History Of Iran Research Articles

Jāme‘ al-Hedāyat fī ‘Elm al-Remāyat: a forgotten source from the Ilkhanid period

Research objectives: To emphasize the importance of Jāme‘ al-Hedāyat fī ‘Elm al-Remāyat in terms of medieval Mongolian and Iranian cultural history and to contribute to the recognition of this important source in the world. Research materials: The author of the article examines Jāme‘ al-Hedāyat fī ‘Elm al-Remāyat, the source of the research, and the current literature on the subject. Results and novelty of the research: Mongol history studies in the world are quite advanced in the light of resources and research. However, many issues waiting to be uncovered and many resources waiting to be discovered are waiting for researchers. Most studies focus on political history where sources tend to provide more information. Nevertheless, although few, cultural sources written during the Mongolian states have survived to the present day. One of these sources is Jāme‘ al-Hedāyat fī ‘Elm al-Remāyat, written in Iran during the Ilkhanid period. It is an important treatise on archery history. The treatise was written in Persian. Although this source is a very rare source from the medieval Iranian period, it is not well known among researchers. The novelty of this study is to introduce Jāme‘ al-Hedāyat fī ‘Elm al-Remāyat, an important cultural source of Mongolian and Iranian history, to the scholarly world and to identify the studies on this source.

Religious contestation and Islamophobia among Iranian communities residing in the Greater Toronto area and York region.

Religion is an omnipresent concern for the Iranian community residing in the Greater Toronto Area and York Region (GTA and YR). While the experience of Islamophobia appears to be a unidirectional attitude from the host onto the diasporic community, this research indicates the complexities of Canada's Muslim experience. According to this research, the Iranian Diasporas present an ingroup Islamophobia by expressing anger and hostility toward Iranian Muslim community members. In an attempt to set communal boundaries by restructuring one's ethnic identity, the historical and environmental factors simultaneously influence social interaction between the Iranian Muslim community and other Iranian-Canadians. This paper examines the Iranian religious identity and its relationship with Iranian history, Western Islamophobia, and non-Islamiosity to examine the Iranian Muslims' experience in Canada.

Climate, Disease, and Upheaval in the Turkic World in the 14th-15th Centuries

This paper examines the role of climate and disease as a major factor resulting in disruption and upheaval in the Turkic world in the 14th-15th centuries. The first issue the paper addresses is the beginning of the climatic downturn in circa 1280, which will ultimately culminate in the Little Ice Age of the late 15th-18th centuries. The paper cites recent work on the role of climate in the history of Iran. While the author has explored this issue in detail for the history of the Golden Horde, the impact of climate change on Iran in the 14th-15th centuries is a topic which has yet to be investigated adequately by historians. More importantly, climate change is associated with the spread of the Black Death, both in the original point of its spread and especially in the lower Volga River delta. The paper addresses the role of the Black Death (1346- ) as a disruptive factor in the history of the Golden Horde and the Chağatay Khanate. Citing recent research, it also considers legacy of the Black Death in the political, socio-economic, and cultural history of the Il-Khanate and what it meant for the rise of the Aqqoyunlu state. In the Golden Horde, Central Asia, and the Ottoman Empire, the Black Death led to a decline or disappearance in the earlier Islamic Turkic literary language. The earlier archair literary language was replaced by a newer literary language closer to the vernacular or spoken language of the people. There is also evidence of cultural responses to plague written in the new language.

Global Reflections on Mohammad Mosaddeq

The seventieth anniversary of the 1953 coup that toppled the government of Mohammad Mossadeq in Iran provides the opportunity to assess not only the history of Iran during Mossadeq's premiership and the consequential oil crisis, but also to examine Mossadeq's legacy, the oil nationalization, and the conflict between Iran and the West. Mosaddeq's personality and distinct profile, which continued to haunt the West for decades even after his death, contributed to the mythical place this affair has occupied in the Iranian national memory, but now, seven decades later, how do we use that period as a lens through which to examine other chapters in Iran's history? What can we make of the scholarship and sources about Iran before 1951 or after 1953? What is the impact of this affair on the collective memory of Iranians in and outside Iran as we enter the second quarter of the 21st century?

