Historic Trail Research Articles

Indigenous Cultural Landscapes: Decolonizing Landscape Within Settler Colonial Societies

Geographic scholarship on landscape and colonialism has not substantially engaged with the specific logics of settler colonialism, propelling recent calls to “unlearn” and “decolonize” landscape studies. This article highlights the Indigenous cultural landscape (ICL), a policy tool used since the 1990s to protect aboriginal landscapes globally, as a vital resource for geographers interested in decolonizing both material landscapes and landscape studies. I analyze six ICL studies conducted by the Captain John Smith Chesapeake National Historic Trail, a unit of the U.S. National Park Service, in robust partnership with Indigenous nations, academics, and conservationists between 2013 and 2022. In their approaches to scale, mobility, temporality, visuality, and modes of relationship, the ICLs documented and mapped in these collaborative studies fundamentally challenge settler colonial histories and conceptions of landscape. These conceptual distinctions have clear material impacts, as I demonstrate: In Virginia, the Rappahannock River ICL study facilitated the return of land along Fones Cliffs to the Rappahannock Tribe. Considering the processes, conceptual interventions, and material impacts of the Chesapeake ICL studies together, I argue that the ICL concept can generate and expand Indigenous relational space amid ongoing settler occupation, despite the tensions and limitations of working with the settler state to do so.

The epic of the Baikal-Amur Mainline is the fate of millions. On the 50th anniversary of the start of construction

The Baikal-Amur Mainline is one of the most ambitious and controversial Soviet projects on the sociopolitical and historical trail of perception. The proposal to build a new railway north of the Trans-Siberian Railway was put forward at the beginning of the 20th century. The idea was approached in the 1920s and 1930s. Surveys were conducted, and construction began on one of the sites, which was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War (World War II). Moreover, during the war years, the upper structure of the track and a number of engineering structures were dismantled on the constructed site, which were used for the construction of the extremely important rockade railway in the Stalingrad area, which played a significant role in supplying Soviet troops during the Battle of Stalingrad. The interest in the construction of the BAM of the Soviet leadership in the 1960s and 1970s arose again in the context of an aggravation of the political situation — the complication of relations between the USSR and the People’s Republic of China. However, already during this period, the question was reasonably raised not only about the political, but also the economic strategic significance of the project from the perspective of the country’s development prospects, the development of natural resources in this region, the development of transport links between the European, Siberian, and Far Eastern territories of the state. In the period after the collapse of the USSR, the BAM construction project, not without the influence of those who were under Western influence in the country’s leadership circles, was classified as erroneous, extremely costly, economically and socially unjustified. Today, in society, the state, under the influence of many factors of recent years, there is an understanding of the importance of completing and developing the BAM construction project. This project has played a big role in the lives of millions of people, many organizations and institutions. Among them is the Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers — today the St. Petersburg State University of Railways of Emperor Alexander I, whose students, graduates, scientists and specialists have been involved in various forms in the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline for half a century.

Rockfall susceptibility analysis of the “San Michele Arcangelo” historic trail (Central Italy) based on virtual outcrops and multiple propagation models

The “San Michele Arcangelo” historic trail (Aurunci Regional Park, central Italy), located along the southern slope of Mt. Altino, which is highly prone to rockfalls, is hiked every year by thousands of faithful on pilgrimage who are exposed to such kinds of instabilities. To contribute to a better understanding of the condition and evolution of such phenomena, providing a susceptibility scenario able to support the adoption of mitigation measures, a specific analysis was completed based on field and literature data. Three-dimensional virtual outcrop models were obtained through both photogrammetric and iPad Pro LiDAR surveys to derive geomechanical features of outcropping rocks and estimate potential detaching block volume. Possible mechanisms of detachment were then analyzed using the Markland test method. Susceptibility to rockfall propagation and block deposition was analyzed using GIS processing and rockfall propagation simulations based on deterministic/stochastic models. Such models consist of a combination of a deterministic algorithm able to simulate the physics of rockfall movement during propagation and a stochastic treatment of input parameters based on random sampling within defined interval. Two different rockfall simulations were compared in this study using the Rockyfor3D™ (ecorisQ Association) software and the newly developed RocFall3© (RocScience) code. The use of iPad Pro LiDAR survey provides accurate and high-resolution point clouds, with high speed of acquisition and real-time processing of data. Discontinuity sets identified from 3D models have represented the input for kinematic analyses of slopes, allowing to identify potential failure mechanisms among wedge and planar sliding or toppling. Rockfall simulations indicate the potential for rock blocks propagation and deposition over the whole study area. Comparing the results of rockfall simulations with the geomorphological map of the area it is evident the control exerted by the hydrographic network on rockfall propagation as demonstrated by the presence of screes and slope deposits along the main channels. Understanding the potential susceptibility to both propagation and deposition of rock blocks along the trail provides useful indication for the assessment of appropriate mitigation measures to realize for the safer touristic fruition of the site.

