History Of Domestic Violence Research Articles

Uptake of gynecological consultation following domestic or sexual violence: A case-control study in the context of induced abortion

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of domestic and sexual violence and to characterize the association between exposure to domestic and sexual violence and low uptake of gynecological care, in the context of induced abortion.Study design.We conducted a case-control study among women seeking abortion care, in mother and child centers and sexual health centers in the Paris, France area (April 2022-March 2023). ResultsA total of 103 women were included in the study during induced abortion care. Physical, psychological or sexual domestic violence was reported by 48.5 % and sexual violence, whoever the perpetrator, was reported by 23.3 %. In the bivariate analysis, a history of physical, psychological or sexual domestic violence was not associated with the absence of a gynecological consultation in the past two years, compared with no history of intimate partner violence (p = 0.09). After adjustment for regular pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, vulvodynia and dyspareunia, there was no association between a history of sexual violence and the absence of a gynecological consultation in the past two years (OR 1.05; CI95% 0.27–4.13, p = 0.93). ConclusionViolence was a common finding among women seeking abortion care. We did not find any association between a history of sexual violence and the absence of a gynecological consultation in the past two years. We suggest investigating multiple or frequent use of gynecological care following violence. The combination of ethical, moral, and psychological constraints associated with violence screening and abortion care is a challenge to patient recruitment in future studies.

Evaluation of the Spanish Version of the Machismo Measure with Mexican Men Who Have a History of Domestic Violence

Gender bias attitudes such as hypermasculinity and machismo have been connected to violence against women in general. The concept of machismo plays a unique role in these phenomena on the U.S.-Mexico border. The construct of machismo has been measured with men in the general population who identify as Hispanic but has not been measured with men who live in a Hispanic country and have committed acts of domestic violence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Machismo measure among Mexican men who have a history of domestic violence and to explore the difference in scores based on demographic information. Confirmatory measurement models were used to evaluate the factor structure of the instrument and item characteristics. Findings from 210 participants demonstrated that the original model with 20 items was rejected and suggested to drop several items. Specific implications for counseling research and interventions are discussed.

A partial view: the limits and value of the legal archive for historicising domestic violence

In a wider history of domestic violence in Australia from 1850 to the present, divorce and family law have emerged as key sites for tracing what options were available for women and children fleeing violence, and what obstacles and repercussions they faced in doing so. In this article, we consider what constitutes the ‘legal archive’ in relation to the legibility of domestic violence across three different time periods – the colonial period, with its patchwork of divorce legislation, with a specific focus on Western Australia; the use of the ground of constructive desertion in the twentieth century until the Matrimonial Causes Act 1959 (Cth); and family law as operative from the Family Law Act 1975 (Cth) to the present.

Murdering the person closest to you: Similarities and differences between intimate partner sexual homicide and non-intimate partner sexual homicide.

Sexual homicides (SHs) demand nuanced research for effective prevention, treatment, risk assessment and theoretical insights. Intimate-partner sexual homicides (IPSHs), comprising approximately 20% of SHs, have received limited attention. This study compares IPSHs (n=56) and non-intimate partner sexual homicides (NIPSHs) (n=236) in Australia and New Zealand by investigating offender, victim, and crime-scene characteristics. While IPSH perpetrators were typically older, separated, and had prior domestic violence convictions, victims were more often non-white with histories of domestic violence and substance use. Although crime-scene locations and post-offence behaviours differed, similar crime scene behaviours were displayed across offender groups, which seemed to be routed in different underlying motives. Whereas drivers of IPSH commonly were grievance and anger, associated with offences occurring after arguments, drivers for NIPSH were more often sexual deviance and sadism. Overall, IPSH encompasses aspects of domestic violence, homicide, and sexual violence, distinguishing it from SH.

From statistics to stories: understanding the complex landscape of missed medical appointments. A mixed-methods pilot study.

