnglandSearch for more papers by this author ANN SAVOURS, ANN SAVOURS Canterbury, EnglandSearch for more papers by this author First published: 03 August 2011 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2011.00326_19.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume40, Issue2September 2011Pages 459-460 RelatedInformation

The memorials on Beechey Island, Nunavut, Canada: an historical and pictorial survey

This paper describes observations made on visits to Beechey Island in 1999, 2002, and 2005. These visits were made in order to examine the memorials on this very important site for Arctic exploration and to make an extensive photographic record of them. Their history and present condition are described. There are some inconsistencies and confusion in the scattered literature concerning their history and this paper seeks to resolve these matters. It is hoped that further investigations to resolve the few remaining problems, will be conducted and that a systematic nomenclature, which is suggested in the paper, will be adopted for the memorials. Restoration, repair, and regular maintenance of the memorials are becoming necessary and appropriate funding for this is required before it is too late. Close regulation of the erection of more modern memorials and burials, some of which, in the author's view, detract from the significance, solemnity, and appearance of the island is desirable. With the growing number of airborne and ship borne travellers and tourists visiting Beechey Island, a degree of supervision may become necessary in order to ensure that the memorials remain intact. Beechey Island is one of the most important heritage locations in Canada and in the history of Arctic exploration by the Royal Navy in the nineteenth century.

Krüger's Final Camp in Arctic Canada?

On 3 July 1999, John England, Art Dyke, and undergraduate student Michelle Laurie were surveying raised marine shorelines on Axel Heiberg Island halfway between Cape Southwest and the mouth of Surprise Fiord. During this work, they discovered a site with objects that appeared to be "of considerable antiquity." ... Only the compass and the transit were collected for preservation and identification. Protruding through the surface sand was evidence of additional material, including what appeared to be tent canvas, as well as printed material and a shirt (or long underwear) with label of German origin. ... As both England and Dyke are well acquainted with the history of Arctic exploration, they began to consider who might have left the instrument, and under what circumstances, given its evident value. ... The abandoned samples clearly identified the site as a geological camp. The abandonment of specimens would be consistent with a team in some difficulty. ... The 1999 find described here now provides the best evidence concerning the probable fate of Hans Krüger and his team. The German label on the partially buried clothing, the fragment that appears to be tent canvas, the old-style canister, the small pile of rock samples, and most significantly, the evidence gleaned from the small transit, point to new evidence concerning this 70-year-old Arctic mystery. Why would one abandon such easily transported and important possessions that would constitute the very heart of the scientific expedition? The overriding impression that one is left with at this sparse site is its abandonment under duress. The fact that so few provisions remained, and that the tent itself many have been destroyed, suggests that the camp may have suffered a late spring snowstorm that buried what remained, and the explorers had no time or energy left to excavate it before escaping eastward. Regardless, if the site is Krüger's, then his team made it several hundred kilometres farther back on their return journey than was previously thought. Sadly, Krüger's fiancé and mother never had conclusive evidence of their loss, and their anguish is revealed in letters sent to Krüger via the RCMP in 1931, now preserved in the Library and Archives Canada. His fiancé never married and tragically committed suicide in 1946. We hope that the planned archeological survey of the subsurface and the snow-filled gullies adjacent to the site will help clarify what we have presented here, further confirming that this is Krüger's final camp. Since scientific surveys, including ours, have been so widely conducted along the coastlines to the east that lead into and through Eureka Sound, it is unlikely that any subsequent camp will be found.

Per Schei (1875-1905)

Per Schei, Norwegian geologist and explorer, died a young man. From 1898 to 1902, as a member of Captain Otto Sverdrup's second expedition in the Fram, Schei made his mark on the geological understanding of a vast region of the eastern Canadian High Arctic. Schei died before he could write a detailed report for publication, but by the time of his death, his status as a talented scientist and outstanding expedition man was established. ... In collaboration with Nansen, Sverdrup had decided to explore northernmost Greenland, and possibly to circumnavigate the subcontinent. Using the so-called Smith Sound route, Sverdrup was to direct Fram up the narrow channels separating Greenland and Ellesmere Island and winter in Greenland as far north as possible. These channels, now known as Nares Strait, had been explored by British and American expeditions since the 1850s. Sledge parties from Fram were to delimit the northern part of Greenland and to reach as far south down the east coast as possible. ... However, the Norwegian thrust north in the summer of 1898 was stopped by unfavourable ice conditions in Kane Basin. ... Another attempt the following summer to negotiate Kane Basin was thwarted by ice, and following this Sverdrup sailed Fram southward and westward into Jones Sound to spend the next three winters in southern Ellesmere Island. This was a fortunate decision: it led to the discovery and charting of "New Land" west of Ellesmere Island. Up north, it was left to Peary to prove the insularity of Greenland, in 1900. ... Schei took to expedition life quickly but not without mishap. After an episode of frostbite during early sledging on Bache Peninsula, which necessitated amputation of several toes on each foot, Schei developed into one of the most skillful dogsledge handlers and hunters on the expedition. His courage and dedication could not be overwhelmed by such small disabilities as a stiff leg, lost toes, and short-sightedness. ... Sverdrup's well-organized and coordinated team work produced results unsurpassed in arctic exploration; the group of islands now named the Sverdrup Islands - Axel Heiberg, Ellef and Amund Ringes, King Christian, and smaller islands - were discovered and mapped, and the entire western coast of Ellesmere Island and much of northern Devon Island were charted. Schei participated in some of the longest and most arduous sledge journeys, for example a trip with Sverdrup, during the final sledging campaign of 1902, northward up Nansen Sound to reach the Arctic Ocean and the northwestern tip of Ellesmere Island. ... The geographic and scientific advances achieved by Sverdrup's expedition rank it as one of the most successful in the history of arctic exploration, and Schei returned with a rich geological and paleontological collection from a hitherto unknown region. ... Schei's preliminary accounts appeared in 1903 in several languages, and these papers, although only a few pages each, were regarded by his contemporaries as forming some of the most important contributions ever made to arctic geology. Aware of the mammoth task of dealing with the extensive collection, Schei induced a number of specialists in Europe to identify and systematically describe the fossil assemblages. Only one treatise appeared in Schei's lifetime, but by 1917 ten geological reports had been completed, and Professor Olav Holtedahl concluded the four-volume work with a summary report based on Schei's diaries. One can only wonder how much greater Schei's contribution to arctic geology would have been had he lived. Professor W.C. Brogger noted Schei's decline in health early in 1905. ... Schei died of dropsy, a result of kidney malfunction that was thought at the time to be related to the four strenuous years in the far North. ... Schei can be credited with making the most impressive contribution by a single person to the geological understanding of the Arctic Islands prior to the advent of aircraft.