Construction and Geo-Distribution of the Architectural Characteristics of Clan Ancestral Halls along the Yile–Xijing Historical Trail in Lechang

Construction and Geo-Distribution of the Architectural Characteristics of Clan Ancestral Halls along the Yile–Xijing Historical Trail in Lechang

Tourism supply and demand in the gateway communities of southeastern Utah (USA)

Although outdoor recreation and tourism drive the economies of many gateway and natural amenity regions (GNARs), community leaders in these areas often lack a clear understanding of how to strategically invest in resources in ways that lead to a balanced portfolio of assets that meets market demands. This research investigates the relationship between the supply of and demand for outdoor recreation and tourism in GNARs across southeastern Utah. We characterize supply assets using four asset classes: economic, environmental, infrastructural, and sociocultural. We quantify the demand for outdoor recreation and tourism using geotagged social media in gateway communities adjacent to national parks and other public lands. Our analysis revealed environmental assets (historic trails, viewpoints, proximity to national parks, and campsites specifically) are highly and significantly correlated with outdoor recreation and tourism demand. The findings can guide local, state, regional, and federal officials in strategically investing in tourism assets that align with market demands. For example, strategic investments across the study area in the development of viewpoints that showcase the region's spectacular red rock and desert landscapes, as well as campsites where visitors can base their explorations, are likely to see significant and positive returns in terms of visitation.

Historyczne geoskrzynki miasta Lublina. Tropami upraktyczniania nauki historii

Geocaching is a type of outdoor game that involves finding hidden caches (geocaches) using satellite navigation and a mobile application. The Historic Geocaches of the City of Lublin project aims to create thematic (historical) geocaches in the urban space, which would introduce their explorers to the history of the city. Moreover, it is part of an unusual tourist product with an emphasis on historical themes, where, among other things, discovering diverse cultures, and learning about forgotten or little-known spaces of the city constitutes a kind of „educational intellectual play”, and thus leads to learning how to construct one's own historical trails of the city. It is through such a solution that it will be possible to learn about regional history in the form of a game, which may be especially attractive to a generation of young audiences.

Old Battles Are New Again: Revisiting the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail

Old Battles Are New Again: Revisiting the Selma to Montgomery National Historic Trail

Geospatial Tool Development for the Management of Historical Hiking Trails—The Case of the Holy Site of Meteora

This paper presents a holistic guiding methodology for the development of a geospatial tool to be used for the documentation, planning, smart management and dissemination of a country’s network of historic hiking trails. To deal with the challenges and to ensure the sustainability of a historic site, geospatial documentation merging authoritative and crowdsourced data and a WebGIS-based spatial analysis is necessary. Geospatial data collection should include professional field surveys, professional and crowdsourced photographic documentation and video recording of the existing historic walking/hiking trails. A geodatabase, structured using relational model technology, including vector spatial entities (feature classes), mosaics (raster) and tabulated data (geodatabase tables), should be developed on a commercial or open platform; in this case, the ArcGIS Pro is used. Entities with embedded descriptive information and metadata for the technical, legal, historical, and administrative context may then be created. An object-oriented data model is needed to connect spatial and descriptive information. Spatial and descriptive queries or correlations between attribute fields of spatial entities must be enabled for specialized information retrieval by either experts or users. Next, a web GIS application to present the developed geodatabase in a visually appealing and informative way is created. It should integrate 2D maps with built-in tools and should support advanced functionalities, such as: (i) pop-ups that display brief information and images about specific spots along the trails; (ii) dynamic visualization of the vertical profile of each trail; (iii) multimedia information about landmarks, natural features and scenic viewpoints. Finally, the tool includes a feedback service and continuous efficiency monitoring and assessment, and enables adjustments, if and where needed. The tool is tested and used for 10 historical walking/hiking trails of the archaeological and Holy Site of Meteora, Central Greece. This is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The network, with a total length of 35 km, leads to six monasteries, still active since the 12th century, passing by gigantic rocks and beautiful natural landscapes. The site is famous globally and the greater area is continuously overcrowded with visitors. The tool is anticipated to be used for the documentation and management of the whole walking/hiking historic trail network of Greece in the future.