Research suggests that in both France and the UK, between 5% and 10% of appointments with GPs are unattended. A comprehensive Irish study linked missed appointments with an increased short-term risk of mortality, prompting further investigation into the reasons behind absenteeism. To delve into the underlying causes of missed appointments, within the context of an urban health centre. Using a mixed-method approach, this study combines qualitative telephone interviews with quantitative analysis of medical records. The study focuses on patients who failed to attend appointments at an urban health centre in France over a 15-day period. The interview guide collected data on circumstances leading to missed appointments and explored patients' social determinants of health. Additionally, quantitative data, including patients' socioeconomic backgrounds, were extracted from medical records. Among 53 missed appointments (4.9% of all scheduled), 22 patients were interviewed. State health coverage (SHC) beneficiaries (68.2% of the sample) cited socioeconomic instability, including precarious work hours, social isolation, and multiple commitments, as reasons for non-attendance. For non-SHC beneficiaries, forgetting the appointment or failing to cancel it after self-resolution of the health issue was one of the main causes. Remarkably, 36.4% disclosed that they had experienced domestic violence. During the qualitative interview, patients were offered the opportunity to reschedule appointments, and a retrospective analysis by physicians found that over a quarter of the missed appointments were classified as 'capital appointments', meaning their absence could have significantly harmed the patient's health. The findings indicate that missed appointments can highlight social inequality, emphasising the need to align health care with patients' temporal realities. The identification of patients who have experienced violence and the use of missed appointments as triggers for follow-up calls seem to be promising strategies to enhance care and mitigate health inequalities.

Determinants of Mortality in Primigravida in Peoples Medical College Nawabshah.

Objective: To determine the determinants of maternal mortality in primigravida. Methodology: This cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted from June 2023 to Dec 2023 at the department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Peoples University of Medical & Health Sciences for women, Nawabshah; a tertiary care center. We studied overall causes of death (direct and indirect) during pregnancy, delivery, and puerperium. Those patients who died after admission were included and analyzed on specially designed proforma. Information collected from hospital records/patient attendants. The reason for admission, status at arrival, cause of death, and potential variables answerable for death were recognized. Data including age, booking status, parity, gestational age, and relevant variables from the current pregnancy, along with the traveling distance from the clinic, was recorded on Performa, and analyses were done on SPSS adaptation 25. Results: During study period 43 maternal deaths occurred in their first pregnancy. The live birth rate was 10020. MMR counted to 429 per lac live birth. Most frequent death occurs at 19 years of age, from the rural population (62%), the majority un-booked (72%), history of domestic violence (48%) was not uncommon. Among these primigravida; 60% having no formal education, 65% were referral cases presented with obstetrical complication and in labor (34.9%). Almost all deaths were due to direct causes (99%). The highest contribution was by hemorrhage 39.5% (PPH=27.9%+ APH 11.6%), followed by sepsis (27.9%), pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia (18.6%), pulmonary embolism (7%), while 4.7% deaths due to unsafe abortion in early pregnancy complications. We found only 2.3% of deaths due to indirect causes. CONCLUSION: It is crucial to highlight that tackling maternal mortality requires a comprehensive strategy, which encompasses enhancing healthcare infrastructure, guaranteeing access to high-quality prenatal and obstetric care, advocating for education and awareness, and tackling social determinants of health. Recognizing and dealing with these factors can help decrease maternal mortality rates for all expectant mothers, including primigravidae. Key words: Primigravida, Maternal Mortality Rate, antenatal care, Obstetric emergency.

Management of Maxillofacial Trauma in Pregnant Women.

Trauma during pregnancy deserves special attention as management must be directed towards both the mother and the fetus. Management of maxillofacial fractures in pregnancy can adversely affect the well-being of the fetus by impinging on normal functions such as respiration, mastication, and nutrition. Pregnancy complicates the management of facial injury due to the maintenance of the patent airway, anesthesia considerations, and imaging restraints. The purpose of this study is to use three illustrative from our own institution to further elucidate education on the management of mandible fracture in pregnancy with a focus on multidisciplinary treatment and outcomes. A retrospective chart review was performed for all cases of facial fractures admitted to Ryder Trauma Center from 2012 to 2022. During this time, 4,910 patients presented with facial fractures 1319 patients were female. Three of the patients were pregnant at the time of admission. Demographics, mechanism of injury, associated injuries, and management information were collected. Patient 1 was a 20-year-old female presented to Ryder Trauma Center following a motor vehicle collision. She was 17 weeks pregnant at the time of admission and was found to have a left mandibular angle fracture. Patient 2 was a 14-year-old female who presented to Ryder Trauma Center status post gunshot wound to the mandible after she and her brother were unknowingly playing with a loaded gun. She was 18 weeks pregnant at the time of admission, with a past medical history of domestic violence, suicidal ideation, and major depressive disorder. Patient 3 was a 20-year-old female 36 weeks pregnant at the time of admission. She presented with a right paraymphyseal fracture and left mandibular angle fracture as a result of falling on the stairs. Patients all underwent surgical repair of fractures.