Refracted: Mohammad Mosaddeq and Iranian National Identity

A long history of political power struggles has shaped Iranian national identity. Each successive regime has sought to take control of Iranian political currents to reach its own objectives, and in the process has influenced Iranian identity in important ways. Few political figures in Iranian history have been as significant as Mohammad Mosaddeq in the shaping of Iranian identity, which he represents in ways that other political figures have failed to capture. His power to shape Iran's relationship with Western powers and his ability to project the image of Iran onto the world stage have enabled the endurance of his significance in the Iranian national psyche, which continues to show itself with his symbolic appearance in a range of political activities, including student rallies and public demonstrations.

A Comparative Exploration of Gender Representations in Persian Sufi Literature and Modern Literary Works

The research examines how gender is depicted in Sufi and modern Persian literature, exploring the complex factors that influence the representation of gender roles and identities throughout different historical periods. The study meticulously reviews these literary genres to identify the many perspectives on gender, acknowledging that each genre provides a distinct viewpoint through which societal values are conveyed. The investigation delves into not just literary aesthetics but also the cultural and historical conditions that have shaped the development of gender norms. This study examines how Sufi and modern Persian literature, which are deeply influenced by their specific time periods and cultural contexts, mirror and distort social perspectives on gender. Through the analysis of the progression of these depictions over time, the study sheds light on the profound transformation of gender norms and identities throughout the course of Iranian history. This inquiry enhances our comprehension of the complex relationship between literature, culture, and gender dynamics, providing significant insights into how literary works reflect and influence society's perspectives. The results of this study not only enhance academic discussions on Persian literature but also offer a subtle perspective to analyze the wider cultural weave of Iran.

Demonic Descents: Contests in Islamic Tribal Etiology

Abstract This essay explores the theme of demonic descent in etiologies assigned to Lurs, Kurds, Afghans, and the Baloch across the past millennium. In it, I parse the imputation of nonhuman beginnings to these peoples while also examining retorts to that same accusation. While agents of premodern empires used the narrative of demonic descent to racialize peoples on the peripheries of sovereignty, demonized peoples replied with sacralizing genealogies that bound them to early nodes in Prophetic and Iranian history. I argue that we must attend to demonizing practices in Islamic historiography not only to write the historical struggles of dispossessed peoples, but to examine our own inheritances as narrators of the Islamic past today.

Иран на пути к региональной интеграции: политические и экономические аспекты взаимоотношений с государствами-членами ШОС

The article examines Iran’s relationship with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), analyses the process of establishing cooperation with the member states of this organization, primarily Russia and China, in the field of regional security, as well as the political and economic spheres. The history of Iran’s inclusion in the SCO, the dynamics of cooperation, as well as the impact of this interaction on regional and world politics are explored. The focus is on joint projects, diplomatic, trade and economic relations, as well as potential challenges and prospects for cooperation between Iran and the SCO. The work notes that Iran’s desire for full membership in this organization was reinforced by the confrontation with the leading Western powers led by the United States and fit into the framework of Eastern policy with the prospect of an alliance with Russia and China. It is emphasized that due to opposition to Iran’s desire to strengthen its independence and sovereignty, Western powers prevented its inclusion in the regional or international security architecture. Under these conditions, Iran has intensified its efforts in search of its place in the international security system, relying on the idea of national identity and drawing closer to Russia and China. It is noted that the negative consequences of sanctions, threats of military intervention, cyber warfare and attempts to destabilize the Islamic regime were the main methods of Western policy towards Iran. Based on this, accession to the SCO was considered by the Iranian leadership as the most important task to neutralize Western sanctions and become one of the leaders in the regional security system.

Gender aspect in the ideology and practice of Iranian nationalism in the early 20th c.

Iranian history is one of those rare cases when the topic of women’s social status was raised by the ruling regimes twice - in the1920-1930s and 1970s. This fact shows firm connection of nationalist and gender discourses. Since gender issues were not only declared on behalf of the state, but were also widely discussed in the public sphere, the study uses sources of an artistic and journalistic origin, that traditionally in Iran play the role of ideological indicators. These include materials from the Iranian, mainly women’s press as well as the works of the literary corpus. The examples of poster genre, which propagandizes for the position of the state and visualizes the ideology, also serve as a valuable source for the research. The undertaken study shows that, starting from the end of the 19th century, Iranian nationalism has been intensively exploiting gender issue to proclaim its own positions, using family metaphors and a system of female symbols for political purposes. As an ideology of a modernizing society, nationalism in Iran actively used the image of the “progressive Iranian woman” as a link between the present day and the great pre-Islamic past.