Historical Pathways as Promotion and Protection of the Cultural Landscape: Tourism and the Camí de Ronda on the Costa Brava

This article reflects on the growing trend of cultural landscape appreciation and connecting landscapes with their broader heritage surroundings. It focuses on historical trails and their adjacent cultural and natural heritage as a holistic cultural landscape with a particular case from the Costa Brava. The paper links the concepts of natural scenery, identity, authenticity, coastal and cultural heritage, trails, routes and cultural tourism as the basis for understanding cultural landscapes in a heritage tourism context. This paper provides perspectives on how a coastal trail and its surrounding heritage can connect and be experienced as a cultural landscape, which includes architecture, art, literature and archaeology. The findings suggest five themes that connect the historical path with the region’s heritage landscape: the role of tangible and intangible heritage, the development of a heritage discourse, promoting a heritage route, the division of the route into three sections and their connections to tourism, and the acknowledgement of a unique cultural landscape. The totality of the heritage landscape with all its components complements, and is an integral part of, the coastal landscape that appeals to many tourists in the Costa Brava.

신화론으로 해석한 건축적 변화의 스토리텔링 문화관광

In this study, the values of storytelling to be applied to a culture tourism program were suggested by interpreting the Confucian ideology of Joseon and architectural changes in the later generations in terms of modern mythologies through Ahndong Bongjeongsa Temple. As the research method, Bongjeongsa Temple was examined from the aspect of Roland Barthes’s modern mythologies and discussed in three viewpoints found in the historical flow. The categories are the Confucian mythologic feature that shows the symbolism of how Bongjeongsa Temple was built through a human phoenix, the modern mythologic feature which dismantles the building to which Confucian supremacy was applied at the point of cultural assets restoration in 1960s, and the inherited mythological feature that the space of Manselu of Bongjeongsa Temple where Confucianism and Buddhism had been exchanged was applied to the construction of Seowons and to the elements of modern architecture later. The mythological values of storytelling culture tourism centered around Bongjeongsa Temple are as follows: First, Bongjeongsa Temple clearly reveals the semiotic meanings of ‘a phoenix’, ‘heavenly lamp’, ‘placenta of a king’ and etc. with its tale of establishment, and the analytic contents of the Buddhist tales implying a unified nation of those times should be reflected as the value of culture tourism storytelling. Second, the symbolized tradition in which a phoenix represents a king in the Bongjeongsa Temple foundation tale and the Confucian myth where Toegye is praised as a human phoenix need to be discussed as culture tourism contents that can be developed into an ideological value after being mixed with Buddhistic beliefs. Third, the dismantlement of ‘Wuhwalu’ and ‘Jinyeomun’ was the act of space restoration eliminating the complexity from the exchange between Buddhism and Confucianism, and needs to be recognized as the storytelling value to reflect on the modern mythological behavior exerted on Bongjeongsa Temple from which the historical trail had been erased. ‘Manselu’ of Bongjeongsa Temple is the space where monks and classical scholars interacted, and ‘Mandaelu’ of Byeongsanseowon, a Confucian building, has the common architectural element. It is the concept of ‘Nuhajinib’, shift of space and an entrance function, and ‘Lu malu’ to which nature was introduced with Chagyeong technique, and has been settled as the value of an inheritance factor of the traditional architectural culture today. Therefore, the archetetural elements related to the foundation tale of Bongjeongsa Temple can create the storytelling value with the implication of liberal arts that tourists can actually recognize with traditional architecture.