Illness-Related Domestic Violence Experiences of Individuals Diagnosed with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Qualitative Study

IntroductionObsessions and compulsions often focus on routine life actions such as consuming, bathing and living in public, so the disorder interferes with the social, family and occupational functioning of both the individual and their caregiver. In OCD, caregivers are often involved in the ritual behaviors of the individual, either by providing avoidance or by assisting in ritual behaviors. Individuals with OCD are often exposed to aggression from family members because of these behaviors. Research has shown that individuals with OCD may experience illness-related domestic violence. In the literature review on the subject, there were no qualitative studies examining the experiences of individuals diagnosed with OCD towards domestic violence caused by the symptoms of the disease. A mix-method study conducted by aimed to explore the illness-related domestic violence experiences of individuals diagnosed with OCD. The study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methods to gather data from individuals with OCD. The findings of the study revealed that a significant number of individuals with OCD reported experiencing domestic violence related to their illness. This study highlights the importance of addressing the issue of domestic violence in individuals with OCD and the need for appropriate interventions and support.ObjectivesThis study was planned to examine the experiences of individuals diagnosed with OCD regarding domestic violence caused by the symptoms of the disease in Turkey.MethodsThe sample of the study was determined by purposive sampling method. The study was conducted with individuals diagnosed with OCD who were being treated in the psychiatric clinics of two university hospitals. The study used mixed methods and was planned in two phases. In the first stage, Socio-Demographic Data Form and Yale-Brown Obsession Compulsion Scale were used. After reviewing the results of these scales, individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 patients who had a history of domestic violence and scored above 16 on the Yale Brown Obsessions and Compulsions Scale. Data saturation was deemed to have been reached and data collection was terminated.ResultsThe analysis of the data is still ongoing in detail by the researchers. The findings and relational implications of the study will be presented.ConclusionsIt is thought that the results of the study will provide a basis for further research and intervention programs and contribute to the literature by determining the types of violence experienced by individuals diagnosed with OCD from family members due to the disease, how patients feel in the face of the problems they experience and how they cope with it. In addition, the results of the study are expected to help intervention programs to be developed for families to strengthen treatment adherence.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

IJCM_330A: Prevalence and predictors of postpartum depression among females attending tertiary hospital Jammu

Background: Puerperium or Postpartum period is the period of first six weeks postpartum which begin immediately after parturition. During this time woman is adapting to multiple physical, social and psychological changes. Early identification of such symptoms is crucial for its prompt treatment. Many women develop depressive symptoms. Objective: is to find out the prevalence and factors associated with Postpartum Depression especially the social support. Methodology: this cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year among mothers who were in the period of 4-7 weeks postpartum. The participants were assessed using the scales -Edinburgh Postnatal Depression scale, Hamilton depression Rating scale and Multidimensional scale of perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Statistical analysis was done using spss version (20.0) info. Appropriate statistical tests were used. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 750, 16.1% had postpartum depression, (a score of =10 on EPDS). The factors which were significantly associated included marital status, religion, residence, education of mother and her husband, history of domestic violence, history of mental illness in the past, family history of mental illness, duration of pregnancy, time since delivery, any complication during pregnancy, birthweight of baby and planned parenthood. Social support shows negative correlation with PPD which is statistically significant Conclusion: The prevalence of depression in postpartum mothers is high, various sociodemographic and obstetric factors are significantly associated with it. social support emerged to be protective in reducing the postpartum depression.

