History Of Incarceration Research Articles

Supporting multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant TB treatment adherence in people with harmful use of alcohol through person-centred care.

TB is concentrated in populations with complex health and social issues, including alcohol use disorders (AUD). We describe treatment adherence and outcomes in a person-centred, multidisciplinary, psychosocial support and harm reduction intervention for people with multidrug-resistant or rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) with harmful alcohol use. An observational cohort study, including multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression and survival analysis with people living in Minsk admitted with MDR/RR-TB and AUD during January 2019-November 2021 who received this person-centred, multidisciplinary, psychosocial support and harm reduction intervention, was conducted. There were 89 participants enrolled in the intervention, with a median follow-up of 12.2 (IQR: 8.1-20.5) mo. The majority (n=80; 89.9%) of participants had AUD, 11 (12.4%) also had a dependence on other substances, six (6.7%) a dependence on opioids and three (3.4%) a personality disorder. Fifty-eight had a history of past incarceration (65.2%), homelessness (n=9; 10.1%) or unemployment (n=55; 61.8%). Median adherence was 95.4% (IQR: 90.4-99.6%) and outpatient adherence was 91.2% (IQR: 65.1-97.0%). Lower adherence was associated with hepatitis C, alcohol plus other substance use and outpatient facility-based treatment, rather than video-observed treatment, home-based or inpatient treatment support. This intervention led to good adherence to MDR/RR-TB treatment in people with harmful use of alcohol, a group usually at risk of poor outcomes. Poor outcomes were associated with hepatitis C, other substance misuse and outpatient facility-based treatment support.

Narrative Coherence and Relational Agency: Unraveling Transitions Into and Out of Alberta Correctional Facilities for People Living With HIV.

Incarcerated populations in Canada face significant health and social challenges during transitions into and out of correctional facilities. These transitions around facilities pose disproportionate barriers to care for people living with HIV. Further research is crucial to comprehend these challenges and reimagine care concepts for people who experience structural marginalization. In this article, experiences of transitions into and out of Alberta correctional facilities for people living with HIV are explored using narrative inquiry. Conducted in a Western Canadian city from 2021 to 2022, the inquiry revolved around two men living with HIV and a history of incarceration. Through co-creating field texts and narrative accounts, their unique experiences of transitions were explored through a collaborative process of analysis. Narrative threads from Bruce and Kyle showcased a lack of narrative coherence and the presence of tensions in their lives, while also emphasizing relational agency. The findings provide avenues for health, social, and justice practitioners who support and care for individuals living with HIV and a history of incarceration to think differently about transitions. By highlighting the importance of attending to the unique identities of individuals and relationships from a position of relational agency, the study advances our understanding of transitions. Recommendations for practice and policy include (a) fostering relational agency among practitioners; (b) challenging conventional views of transitions around correctional settings; (c) incorporating peer-based programming into support services; and (d) reconsidering health, justice, and social systems to better support communities disproportionately affected by high rates of incarceration and HIV.

Talking About Incarceration History: Engaging Patients and Healthcare Providers in Communication.

Incarcerated individuals in carceral facilities demonstrate an elevated prevalence of chronic disease conditions which are likely to persist post-release. Healthcare providers may not be trained on how exposure to incarceration may influence patient health outcomes and patient-provider communication. To examine the self-perceived preparedness of healthcare providers to interview patients regarding history of incarceration and the potential related health consequences. This cross-sectional study consisted of a web-based self-administered questionnaire distributed via email to a random sample of healthcare providers in the Department of Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital. In total, 400 healthcare providers were invited to participate; 114 respondents completed the survey, of which 26% were medical doctors (n=30), 41% were physician assistants (n=47), and 32% were nurse practitioners (n=37). Understanding healthcare provider training in caring for formerly incarcerated patients, current treatment practices and confidence caring for patients who have experienced incarceration, and implications for clinical care. Of 114 respondents, 73% reported that they currently care for formerly incarcerated patients. However, only 8% received specialized training for the care of formerly incarcerated patients. While most respondents did not ask their patients about prior history of incarceration (81%), when asked about comfortability in doing so, 60% reported low levels of comfort. Most providers (77%) reported high agreement that incarceration impacted health, with 54% reporting that it led to significant healthcare access barriers, but 64% reported low confidence levels in addressing the needs of formerly incarcerated patients. Healthcare workers recognized incarceration as a detrimental health exposure. However, providers reported low levels of confidence in understanding and addressing the unique needs of patients who experienced incarceration. Findings support the need for further training regarding how to address the needs of formerly incarcerated patients, which would support efforts towards achieving equitable healthcare.