Spatial Reconstruction and Cultural Practice of Linear Cultural Heritage: A Case Study of Meiguan Historical Trail, Guangdong, China

Linear cultural heritage is a unique and emerging type of large-scale heritage primarily located in rural areas. Despite the fact that much literature has concentrated on the importance of heritage to rural revitalization and development in Western countries, linear cultural heritage production has remained largely absent from accounts of rural studies in the context of China. This article aims to address this neglect by examining the spatial reconstruction process of the Meiguan Historical Trail. Based on the theory of the production of space, this article reveals the cultural practice of local ruling elites in mobilizing linear cultural heritage to promote regional competitiveness and how ordinary people question the official space reconstruction policy. The article finds that residents are obedient to government’s efforts, while tourists are suspicious of the superficial cultural restoration. The findings further deepen the understanding of linear cultural heritage production as a rural development location policy. In addition, as an important dynamic force, culture participates in the spatial production of linear cultural heritage, which enriches the cultural dimension of spatial production to a certain extent. The findings offer theoretical direction and policy recommendations for the development and sustainability of linear cultural heritage worldwide.

Leading from within the Shadow of Doubt: A Servant-Leader's Approach to Conceptualization and Foresight

The fifty-four mile march from Selma to Montgomery through rural Alabama holds sacred space both geographically as well as on the list of the most iconic moments of the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. Thanks to the ongoing public service of Rep. John Lewis, who as a young man aided in organizing that march, the route is now a National Historic Trail offering interpretive centers and recreation areas for those seeking to learn from the trail blazing leaders of this country’s struggle for equity (National Park Service, 2020). Two marches bookend the trail’s history. The first, better known as "Bloody Sunday," took place on March 7, 1965, when over six-hundred people marched from Selma seeking equitable voting rights for all people, including African-Americans (National Park Service, 2020, para. 5). The group was blocked by state troopers on the Edmond Pettus Bridge and met with tear gas and smoke bombs as well asa posse on horseback armed with bullwhips, ropes, rubber tubing wrapped with barbed wire, and billy clubs that led to seventeen marchers hospitalized and sixty-seven others injured (Wagy, 1979). At the other end of the trail’s history is a completed march punctuated by a rousing Martin Luther King Jr. speech near the capitol building in Montgomery on March 25, 1965 (National Park Service, 2020). Between these two, and overshadowed by them, sits a paradigmatic moment for leaders, a day known as “Turnaround Tuesday” (Lawson, 1987). Tuesday, March 9, 1965 began with Martin Luther King Jr. proclaiming from the steps of Brown Chapel to 2,500 marchers who had gathered from across the country in “Bloody Sunday’s” wake: “I have no alternative but to lead a march from this spot to carry our grievances to the seat of government. I have made my choice. I have got to march” (Wagy, 1979, p. 403). Yet after an intensifying return to the site of that previous Sunday’s tragedy and facing a similar standoff, King turned the protestors around and called off the march. The events of “Turnaround Tuesday” have their own monumental importance as they illuminate the complexities of leading from within the shadow of doubt.

Walking as a cultural act and a profit for the landscape. A case study in the Iberian Peninsula

Walking as a means of travel, when done voluntarily, becomes a cultural act that can have a beneficial effect both for the people who carry out the routes and for the space itself that is walked on. The fact of moving at a slow speed allow us to recover a more appropriate pace to enjoy the landscape, to reconnect with nature and with the position of human in the world, while improving our health. In contemporary society, some cultural tourist routes have become successful destinations, with the continuous arrival of thousands of visitors throughout the year. Thus, the historical cultural route Way of St. James has become a globally successful cultural tourism product. Close to this destination, the Ribeira Sacra, that has been recently designated by the regional government as a Cultural Landscape, with the intention of preserving its historical legacy, may be in the future a privileged destination in Galicia for walking. The research carried out allows us to ensure that this fact, taking long walks following routes with a rich cultural content, has a positive impact on the space from two different processes that are reinforced as the routes become more popular. First, from the recovery and promotion of an alternative communication network between different places. And second, through a series of laws and regulations that protect historic trails and adjacent landscapes.