The State and the Class in Qajar Iran, 1794-1925

The form of the relationship between the state and social class throughout the history of Iran has always been explained by theories of the ‘Asiatic mode of production’ and ‘Oriental Despotism’. According to these theories, the power of the state is unlimited and it has all classes under its control. Meanwhile, many historical data of the Qajar era question this point of view and represent a situation in which various social forces limit the power of the state. The present article was written in response to the conflict between the theory of the ‘Asian state’ and the historical reality of the Qajar era. The main question of the article is: was the Qajar state limited by the social classes or did it have absolute and supra-class power? In answer to this question, the state classifications of Elman Service, Andrew Vincent, Max Weber, Karl Marx and Samuel Huntington are used. The research method is a historical case study that collects and analyzes data using two documentary methods and pattern matching. The results of the research show that the pattern of “balance, opposition and limitation” is established in the relationship between the state and the social classes of the Qajar era. This pattern can be described according to the classification of states based on the criterion of “accumulation and distribution of power”. It is split into three periods. The first period is characterized as a “patriarchal” state, the second — as a “patrimonial” state, and the third — as a “constitutional” state. The state in the first and second Qajar periods was associated with a low accumulation of power and centralized power distribution, and in the third period, that of post-constitutionality, it took the form of a low accumulation of power and scattered power distribution.

<p>Veiling Laws Throughout Iranian History: The Relationship to Religion, Before and During Islamic Law</p>

<p>Veiling Laws Throughout Iranian History: The Relationship to Religion, Before and During Islamic Law</p>

THE MODERN OIL INDUSTRY IN IRAN: A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND REVIEW

The production of petroleum substances has a long historical tradition in Iran. Glance (1970) reported that the “first man‐made oil well was dug” in the ancient city of Susa (present‐day Shush), about 40 km northwest of Ahwaz, in 500 BC during the reign of the Achaemenid emperor Darius I. Writing in the fifth century BC, Herodotus described petroleum production near a place called Ardericca, probably present‐day Masjed Soleyman, located 210 furlongs from Susa (Lees, 1950). The petroleum substances produced included bitumen which was used in construction and the waterproofing of ships. Sorkhabi (2005) detailed the petroleum history in Iran during ancient and medieval times.The modern quest for oil in Iran dates from the second half of the 19th century. From a historical perspective, this modern period can be divided into six distinct phases: (i) The early years, 1872–1900; (ii) The Anglo‐Persian years, 1901–1932; (iii) The Anglo‐Iranian Years and Nationalization, 1933–1953; (iv) The second Pahlavi years, 1954–1978 including the rise of OPEC; (v) The Islamic Revolution and Iran‐Iraq War, 1979–1989; and (vi) Buyback Contracts and US Sanctions, 1990–Present. The search for oil was singularly unsuccessful during the first of these phases and the early years of the second phase. However, after a difficult six‐year exploration campaign, oil in commercial quantities was struck in the early hours of 26 May, 1908 at Maidan‐e Naftun, which in later years achieved world fame as the Masjed Soleyman oil field. Since then, more than 120 oil and gas field discoveries have been made in Iran's onshore areas and its territorial waters in the Persian Gulf.The story of oil has always been an emotive and politically charged issue in Iran and has been the focus of great national interest and debate for over a century. Certainly, the discovery in 1908 marked a milestone in Iran's 20th century history: it ushered in a new era – an era not only of progress and prosperity, but also of social and political upheaval and turmoil that has not yet ended (Ala, 2007). In this paper, important events in each of the historical phases identified above are briefly reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the emergence of the modern petroleum industry in Iran, and the early phases are covered in particular detail.