Network determinants of relationship influence on HIV prevention decision-making among people in the social networks of women who have experienced incarceration in the US.

Many cisgender women in the US who have experienced incarceration are at substantial risk for HIV acquisition after they return to the community. Various network interventions have been leveraged for HIV prevention in this population. The objective of this study was to identify network and relationship determinants of influence on HIV prevention decisions, including PrEP. We conducted interviews with a network mapping exercise with participants recruited from the social and sexual networks of women who had experienced incarceration. Participants enumerated important individuals in their lives from the past six months and provided demographic and relationship data as well as whether each relationship influenced their HIV prevention decisions. We abstracted network data from the interview transcripts and described the data set using descriptive statistics and network density graphs. To measure associations between characteristics at each level and whether a relationship was considered influential regarding PrEP decision-making, we use multiple logistic regression with random intercepts for each respondent. We interviewed 32 participants, average age 33.5 years (SD = 8.98), majority female (n = 28, 87.5%), white (n = 23, 71.8%), heterosexual/straight (n = 25, 78.1%), and with a personal history of incarceration (n = 29, 90%). They reported 253 relationships (119 family, 116 friend, 18 sexual relationships). Most adult network members had used drugs or alcohol (n = 182, 80.9%), and of those, 30.8% had used them with the participant (n = 53). The mean network size was 7 (SD = 4) and network density was 52.2%. In the full model, significant positive predictors of an influential relationship included participant non-heterosexual identity (OR 27.8), older average age in the network (OR 3.9 per standard deviation), and being a current or prior sexual partner (OR 10.1). Significant negative predictors included relationships with individuals who use or had used drugs (OR 0.28), longer average relationship duration in the network (OR 0.09) and being in a network with at least one sexual partner (OR 0.2). There are significant positive and negative determinants of relationship influence related to PrEP at individual-, dyad-, relationship-, and network-levels. These support using nuanced network approaches to behavior change that respect and leverage the diversity of relationships that comprise the social networks of women who have experienced incarceration.

Disrupting the Reproductive Lives of Japanese American Families During Wartime: The Overlapping Histories of Removal, Incarceration, and Eugenic Sterilization, 1942–1946

The World War II mass incarceration of 120,000 Japanese Americans disrupted families, enacted intergenerational trauma, and characterized Japanese Americans as inherent racial threats. This federal exercise in biopolitical management intersected with state-sponsored eugenic sterilization in California institutions. Linking War Relocation Authority and California Department of Institutions records, we document 32 Japanese American sterilization survivors during the wartime incarceration period (1942–1946). We show how federal and state authority converged to deprive Japanese Americans of civil rights and reproductive liberty. We add original research and analysis to the intertwined histories of Japanese American incarceration, eugenics, and family in the United States.

The relationship between existential isolation and suicidal ideation among formerly incarcerated individuals

Background and purpose Formerly incarcerated people die by suicide at a rate 6.75 times higher than the general population. In this study we ask whether existential isolation, the feeling of being alone in one’s subjective experiences, offers new insights into this staggering statistic. We specifically ask whether existential isolation predicts suicidal ideation among formerly incarcerated individuals even after accounting for their levels of interpersonal isolation, emotional support, and instrumental support. Method We examined cross-sectional survey data from American participants (n = 946) recruited over the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform. Results Consistent with prediction, we found that people with an incarceration history reported more existential isolation, but not more interpersonal isolation, than those without an incarceration history. A hierarchical regression analysis revealed that existential isolation explained additional variance in suicidal ideation beyond what was explained by interpersonal isolation, instrumental support, and emotional support. Fisher’s r-to-z transformations demonstrated that the magnitude of the relationship between existential isolation and suicidal ideation was stronger among those with an incarceration history than among those without. Finally, existential isolation mediated the relationship between incarceration and suicidal thoughts, even when holding constant other predictors of suicidal ideation. Conclusion Reentry programs may target existential isolation among formerly incarcerated individuals to improve emotional wellbeing.

Paternal Incarceration and Adolescent Delinquency: Role of Father Engagement and Early Child Behavior Problems.