Evolution of the Kandyan Vina of Sri Lanka with Special Reference to the Contemporary Usage

The string instrument, the Kandyan vina (Uḍaraṭa Vīṇā), once portrayed in the book by John Davy as “Venah”, shares close resemblance with the Coconut shell fiddle instruments in India, in terms of their inherent form, structure, cultural peculiarities and playing posture. Such similarities serve to confirm that the prototypic musical instrument – the Kandyan vina, originated from the Coconut shell fiddle instruments of India. According to sources, the prototype instrument of the Kandyan vina arrived with the gypsy groups who migrated to Sri Lanka from Andhra Pradesh or Tamil Nadu during the Kandy period of 1600-1750 AD. Since then, until 1980-1990 AD, the prototype instrument was developed by the influence of the Western musical instruments and musical intelligence, available material, creative methods inherent in the aristocratic, villagers, beggars, Veddas, and gypsy communities. Therefore, the rise of the Kandyan vina is proven to have originated within Sri Lanka as a unique native string instrument. Research objectives of this study are: firstly, to re-introduce a native string instrument according to its true historic trails; secondly, a modern Kandyan vina is constructed using the modified knowledge discovered through exploring the ancient Kandyan vina instruments; and thirdly, to assimilate knowledge of a musical instrument based on its historical literature and archaeological data from an Archaeomusicological perspective. With this in mind, Frescoes/murals, artefacts, legal documents and primary books were used as the primary sources, while journal articles and secondary books were used as secondary sources.

A Vulnerable Russia: Militarisation Through Anxiety in 1990s Russian Historical Textbooks

Russia’s military in the 1990s was physically and morally fragile. Culturally, however, the militarisation of society persisted because of the prominence of militarised discourses in various discursive spaces. Militarised themes were dominant in Russia’s historical education, with Russia’s vulnerability serving to underscore the militarisation of Russia’s youth during this period because it drew upon notions of paranoia and anxiety, which formed the foundations of Russian identity. This article examined 16 Russian historical textbooks published in the 1990s. Adopting Robert Sutherland’s schema for identifying ‘ways in which inherent ideologies are expressed’ in literature for children, including; ‘Politics of advocacy’ and ‘Politics of attack,’ this article found that Russia’s vulnerabilities were used to equip its youth with militarised worldviews. Historical victories were often framed as ‘victory despite weaknesses, because of the patriotic, united efforts of the Russian peoples. On the other hand, loss at war was often characterised by ‘unequal and heroic battle[s]’ followed by military reform, with emphasis on need to improve weapon procurement, combat readiness and strategy. Through these discourses, students were told that Russia would be safe and militaristically successful if 1) society remained united and 2) Russia’s military institution was technologically and strategically superior. These textbooks maintained the militarisation of society by sustaining the narrative that Russia constantly needed to defend itself, evidenced well with a historical trail of invasion from belligerent nations, where Russia has not always been able to defend itself.