Factors associated with antenatal depression among women attending antenatal care at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital: a cross-sectional study

IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence, severity, and factors associated with antenatal depression among women receiving antenatal care at Mubende Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH) in Uganda. Antenatal depression is a critical concern for maternal and child well-being, as it is associated with adverse outcomes such as preterm birth, abortion, low birth weight, and impaired maternal-infant bonding. Despite several international guidelines recommending routine screening for antenatal depression, local Ugandan guidelines often overlook this essential aspect of maternal care.MethodsA cross-sectional study involving 353 pregnant women utilized the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) to assess antenatal depression. Participants were categorized as having antenatal depression if their total PHQ-9 score was ≥ 5 and met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria for either major or minor depression. Psychosocial demographic and obstetric characteristics were recorded. Logistic regression analysis identified factors linked to antenatal depression.ResultsThe burden of antenatal depression was notably high, affecting 37.68% of the participants. Among those with antenatal depression, the majority exhibited mild symptoms 94 (70.68%). The significant factors associated with antenatal depression, revealed by multivariate analysis, included younger age (≤ 20 years), older age (≥ 35 years), history of domestic violence, alcohol use, gestational age, history of abortion, history of preeclampsia, and unplanned pregnancies.ConclusionThis study revealed a significantly high prevalence of antenatal depression, emphasizing its public health importance. Most cases were classified as mild, emphasizing the importance of timely interventions to prevent escalation. The identified risk factors included age, history of domestic violence, alcohol use, first-trimester pregnancy, abortion history, previous preeclampsia, and unplanned pregnancy.

Murdered Indigenous Women: A Comparison Study of Victim and Perpetrator Patterns and Characteristics.

The rate of violent crimes against Indigenous people, including murder and rape, is significantly higher than national averages. Even more concerning, Indigenous women and girls represent a large proportion of murdered and missing individuals in the United States. In addition to the murder rate of Indigenous women being higher than the national average, they are significantly more likely to experience rape or other types of sexual violence. The main goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of cases involving the homicide of Indigenous women and identify patterns associated with the violence committed against them. Cases of Indigenous women between the ages of 18 and 55 years were pulled from the database. Cases were coded and analyzed for information pertaining to victim, perpetrator, and crime characteristics. Descriptive analysis and test of association were performed. There was a statistical association between the nature of the relationship between perpetrators and victims and whether the crime occurred on a reservation, the race/ethnicity of the perpetrator, a victim's history of domestic violence, and the method and motive of murder. Indigenous women are at an increased risk of victimization, including intimate partner violence and homicide. They also represent a group that has been marginalized, receiving little attention from the media, clinicians, researchers, and policy makers. The findings in this study highlight specific factors that may help to mitigate risk factors and/or enhance culturally competent clinical and forensic nursing practice.

Low uptake of gynecological consultation following domestic or sexual violence: A case-control study during pregnancy follow-up

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine the association between exposure to domestic and sexual violence and low uptake of gynecological consultation. Study designBetween October 2021 and October 2022, a case-control studywas conducted in mother andchild centers and sexual health centers in the Paris, France area. The case group included pregnant women who did not have a scheduled gynecological consultation in the past two years. The control group included pregnant women who had a scheduled gynecological consultation in the past two years. Pregnant women were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire about a history of domestic and sexual violence, the date of their last gynecological consultation and the gynecological health. ResultsA total of 405 pregnant women were included in the case group (n = 129) or in the control group (n = 276). After adjustment for age, couple, social security, supplementary health insurance, dyspareunia, abnormal vaginal discharge, dysmenorrhea, regular pelvic pain, mastodynia, vulvodynia and history of difficult delivery, a history of intimate partner violence was associated with the absence of a gynecological consultation in the past two years (OR 2.13; CI95% 1.21–3.73, p = 0.008). A history of sexual violence, regardless of age, was associated with the absence a gynecological consultation in the past two years (OR 1.92; CI95% 1.05–3.49, p = 0.03). The absence of a gynecological consultation was associated with dyspareunia and domestic or sexual violence (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). ConclusionsThis study highlighted the association between domestic and sexual violence and the absence of gynecological consultations in the past two years. It underlines the importance of screening for domestic and sexual violence during gynecological consultations and its impacts on mental health, in particular psychotraumatic symptoms, and on gynecological health, in particular dyspareunia.