Paternal incarceration is an important predictor of teen delinquency, but the factors that may explain this relationship-such as early child problem behaviors and level of father engagement-have not been adequately explored. The current longitudinal study examined paternal history of incarceration as a predictor of teen self-reported delinquency over a 15-year gap, considering early child problem behaviors and father engagement as mediators. Sex differences in these relationships were also evaluated. This four-wave longitudinal study included an analytic sample of 4897 teens who participated in the birth-cohort Future of Families and Child Well-Being Study. Mothers and fathers were interviewed shortly after the focal child's birth and were then reassessed in follow-up interviews at child ages 1, 3, 5, 9, and 15. The focal children were interviewed at ages 9 and 15. Results showed that paternal prior incarceration at year 1 was associated with greater child behavior problems and father engagement at year 5; however, those relationships disappeared by age 9. Paternal history of incarceration was not related to teen delinquency, but child behavior problems at age 9 were directly related to subsequent engagement in delinquent behaviors. Paternal current incarceration was related to subsequent father engagement but was not associated with later child behaviors. No significant indirect pathways emerged, indicating a lack of support for mediation. No sex differences in these relationships were observed. Overall, the findings underscore the complexity of the relationships between paternal incarceration, child behavior, and father engagement in the emergence of delinquent behaviors.

Associations of individual and partner incarceration history and receipt of cancer screening in the US.

50 Background: Incarceration history is linked to limited access to care, including cancer screenings. Adverse consequences may also extend to their partners due to financial burdens and social stigma. This study examined associations of individual and partner incarceration history and receipt of cancer screenings in the United States. Methods: We identified individuals aged ≥ 50 years currently living with a partner who responded to the 2014-2020 Health and Retirement Study. Incarceration history was defined from responses to the question ‘Have you ever been an inmate in a jail, prison, juvenile detention center, or other correctional facility?’ People were categorized into 3 groups: 1) without individual or partner incarceration history, 2) with individual incarceration history only, and 3) with partner incarceration history only. People with both individual and partner incarceration history were excluded due to small sample size. We used multivariate logistic regression models to generate prevalence ratios (PRs) comparing receipt of any breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screenings ≤2 years among screening-eligible people (defined by the US Preventive Services Taskforce guideline) with individual or partner incarceration history to people without incarceration history, stratifying by sex and controlling for age group, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, and comorbidity. Results: Of the sample, 0.9% and 11.8% of females and males reported individual incarceration history, respectively; 11.1% and 1.0% reported partner incarceration history, respectively. Compared to females without individual or partner incarceration history, women with partner incarceration history were less likely to receive breast cancer screening (PR:0.7, 95CI: 0.5-0.9); women with individual incarceration history were less likely to receive colorectal cancer screening in the past 2 years (PR: 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9). Compared to males without individual or partner incarceration history, men with partner incarceration history were less likely to receive colorectal cancer screening (PR: 0.5, 95% CI: 0.4-0.7). Conclusions: Individual or partner incarceration history was associated with lower prevalence of cancer screening. Programs to improve access to care and cancer screening among both people with incarcerations history and their partners are warranted. Adjusted association of individual and partner incarceration history and receipt of cancer screening. Female Male No Individual or Partner History With Individual History With Partner History No Individual or Partner History With Individual History With Partner History Cancer screening Breast (n=2556) Ref. 2.0 (0.5 - 8.3) 0.7 (0.5 - 0.9) -- Cervical (n=817) 1.4 (0.4 - 5.6) 0.9 (0.6 - 1.4) Colorectal (n=2682 for female, n=2207 for male) 0.7 (0.5 - 0.9) 0.9 (0.7 - 1.0) Ref. 1.0 (0.9 - 1.2) 0.5 (0.4 - 0.7) Ref: referent group.

Engendering carcerality: An introduction

AbstractReflecting the carceral turn in scholarship, this introduction to a special issue on engendering carcerality explores the difference that gender makes in the history of the carceral in its various forms over time and space. It considers the multiple meanings and spaces of imprisonment, surveillance, and confinement; incarceration of mothers; confinement of sex workers; imprisoning of political prisoners, and reforming of youths, taking account of intersectional identities, sexuality and resistance. It looks forward by looking back, engaging in a dialogue with abolitionist movements and current global struggles to encourage critical gendered histories of incarceration and resistance.