Children's Book Woefully Lacking Pictures

Trans children remain a consistent object of concern in public debates over the validity of trans identity writ large as well as the imagined model for a future of authoritative medical and legal transition. In that regard, Jules Gill-Peterson's Histories of the Transgender Child is a groundbreaking contribution to the field of trans studies and the twentieth-century history of gender more broadly. Firmly refuting the “novelty” of trans children's existence, this historical overview of trans children's role in early gender clinics simultaneously undercuts presumptions regarding children as an atemporal class that is innocent to the question of gender identity while also identifying how attempts to correct gender nonconformity in a “child” indexed a eugenic framework for mastering human plasticity.Gill-Peterson demands that we disabuse ourselves that we yet know what it means to be a “trans child” as something other than evidence for or against the validity of trans subjectivity. Histories of the Transgender Child is an archives story narrated through the records of early twentieth-century medical clinics and the papers of their doctors and staff (including among them Harry Benjamin, Hugh Hampton Young, and John Money). It is in these clinics where trans children repeatedly appeared under a breadth of investigatory technologies and sex-gender ideologies. Contrary to the presumption that trans children are a “new frontier” for transgender health and political personhood, this book presents a finely curated collection of reports and theories on sex and gender variance in children, firmly situated within the sites of white American racial anxiety.Building on Gill-Peterson's prior published work studying the impact of colonial racism on the development of sex and gender science more broadly, Histories of the Transgender Child is an excellent resource for scholars and educators of transgender studies who are interested in the entangled theories of the gendered and racialized individual as a phenotypical species. The book's chapter structure begins with a foundational exploration of racial plasticity of gender in children, followed by clinic histories and case studies that trace significant shifts in the field from the 1930s through the 1970s. This historical analysis culminates in the provocation that we do not yet know how to raise trans children without this sedimented history of medical “care.”Drawing on a biopolitical critique of gender as a property of racialized liberal personhood, Gill-Peterson's analysis traces a critical genealogy of trans children as they appear in clinical case reports as forms of variably adaptable “raw material” for developmental investigation. Akin to Kyla Schuller's contributions toward the sentimentalist origins of “impressibility” in The Biopolitics of Feeling and C. Riley Snorton's investigation of Black flesh as fungible medical material for the discipline of gynecology in Black on Both Sides, Gill-Peterson argues against the techno-determinist slant that “trans” came into existence through 1950s medical intervention. She convincingly argues instead for a historiological shift in which trans medicine, as we understand it, was developed out of the life experiences of very young patients who were alternately (de)selected by physicians as candidates for medical interventions promising to eliminate the trace of gender ambiguity. In a narrative that coincides with the overarching eugenicist framework of early twentieth-century endocrinology, Gill-Peterson shares how white patients at clinics like the Brady Urological Institute at Johns Hopkins University served as tokens of sexual indeterminacy mastered by medical intervention and psychological treatment, while their Black counterparts were regarded as difficult, combative, irrational, and ultimately disposable research material. Following this thread of evidence, she offers us a history of the medicalization of a trans phenomenon born of a racially anxious theory of developmentalism, concluding that the “trans child has paid one of the heaviest prices for the sex and gender binary, silenced as the raw material of its medical foundation” (191).Histories of the Transgender Child is both a rigorous archival investigation of the eugenicist development of trans health care and a useful corrective to the post-1950 periodization of transexual science. Potentially, its most pertinent contribution to trans studies scholarship is its kaleidoscopic effect in which the contemporary discourse of trans children's nondestructive plasticity is placed alongside its own historical trail as a key component of medically enforced gender normativity and white supremacy. It provides an unrelenting criticism of this alignment as a hope for the historical concept to abate the ontological obstacles of its own intervention.I find myself in affinity with her provocation that we have already lived our entire lives with an entitled relationship to trans children as silenced raw material. What we actually want now—to make it possible for there to be trans children—would require reevaluating how to raise a child to exist without being an explanation of ourselves, or a means to some other end.

The First Reconstruction: Black Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War by Van Gosse