Persepolis: The Depiction of Childhood and Maturity Journeys Through Visual and Verbal Analysis

Marjane Satrapi's autobiographical series Persepolis is a set of comics written originally in the French language; and it recounts her life journey from childhood to early adulthood in Iran and Austria during and after the Islamic Revolution. The narrative is written in the form of graphic novel which is a sort of comics that combines both words and images. The Islamic Revolution was a critical moment in the history of Iran, overwhelmed every Iranian citizen, and ended up transforming the country from monarchal to Islamic governance. In the light of this upheaval, Marjane Satrapi visualizes her childhood and maturity through her graphic novel Persepolis. She utilizes the story to be her platform to open up about her challenges to break constraints that are imposed upon her as a woman in this newly shaped society and to call for reform and mercy for war victims. The current study aims at studying the figure of Marjane, the heroine of the story, her perceptions of certain events, her reactions in various moments and how she manages to save herself from all the obstacles that surround her . It will analyze the hidden lessons delivered by this narrative in the light of visual and verbal frames. The researcher attempts to answer how one may act in such hostile environment? what are the significance of writing autobiographical novel in the light of historical context? And how the form of graphic novel helps the author to deliver her message?

An Underdeveloped Political Thought

The theoretical basis for this essay is the basic idea of the sociology of knowledge, which I described in my previous work (Rasekh, K., 2000:10-22). It is hypothetical to assume that Iran is an underdeveloped country. On this basis, I try to prove that there is a link between social relations, (here: Iran), on the one hand, and the political thinking of a social group, the Iranian intellectuals, in a certain period, on the other. I have divided the development of political thinking of Iranian intelligentsia into three periods: the period of "reformers" (1811-1906), that of "modernists" (1906-41) and that of "intellectuals" (1941-79). This division corresponds to three periods of Iranian history in the last two centuries: the first period coincide the 19th Century. This period is called "the era of reformers." The era of the "modernists" covers the first half of the 20th Century. Finally, the era of "intellectuals", the period between World War II and 1979. The hypothesis is that the group, which originally was concerned with the national "progress" became an obstacle against the democratization process of the country. This thought will be called the "underdeveloped political thought", henceforth. The political thinking, whose main characteristic was the claim for monopoly of power. This is the dialectic of "underdevelopment".

The Role of Sufism in the Formation of Contemporary Iranian Music

Sufism has played a critical role, particularly in the past millennium, as one of the most significant cultural components in the history of Iran. And approximately all cultural factors, including arts, politics, economics, and the educational and training system, have been directly and indirectly influenced by the Sufi culture. One such factor is music, which has been uninterruptedly intertwined with Sufism for years. The present paper strives to investigate the extent to which and the ways in which Sufism has influenced contemporary Iranian music. The answer to this research inquiry is crucial for understanding the impacts of Sufism in the contemporary era and dissecting Iranian music, most specifically the Persian modal system (dastgāh). Despite the significant factors that contribute to the Persian musical system, the literature on the topic remains scarce. This research uses historical and research analysis, as well as the results of a field study conducted over the past two decades in the educational atmosphere of the Iranian musical system, to answer the research questions. The findings suggest that contemporary Iranian music has derived considerable influence from Sufi subjects, concepts, and teachings, and evolved thereafter, with dramatic impacts in two epochs: (1) throughout the thirties and forties HS; and (2) in the wake of the Islamic revolution.

History of primary health care in Iran.

The history of the primary healthcare system in Iran portrays a journey of strategic development and implementation that has resulted in significant advancements in healthcare access and overall population well-being. Starting in the early 1980s, Iran embarked on a comprehensive approach to health care delivery prioritizing universal access, equity, and community participation. The foundation of this system was established during the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978, which placed a strong emphasis on the role of primary health care in attaining health for all.Iran's unwavering commitment to this approach led to the creation of an extensive network of rural and urban health centers designed to offer essential health services and preventive care to all citizens. Over the years, the expansion of Iran's primary healthcare system has yielded noteworthy accomplishments. Maternal and child mortality rates have seen substantial declines, attributed to improved access to maternal care and immunization services. The effectiveness of the system in reaching diverse populations has been enhanced through community engagement and the integration of traditional medicine. Furthermore, Iran's focus on health education and disease prevention has resulted in heightened public awareness and the adoption of healthier lifestyles. Despite these achievements, challenges continue to persist. Disparities in the quality and accessibility of services between urban and rural areas remain a concern. Moreover, the ongoing necessity for infrastructure development, training of the health workforce, and efficient resource allocation underscore the continuous efforts required to strengthen the primary healthcare system. The history of Iran's primary health care system is marked by progress and achievements, underscored by an unwavering commitment to providing comprehensive, community-based care. Iran's journey serves as an exemplary model, highlighting the positive impact of prioritizing primary health care in achieving better health outcomes for its population. As Iran continues to evolve its health system, addressing challenges and building upon successes, the history of its primary health care system serves as a valuable lesson in the pursuit of accessible and equitable health care for all.