Determinants of STI Risk Behaviors as a Function of Alcohol use and Incarceration History Among Male Adolescent Offenders

Determinants of STI Risk Behaviors as a Function of Alcohol use and Incarceration History Among Male Adolescent Offenders

Association Analysis of Demographic Factors and the Likelihood of Self-reporting Mental Illness at Student Run Clinics

Background: Patients in the student-run clinics operated by the Tulane University School of Medicine report higher rates of previous diagnoses of mental illness (45.3%) when compared to the national average (22.8%). The diverse group of patients who utilize these resources have various demographic factors that may influence the likelihood of reporting a mental illness. Our objective is to analyze data from Tulane University School of Medicine’s student-run clinics to identify associations of self-reported psychological diagnoses with demographic and psychosocial factors. Methods: Data collected from surveys filled out by students interviewing patients in student-run clinics (n=1494), chi-square analysis, and multivariate regression analysis were conducted to evaluate associations between self-reported psychiatric illness with demographic and psychosocial factors. Results: In the chi square analysis, patients who were age 18-39, reported using psychiatric medications, identified as White, were female, did not report being homeless, had a previous suicide attempt, had a history of trading drugs for sex or money, were a victim or witness of a violent or traumatic event, and had a history of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse were more likely to report a mental health condition. Patients aged 60-99, who were African American, male, reported homelessness were less likely to report a history of a mental health conditions. Persons who identified as male were the only category statistically associated with decreased odds of reporting a mental health diagnosis. In the regression analysis, patients aged 18-39, aged 40-59, who were female, white, who had a suicide attempt, and had a history of incarceration were likely to report a mental health diagnosis. Conclusions: Patients with specific demographic and psychosocial characteristics were more likely to report a mental health diagnosis.

A Scoping Review of Organ Transplantation in Populations Experiencing Incarceration.

Despite an aging confined population, the current state of organ transplantation in carceral systems is largely unknown. This scoping review aimed to assess the literature on organ transplantation in populations experiencing incarceration. The review used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for a scoping review. Included references were published between January 2000 and January 2022 in PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature via EBSCO, EMBASE.com, PsycInfo via EBSCO, Sociological Abstracts via ProQuest, and Scopus. Two reviewers conducted title and abstract screening, full-text review, and data extraction in order to generate common themes. The initial search yielded 3,225 studies, and 2,129 references underwent screening. Seventy studies underwent full-text review, and 10 met inclusion criteria. These studies revealed heterogeneous perspectives and policies by providers and transplant centers regarding transplant consideration of individuals with incarceration history or current involvement. Two studies on a kidney transplant program for patients experiencing incarceration showed transplant as a sustainable and potentially superior option for people who are incarcerated, as compared with chronic hemodialysis. Literature on transplantation for populations experiencing incarceration is sparse. More research is required to understand the demand for transplants and the ethical implications of the heterogeneous perspectives and policies on practice patterns.

Changing Epidemiology of Chronic Hepatitis C: A University Hospital Experience

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a significant public health problem worldwide, with varying epidemiological trends over time necessitating continual surveillance and intervention strategies. Objectives: This retrospective study aimed to examine trends in demographics, transmission routes, and disease characteristics among 635 patients diagnosed with HCV infection between 2003 and 2023. Methods: Data on demographics, HCV RNA levels, liver enzymes, genotype distribution, and transmission routes were retrospectively analyzed. The study period was divided into four segments for detailed analysis. Results: There was a gradual increase in the diagnosed cases over the study period, particularly noticeable after 2012. The mean age at diagnosis remained stable from 2003 - 2007 to 2008 - 2012 but decreased significantly in the following years (P = 0.001). Male predominance was observed throughout the study, with a notable increase in the male/female ratio over time (P < 0.001). Intravenous drug use (IVDU) emerged as the predominant transmission route, reaching 68.3% in 2018 - 2022 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of incarceration history among patients increased significantly, reaching 24.6% in 2018 - 2022 (P < 0.001). Disease characteristics varied between periods; median HCV RNA levels were highest in 2018 - 2022, and median alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels differed significantly between periods (P = 0.001). The genotype distribution showed a shift over time, with genotype 1 predominating initially and genotypes 3, 4, and 5 becoming more prevalent in later years (P < 0.001). Conclusions: This study highlights the dynamic changes in hepatitis C epidemiology over two decades in southern Turkey, highlighting the increasing burden in younger populations, the increasing prevalence of IVDU as a transmission route, and the changing genotype distribution.

A Cautionary Tale: Digital Clinical Trial Implementation of a Couples-Based HIV Prevention Study among Transgender Women and Their Partners in the United States.