Occurrence and correlates of domestic violence among asian patients with alcohol use disorder seeking treatment for cessation

ObjectiveAlcohol use disorder (AUD) has significant social and economic consequences in addition to health implications. Alcohol and drug use are linked to violence, particularly intimate partner violence and domestic violence. Identifying the characteristics of individuals with AUD and a history of domestic violence is important. Our study aimed to investigate differences between AUD patients with and without domestic violence. MethodsThis retrospective study examined the medical records of individuals diagnosed with AUD participating in a central Taiwan alcohol treatment program from 2019 to 2020. Utilizing the Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, and Eye-opener questionnaire (CAGE), Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Brief Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck's Anxiety Inventory (BAI), World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL), and a question on suicidal ideation, we collected data on diverse variables, including a history of domestic violence. A total of 136 individuals were included in the analysis. ResultsTwenty participants had a history of domestic violence, while 116 did not. Those with a history of domestic violence had significantly higher MAST scores, lower quality of life, and higher caregiver burden compared to those without a history of domestic violence. They also had a higher proportion of adverse consequences related to alcohol use and higher suicidal ideation scores. ConclusionsIt is important to assess the risk of domestic violence in individuals with AUD, particularly those with higher MAST scores. Questions 4 and 10 of the MAST, which relate to adverse consequences of alcohol use, such as losing friends or being arrested for drunk driving, could serve as warning questions for domestic violence. Further research is needed to assess the efficacy of interventions in reducing domestic violence risk in individuals with AUD.

Association between witnessing domestic violence against the mother in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood: A population-based analysis of Peru

ObjectiveTo assess the association between witnessing domestic violence against the mother in childhood and intimate partner violence (IPV) in adulthood. Study designAn analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2019 Peruvian Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). The independent variable was the condition of witnessing physical violence by the father against the mother during childhood. The dependent variable was IPV, defined by the presence of some subtype of violence (physical, psychological, and sexual) against the respondent in the last year by her husband or partner. To assess this association, generalized linear models of the Poisson Family with a logarithmic link function were performed to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) with their respective 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). ResultsData from 17,911 Peruvian women between 15 and 59 years of age were analyzed. Most women were between 30 and 49 years old (71.4%), were cohabiting (65.0%), and had secondary education (43.2%). The prevalence of IPV in the last year was 16.0%, and the history of witnessing domestic violence against the mother during childhood was 42.0%. In the regression models, those with the studied exposure showed a higher prevalence of experiencing an episode of IPV in the last year (any IPV [aPR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.50–1.91]; physical IPV [aPR: 1.70; 95% CI: 1.43–2.02], psychological IPV [aPR: 1.64; 95% CI:1.42–1.88], and sexual IPV [aPR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.22–2.32]). ConclusionsWomen with a history of domestic violence towards their mothers were likelier to have had IPV in the last year than women who did not report violence towards their mothers during childhood. Approximately two in ten Peruvian women reported having had IPV in the past year, and nearly half reported witnessing domestic violence against their mother as a child.

A prospective cohort study to assess the prevalence and risk factors of antepartum depression and its effect on maternal and fetal outcome

Antepartum depression (APD) is a public health issue has negative repercussions on the health of the mother, child, and family. Early screening for APD will help in early detection and further prevention of postpartum depression and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. This study was designed to determine i) the prevalence rate of APD in the Indian population and its associated risk factors, ii) the impact of APD on maternal and fetal outcomes. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among antenatal women in the third trimester and screened for antepartum depression between October 2021 and March 2022 by adopting the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). In the study population, 36.6 % had mild to moderate level of depressive symptoms (EPDS score of 8–12) and 28 % had high levels of depressive symptoms (EPDS score of ≥13). An unplanned pregnancy, a history of abortion, and a history of any pregnancy complications were the likely maternal risk factors for developing antepartum depression. The APD risk was also likely to be increased by sociodemographic and personal factors such as insufficient family support, a history of domestic violence, marital dissatisfaction, and a partner with a poor level of education (P < 0.05). Women screened with antepartum depression had 58.34 times the likelihood of developing postpartum depression and a threefold greater risk of having premature delivery. These findings may help to improve pregnancy outcomes by early identification, referral for early treatment of antepartum depression, also inform maternal mental health service development and utilization for boosting women's mental wellbeing.