Cartography of the Undersea Arctic Region

This paper, with Dr Lyon's was presented in Paris in November 1983 at an international colloquium organized by the Centre d'Etudes Arctiques of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, by whose kind permission they are here reproduced. The theme of the conference, at which some 35 papers were presented, was the Conquest of the North Pole; the subjects covered included both the history of Arctic exploration and contemporary problems and the future of polar transport, sea and air. Mr Kerr is Director of the Canadian Hydrographic Service's Atlantic Region; both he and his co-author are at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth.

The Soviet contribution to the Italia search and rescue, 1928

The story of the crash of Nobile's dirigible Italia to the north of Svalbard in 1928 and of the complex and often confused multi-national search for the survivors which ensued has become one of the best known themes in the history of Arctic exploration, and One which has given rise to a small library of books weighing every aspect of the story. While the role of the Soviet icebreaker Krasin in this story, as the vessel which reached and rescued the main group of survivors, has become world famous, it is not generally realized that Krasin's voyage represented only one facet of a multi-pronged Soviet assault, aimed at rescuing the Italia survivors. Two other vessels, Malygin and Sedov, were also involved in the search, in each case representing the first voyage for these vessels into the northern Arctic under the Soviet flag. Later, after a refit in Norway, Krasin made a second voyage in the autumn of 1928 to Svalbard and Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa, still in search of any possible survivors from Nobile's Italia. This article will stress in particular these lesser known aspects of the Soviet rescue operation.

Northern Ellesmere Island

The ellesmere ice shelf expeditions of 1953 and 1954 were launched under the auspices of the Canadian Defence Research Board * and the Canadian Geo? logical Survey, with the addition in 1954 of the United States Air Force Cambridge Research Center (A.F.C.R.C.) and the Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Estab? lishment, Corps of Engineers, United States Army (S.I.P.R.E.). In the course of our work we came on a number of relics of our predecessors in the northern regions of Ellesmere Island, and, before describing the course of the expeditions themselves, it may be of interest to recapitulate briefly the history of exploration in these parts. Hayes in 1861 appears to have been the first explorer to see the mountains of the north east corner of Ellesmere Island, from Lady Franklin Bay (his furthest north),1 but it was another ten years before Hall looked for the first time on the north coast of Ellesmere Island. Hall's ship, the Polaris, wintered in 1871-2 in Thank God Harbour, where Hall died. Sledge parties were active on the Greenland side of Robeson Channel, but the north coast of Ellesmere Island was not visited.2 In 1875 tne British Arctic Expedition (Captain Sir G. S. Nares, r.n.) went north. While Captain Stephenson wintered his ship, the Discovery, in Discovery Harbour, Nares himself succeeded in forcing the Alert to winter quarters at Floeberg Beach near Cape Sheridan, the western portal of Robeson Channel. The latitude of 820 30' became the furthest northing of any ship under her own power in American waters, and remained so until the U.S. icebreaker operations of 1948, although from 1905 Peary shared with Nares the credit of taking a ship thus far. From Floeberg Beach the following spring Nares sent out man-hauling parties in the tradition of those days. By modern standards ill-equipped and inadequately fed, the northern party under Markham and the western party under Aldrich, with great resolution and an unflinching contempt for the elements and the deep soft snow, pursued their objectives, a Farthest North and the exploration of the north coast of Ellesmere Island. Markham returned from lat. 830 20' north of Cape Joseph Henry, but in order to reach this point he was obliged to travel 520 miles to make good a distance of less than 60 miles north-north-west of winter quarters; and he lost one man. He returned with the conviction that the Pole would not be reached by travelling over the ice floes. Aldrich's journey is perhaps the more remarkable, for he reached Alert Point, 200 miles distant from winter quarters. Like Markham he returned with the finest margin between safety and disaster, but lost not a man. Scurvy forced Nares to abandon his plans for a second year and return to England, with the Discovery in company, in the summer of 1876.3 4 5 In 1881 Greely led the United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, which spent two winters at Fort Conger on Discovery Harbour. The subsequent retreat southward of this party in 1883-4 was attended by disasters which have had few parallels in the history of Arctic exploration. From Fort Conger sledge parties were active inland, on the Greenland and on the Ellesmere coasts. A northern party,