This study investigates baseline differences in couples enrolled in the "It Takes Two" HIV prevention intervention for transgender women and their partners, comparing in-person participation pre-COVID-19 and digital participation during the pandemic. Among 52 couples (40% in-person, 60% digital), bivariate analyses revealed that in-person participants were more likely to be African American, have cisgender male partners, report higher unemployment, incarceration histories, greater relationship stigma, and lower relationship quality. The findings highlight the limitations of digital modalities in engaging transgender women of color and those with structural vulnerabilities. The study emphasizes that reliance on digital methods in HIV research jeopardizes the inclusion of those lacking technological access and literacy, especially communities disproportionately impacted by HIV. Researchers must incorporate hybrid or in-person options and engage communities to ensure equity and inclusion, thus overcoming barriers and ensuring comprehensive population reach in HIV prevention studies.

Jail Adaptation and Loyalty to the Code of the Incarcerated

This article assesses the ability of the adaptation theories of deprivation and importation to explain loyalty to the “inmate” code in a jail setting. The code emphasizes shared values such as respectability, toughness, self-reliance, domination, violence, distrust of institutions, and not meddling or snitching. Prior literature assessing how people adjust to incarceration has used the theories of deprivation or importation mainly to examine prison conduct. Research about the code of the incarcerated has also failed to examine the code in jails. Given the history of mass incarceration and the accompanying impact on correctional facilities, we should subsequently reassess the principles of adaptation theories, including their role in code loyalty, and specifically in the jail setting. In this study, we used nested, ordinary least squares regression to analyze the results of a survey conducted in two jail facilities in one state. Though loyalty to the code in jails was explained by the tenets of both theories, importation had a slightly greater influence. This implies that while jail correctional subculture emerges from both the shared experience of life behind bars as well as the characteristics of individuals who are among jail populations, some pre-jail characteristics are particularly relevant.

Friendship Social Support Networks of African Americans

ABSTRACT Friends are crucial for companionship, sharing personal thoughts and feelings, and are positively associated with psychological well-being and mental health. This is one of the first studies to provide an in-depth investigation of social support networks of African American friendship. Using a nationally representative sample of African American adults drawn from the National Survey of American Life, this study investigated sociodemographic correlates, as well as expanded information on marital status and life circumstances of friendships. Additionally, we examined the interrelationships among several aspects of friendship. The findings indicate that, apart from income and region, all other correlates (i.e. age, gender, education, marital status, material hardship, military service, incarceration history, parental status, and urbanicity) were significantly associated with involvement in friendship support networks (i.e. subjective friendship closeness, frequency of contact with friends, frequency of receiving support from friends, and frequency of providing support to friends). Moreover, subjective closeness to friends was positively associated with friend contact, and both subjective closeness to and contact with friends were positively associated with supportive exchanges with friends. These findings indicate the importance of understanding the life circumstances and contexts within which friendships occur and the need for much more quantitative and qualitative research on African American friendships.

Non-injection drug use among incarcerated people in Iran: Findings from three consecutive national bio-behavioral surveys

BackgroundPrisons often serve as high-risk environments for drug use, and incarcerated people are at a high risk for substance use-related mental and physical harms. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of non-injection drug use inside the prison and its related factors among incarcerated people in Iran.MethodsWe utilized data from three national bio-behavioral surveillance surveys conducted among incarcerated people in Iran in 2009, 2013, and 2017. Eligibility criteria were being ≥ 18 years old, providing informed consent, and being incarcerated for over a week. Overall, 17,228 participants across all surveys were recruited through a multi-stage random sampling approach. Each participant underwent a face-to-face interview and HIV test. The primary objective of the study was to assess self-reported non-injection drug use within the prison environment within the last month. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to determine associated covariates with drug use inside prison and an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported.ResultThe prevalence of non-injection drug use inside the prison was 24.1% (95% CI 23.5, 24.7) with a significant decreasing trend (39.7% in 2009, 17.8% in 2013, 14.0% in 2017; p-value < 0.001). Overall, 44.0% of those who used drugs were also receiving opioid agonist therapy (OAT) and we noted that in 2017, 75.1% of those on OAT used stimulants. In the multivariable logistic regression model, the year of interview (2013: aOR = 1.43 and 2009: aOR = 5.60), younger age (19–29: aOR = 1.14 and 30–40: aOR = 1.37), male sex (aOR = 3.35), < high school education (aOR = 1.31), having a history of previous incarceration (aOR = 1.26), and having a history of lifetime HIV testing (aOR = 1.76) were significantly and positively associated with recent non-injection drug use inside the prison.ConclusionsApproximately one in four incarcerated people in Iran reported drug use within the last month inside prisons. While a declining trend in non-injection drug use was noted, substantial gaps persist in harm reduction programs within Iranian prisons. In particular, there is a pressing need for improvements in drug treatment programs, focusing on the integration of initiatives specifically designed for people who use stimulants.