Growing up in the shadow of domestic violence: Evidence from register data

AbstractChildren who are indirect victims of domestic violence can exhibit the same negative outcomes as children who are direct victims. This study investigated the consequences of children's exposure to domestic violence among parents on a range of children's outcomes: mental health, well‐being, school performance and placement in out‐of‐home care. We used administrative records from full population cohorts of children in Denmark (N = 399 519, born 1997–2003). We examined a target group of children exposed to domestic violence and a comparison group not exposed to it, both groups having similar personal and family backgrounds, including pre‐birth history of family domestic violence. To construct the comparison group, we used propensity score matching. Exposure to domestic violence had a substantial negative impact on academic performance (age 9–15), self‐reported well‐being in school (age 10–15) and also increased the likelihood of being placed in out‐of‐home care (age 9–15) and being diagnosed with post‐traumatic stress disorder (age 9–15). The discounted additional cost (medical and child welfare system) per child indirectly experiencing domestic violence was at least $31 000 (age 0–15). Thus, our results show important adverse effects and suggest that earlier prevention and more preventive social interventions could help reduce the long‐term consequences of childhood exposure to domestic violence.

Prevalence and pattern of maxillofacial injuries associated with domestic violence: A retrospective study at a major trauma center.

This study aimed to analyze the frequency and pattern of maxillofacial injuries associated with domestic violence. Medical records of victims of domestic violence between May 2016 and May 2023 were scrutinized retrospectively. The following data were analyzed: gender and age, history of previous abuse, hospital admission, pregnancy, type of facial injuries, anatomical location of injuries, side of injuries, concomitant injuries, mechanism of impact, treatment modality, and history of drug and alcohol abuse. Seventy-eight patients were included, comprising of 75 (96.2%) women and 3 (3.8%) men. Domestic violence was an etiology of 2.7% of all maxillofacial injuries. The mean age was 27.06 ± 5.5 years. 33.3% of cases had a history of previous domestic violence. The assailant was drug addicted in 47.4% of cases. The attacker was the current partner of the victim in 79.5% of the victims. Soft tissue injuries were found in 96.1% of cases. Maxillofacial fracture was observed in 52.6% of victims among which zygoma was the most common (16.7%) followed by the nose and mandible (15.4%). Isolated fracture was observed in 85.3% of patients and 71.8% of the injuries were observed on the left. Concomitant injuries were present in 51.3% of patients with arms/hands being the most frequent (48.7%). Punch (67.9%) constituted the majority of the mechanism of impact. Based on the statistical analysis, punches resulted in significantly higher soft tissue contusion (p = .046), and injuries that required no intervention were significantly higher in punched victims (p = .002). Maxillofacial soft tissue injuries with or without isolated fracture on the left side of the zygoma, mandibular angle, or nose in association with arms/hands injuries in young adult women could be clues of domestic violence. Appropriate care such as preventive programs for drug or alcohol abuse should be implemented to reduce domestic violence, thereby reducing these injuries.

Factor Analysis Of Characteristics Of Respondents With Pregnancy Depression At The Bojong Rawalumbu Community Health Center, Bekasi City

Background: Pregnancy is one of the things expected by women in the process of life. However, many women experience difficulties due to physical, social, and psychological changes during pregnancy, there are even some mothers who suffer from psychological disorders such as depression. Perinatal depression occurs in 10-15% of women. One of the causes is a lack of knowledge about the process of pregnancy until the postpartum period which results in birth complications and disrupts the baby's growth and development. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the characteristic factors of respondents associated with prenatal depression. Methods: This research is a quantitative research that uses a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study was 85 respondents of pregnant women using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) screening tool. Results: The results of this study showed that the factors associated with the incidence of depression in pregnant women were education (p = 0.011), income (P = 0.046), history of domestic violence (p = 0.028), and pregnancy complications (p = 0.043) while the unrelated factors were age (P = 0.098), occupation (P = 0.829) and parity (p = 0.139) with α = 0.05. Conclusion: Education, income, history of domestic violence and history of pregnancy complications affect the incidence of depression in pregnant women. Recommendations: It is expected that the team of health workers, especially midwives and nurses, will not only focus on physical health but mental health also needs attention, and is expected to provide screening services and pregnancy psychology services to identify patients at risk of depression. Keywords: Depression, pregnancy, domestic violence, prenatal.

RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION

Postpartum Depression (PPD) begins to be reported in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the gravidic-puerperal period some events occur such as physiological, psychological and psychosocial changes. The main risk factors for the onset of PPD include: extreme anxiety; stressful events; previous history of depression; lack of family support; unwanted or planned pregnancy; relationship with partner; low socioeconomic status; dependence on alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs; and history of domestic violence. The diagnosis is made by health professionals and through the use of two symptom tracking instruments which are the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM 5). This work aimed to identify and know the risk factors associated with Postpartum Depression, as well as discuss prevention and methods for early diagnosis. This is an integrative literature review study. Articles indexed in the databases Virtual Health Library (VHL), Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) and Pubmed were used, using the descriptors (DESC) Postpartum Depression or Puerperium, Postpartum Depression or Risk Factors and Postpartum Depression or Nursing Care. From the searches in the cited databases, 81,226 articles were found, which were submitted to the inclusion and exclusion criteria established in this work. After applying the filters, inclusion and exclusion criteria, duplicity, reading the full abstracts, 15 articles were chosen to answer the research question. This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with PPD. The articles of this review point out that its development occurs through some determinants that arise during pregnancy and postpartum. The risk factors cited by the researches that favor the emergence of PPD include: stressful events during pregnancy, previous history of depression, age, level of education, number of children, marital status, family income. For this, it is important that the health team is in constant training in order to promote health and prevention. With this, it will be possible to observe the decrease in maternal morbidity and mortality rates, infanticides, minimizing complications for puerperae, less damage to the development of babies, as well as maintaining the integrity of the effective mother-child bond, without interfering in the relationship with partners and family members.

The specifics of homicide-suicide in France

BackgroundHomicide and suicide are two causes of violent death. This study focuses on situations in which these two types of violent death occur at the same time, known as homicide-suicide. AimThe aim of this study is to review the circumstances surrounding homicide-suicides as well as the features of the victims and perpetrators in France at a recent period. The article characterizes homicide-suicides by comparing them with simple homicides in order to determine whether they exhibit distinctive characteristics and significant links. MethodologyThe data analyzed are based on detailed police operational information collected about 1622 homicides that occurred in France in 2019 and 2020. After presenting the characteristics of all homicide-suicides, this article specifically compares those that take place within the family, whether they result in the suicide of the perpetrator or not, using bivariate tests (chi-square). The tests are based on a distinction between domestic homicide-suicides within a couple and between other family members. ResultsAnalysis shows that 7 % of them were followed by the suicide of the perpetrator (203 cases). Almost all of them take place within family (91 %), and most often within the couple (60 %). Apart from couple configurations, familial homicide-suicides target the children (21 %) or parents (5 %) of the perpetrators. The perpetrators are mainly men, while most of the victims are women. Analysis revealed significant links between certain variables and suicide (or attempted suicide by the alleged perpetrator) in the context of couple homicide: the modus operandi, the spatio-temporal setting, the gender and average age of the victim and history of domestic violence suffered by the victim, as well as all the variables relating to the alleged perpetrator (age, gender, police and psychiatric history, alcohol consumption, etc.). Among other family members, these variables do not have a significant influence on whether the perpetrator commits suicide following the homicide. Perpetrators of domestic homicide-suicides are less likely to be under the influence of alcohol (8 %), to be known to the police (19 %), and to have a psychiatric history (11 %) than those who do not commit suicide following the homicide (respectively 41 %, 54 %, 22 %). There is also less record of domestic violence when the perpetrator commits suicide (20 %) than when they do not (48 %). ConclusionsHomicide-suicides are to some extent similar to simple couple homicides. Women are therefore overrepresented among domestic homicide victims; likewise, they are also overrepresented among the victims of homicide-suicides, which are mostly committed in family circumstances. The most significant risk factors are the presence of firearms in the household and history of domestic violence within the couple. RecommendationsThe results suggest two areas for action: the screening (interpersonal conflicts, alcohol, depression, domestic violence, presence of a firearm) and the prevention of intra-family homicides. Prevention should focus on screening specific elements: the presence of a firearm, domestic violence, interpersonal conflicts, depression, and alcohol. Prevention could also take place with elderly people at the end of their lives.