Women Reclaiming Their Voices for Life and Freedom: Music and the 2022 Uprising in Iran

One of the most prominent features of Iran's 2022 Woman, Life, Freedom uprising has been the diverse profusion of songs created in its wake. Music has played an important role in Iran's social and political movements at least since the Constitutional Revolution when the poet and musical bard Abolqasem Aref Qazvini (d. 1934) effectively transformed the musical concert into a political congregation. Since then, musicians have given rhythm and rhyme to contentious movements all through modern Iranian history, most prominently during the 1979 revolution and again for the 2009 Green Uprising. Considering the important role of music in Iran's political movements, scholarship on music remains surprisingly marginal in Iranian studies.

A History of Persia: From the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century to the Year 1858

The study of İran’s geography and history has attracted the attention of scholars both within and outside its borders. Over time, numerous researchers, including travelers and diplomats who have visited Iran, have recorded their knowledge and experiences regarding Iranian history. This has led to a significant body of literature pertaining of the subject matter. Nevertheless, the discovery or employment of less widely known works can further enrich our understanding and contribute to accumulating historical knowledge about Iran. In contributing to the literature on Iranian history, the reprinting of Robert Grant Watson’s A History of Persia: From the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century to the Year 1858 is a noteworthy development.

Imperial wars and the violence of hunger: remembering and forgetting the Great Persian Famine 1917–1919

The Great Persian Famine of 1917–1919 is one of the greatest calamities in the history of Iran. While some scholarly work has explored the causes and dynamics of the famine, less attention has been paid to its memorialisation. This paper aims to understand how the Great Persian Famine is remembered – or not – in public and personal spheres in Iran. Discussing the historical events that have been silenced, neglected or publicly recognised and commemorated before and after the Islamic Revolution, the paper focusses on the processes that hinder public and private memorialising of hunger violence. Drawing on existing literature, personal diaries, artistic representations, and interviews with persons whose parents or grandparents experienced the Great Persian Famine, we discuss why it has not figured prominently in the national historiography or commemorative practices, except during a brief period (2008–2013) when it found its way into the prevailing political discourse.

Retention rate in methadone maintenance treatment and factors associated among referred patients from the compulsory residential centers compared to voluntary patients.

Compulsory treatment has decades of history in Iran; both before and after the Islamic Revolution, but there are many debates regarding its efficacy and effectiveness. Retention Rate is one of the best indices to estimate the efficacy of treatment. This study will compare Retention Rate among people referred from compulsory treatment centers and volunteer participants. This was a retrospective (historical) cohort study that has been conducted among people who were taking methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). The study sample was selected from the MMT centers that admit both referral patients from compulsory centers and voluntary patients. All newly admitted patients from March 2017 to March 2018 were enrolled and followed up until March 2019. A total of 105 participants were recruited for the study. All were males with a mean age of 36.6 ± 7.9 years. Fifty-six percent of individuals were referred from compulsory residential centers. The total one-year retention rate of participants in this study was 15.84%. The one-year retention rate for the patients referred from compulsory residential centers and the non-referred patients was 12.28 and 20.45%, respectively (value of p = 0.128). Among the other studied factors, only marital status was significantly associated with MMT retention (p = 0.023). Although the average treatment adherence time for non-referred patients was about 60 days higher than those referred from compulsory residential centers, this study found no significant differences in retention days and a one-year retention rate. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups are needed to explore the efficacy of compulsory treatment methods in Iran.