A Tale of 2 Experiences: Navigating End-of-Life Care With a History of Incarceration.

The adverse health effects of incarceration are well-documented, affecting individuals throughout their life course. However, the influence of a history of incarceration on end-of-life (EOL) experiences remains unexplored. This study aims to examine how prior incarceration affects individuals' experiences and care needs as they approach the EOL. Leveraging the Health and Retirement Study, we conducted secondary analyses on 1710 individuals who participated between 2012 and 2018. Through retrospective cohort analysis, we explored the association between incarceration history and EOL care, focusing on pain and symptom burden. Analyses showed that individuals with a history of incarceration experienced significantly higher levels of pain (65% reported "moderate" or "severe" pain) compared tononincarceratedindividuals (50%; adjusted odds ratio = 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-1.71, p < .001). Additionally, the symptom burden index revealed that formerly incarcerated individuals had a higher average symptom score (2.8 vs 2.1; β = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.5-0.9, p < .001), indicating a greater range of symptoms in their final year of life. These disparities persisted after adjusting for demographic, health, and socioeconomic variables. This study reveals that a history of incarceration significantly affects EOL experiences, with formerly incarcerated individuals facing higher levels of pain and a greater symptom burden compared tononincarceratedindividuals. This underscores the need for tailored palliative care to address the unique needs of this vulnerable population. This research highlights a critical area for intervention and calls for healthcare systems to adapt their practices to better serve those with incarceration histories.

Survival rate and its predictors in HIV patients: A 15-year follow-up of 3030 patients

BackgroundThe high prevalence of HIV infection and the deaths caused by it is one of the challenges for the healthcare systems throughout the world. In this study, we analyzed the survival of people living with HIV and co-infections, and related factors. MethodsThis retrospective cohort study was performed on 3030 people living with HIV admitted to Imam Khomeini Behavioral Disease Counseling Center, Tehran, Iran, during 2004–2018. Required data were obtained from the individuals’ files. Kaplan Meier diagrams and Log-rank tests were used to assess the relationship between different factors and survival. In addition, Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the effective factors in HIV mortality. Data were analyzed using STATA software, version 14. ResultsThe mean age of studied population was 43.2 ± 9.5 [years] and 77.3 % were male. Among the subjects, 3.2 % were infected with hepatitis B, 31.5 % with hepatitis C, and 13.9 % with Tuberculosis (TB). One, five, ten, and fifteen-year survival rates were 97.0 %, 93.0 %, 86.0 %, and 54.0 %, respectively. The mean survival time was 154.2 ± 0.9 months. Age more than 35, history of imprisonment, Unsafe sexual behavior, TB, and hepatitis C are independently associated with death in people living with HIV (p < 0.05). ConclusionThe survival of people living with HIV in the present study was in the favorable range compared to previous studies. However, co-infection with hepatitis C was associated with reduced survival of the subjects in this study. Therefore, it is suggested to detect and then prevent and control HCV co-infection to increase the survival of subjects.

Cervical Cancer Prevention in Individuals With Criminal Legal System Involvement.

Women with a history of criminal legal system involvement have cervical cancer rates that are 4-5 times higher than the general population-a disparity that has persisted for nearly 50 years. Our objective is to describe the intersection of mass incarceration in the United States and risk factors for cervical cancer to offer equitable prevention and treatment strategies for the field. A group was convened by American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology members and experts in the field to address a topic of importance relevant to cervical cancer elimination in underserved groups. This topic has received consistent attention from the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. After convening multiple times to discuss salient issues on the topic, the group proposed 12 specific recommendations related to vaccination, screening, treatment, practice, research, and policy to address the burden of cervical cancer among individuals with criminal legal system involvement. At least 10% of the incarcerated population is at risk for cervical cancer. Clinicians in all areas of practice will encounter patients with incarceration histories or current incarceration, regularly throughout their careers. Clinicians who provide preventive care for people at risk of cervical cancer can play a critical role in eliminating disparities for this vulnerable population, by drawing on these expert recommendations.