Reviewed by: The First Reconstruction: Black Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War by Van Gosse Millington Bergeson-Lockwood (bio) The First Reconstruction: Black Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War. By Van Gosse. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2021. Pp. 760. $39.95 cloth; $29.99 ebook) For Van Gosse, politics are "deeply conflictual." It is "a practice in which one engages so as to succeed, conquer, or triumph, but even more so as not to lose, be vanquished, and obliterated" (p. 549). This struggle is at the center of The First Reconstruction. While many historians have explored the fight for freedom in the first half of the nineteenth century, Gosse highlights the electoral sphere as a major site of political combat. He argues that struggles over voting, partisanship, and citizenship in the decades between the nation's founding and the Civil War presaged the better-known reconstruction of the post-war years. Rather than marginal, Black men were constant participants in elections and the avenues of party politics. This recentering of electoral and partisan politics in the history of Black activism and the struggle for American democracy is the most significant contribution of Gosse's study. He seeks to draw historians' gaze to an "old-style" political history of elections and political parties and show how these areas were just as significant in political development as those of the social or cultural spheres. [End Page 326] Gosse offers four state or regional histories, each with its own contours and trajectory. He includes well-trodden historical trails like those of Philadelphia and New York City, while also drawing attention to areas that have traditionally garnered less attention like upper New England and Ohio. Gosse makes a significant contribution in this expansion of antebellum Black political geography. In part one, Gosse examines the Black politics of Pennsylvania. He describes the "shadow politics" of Philadelphia, but also the lesser-known story of Black politics in the rest of the state. Gosse argues for historians to look beyond anti-slavery as the core mobilizer of Black politics. Instead, he draws attention to a political world organized around electoral participation in "the ordinary politics of partisan organizing" (p. 58). From the Keystone State, Gosse then travels to New England, a hotbed of Black electoral politics. While other states disenfranchised Black voters during the antebellum era, the New England states maintained non-racial suffrage and African Americans actively engaged in party politics. He highlights how not only were the number of Black voters higher than assumed in earlier studies, but that the urban Black electorate in the New England states was influential despite its small statewide population percentage. Leaving New England, Gosse takes the reader south to New York where he charts the persistence of a tradition of Black electoral activism even after "freehold laws" disenfranchised most Black voters in 1821. He argues that fights for suffrage strengthened the resolve and organizational strength of Black New Yorkers on the eve of the Civil War. In part four, Gosse explores Black politics in Ohio, a location not typically examined in a historiography dominated by the Northeast. Ohio became a powerhouse of Black electoral activism with Black voting strength having greater weight than anywhere in the nation. Gosse provides an in-depth and comprehensive study of Black electoral politics in the first half of the nineteenth century and his work raises questions for additional study. Future scholars must now [End Page 327] ask how this "First Reconstruction" directly connected to the reconstruction following the Civil War. How did the politics of the communities Gosse highlights change with the coming of emancipation and greater suffrage for all African Americans? How did these post-war activists draw upon the legacy of antebellum voting and how did this shape their vision of citizenship and place in the American body politic moving forward? Additionally, how did the "formal" politics of the electoral sphere intertwine with the "informal" politics of the social and cultural sphere? That Gosse's book raises difficult questions is a testament to its significance in the study of nineteenth-century Black politics and it would be a welcome contribution...

The Cultural and Historical Trail Map of Peranakan Heritage in the Andaman Provincial Cluster in Thailand

This study explored the trace of Peranakan heritage in the Andaman provincial cluster and presented the Cultural and Historical Trail Map of Peranakan heritage in Andaman provincial cluster. The concept of development communication objectives was used to create a research framework. Research results in the "complement" phase showed 117 traces of Peranakan heritage in the Andaman provincial cluster. As for the "facilitate" phase, 83 sites were qualified. An analysis of the relationship of qualified sites with Peranakan culture revealed five significant connections between each location and culture: 1) Peranakan ancestral monument, 2) Peranakan shrine, 3) Sino-European architectural building, 4) Peranakan residential areas, and 5) Peranakan cultural and historical learning center. Upon completion of the last phase, "extend," 6 tourist maps were created to display 8 cultural sites in Ranong province, 15 sites in Phang Nga province, 33 sites in Phuket province, 8 sites in Krabi province, 14 sites in Trang province, and 4 sites in Satun province, respectively. This study, thus, has produced a visual map in each province which is a catalytic communication tool to promote tourism development at the regional level and national level.

Historical Trail of the Important Cultural Property of Stanhope Printing Machine

Historical Trail of the Important Cultural Property of Stanhope Printing Machine

Maju Mundur Transformasi Aturan Mengenai Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia

Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation has been legally enacted. The government claims that Law Job Creation is to improve the investment climate, especially in the global conditions that are being hit by the Covid-19 pandemic and are predicted to have a correlation with job creation for the peoples. However, from the time the law was proposed, discussed, endorsed, until it was signed, this law has resulted in problems, one of which is about Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). The research questions formulated are: First, what is the historical trail of the birth and development of the EIA instrument? Second, based on the historical traces of its birth and development, is Law Job Creation a forward movement or is it a backward movement on the discourse of environmental protection? By focusing on the legal history side of EIA, using a socio-legal approach method, it can be conveyed that the traces of regulation on EIA from global discourse to national regulations are actually capable of capturing a value-based transformative vision of environmental awareness and justice. However, the transformation process was mostly carried out by the interests of foreign funding institutions that carried a vision of economic interests that reduced a value-based transformative vision. Law Job Creation is the next milestone in the transformation of regulations regarding EIA and environmental permits. If the vision for the transformation of environmental regulations is about a value-based vision towards a more environmentally aware and environment justice, it is clear that Law Job Creation is like bringing back to the starting point again.