Historical Retrospective Research Articles

The health work of Capodistrias – historical retrospection of the work and organization of the health care management of the newly established Greek state by its first governor

The present paper aimed to collect and highlight one aspect of the work of Ioannis Capodistrias in an area that has been little explored, the healthcare planning of the newly established Greek state. An overwhelming percentage of the literature referring to the multifaceted personality of Ioannis Capodistrias studies His activity in Italy where he studied Medicine and came into contact with modern knowledge, new ideas and trends, His work as a doctor upon his return to Corfu after the end of his studies, His activity in the political arena of the newly established State of the Ionian Islands, His later life in Russia and then his activity as a diplomat and as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, His role in the struggle for National rebirth and finally, His work as the first Governor of Greece. His achievements in the European diplomatic arena and his contribution to key issues (such as the Swiss and French issues) aiming at peace on the European continent, his vision for a free Ionian state at the beginning of his diplomatic career and a free Greek state thereafter, are able to give a global picture to the modern scholar of the dynamics of Ioannis Capodistrias as the multifaceted personality he was. The assignment of the governance of the newly established Greek state to Ioannis Capodistrias set the newly established Greek state, impoverished by the war, on a path of development that could stand in Europe together with the important powers of Epirus. However, his assassination violently halted this dynamic of development, constituting in essence the murder of the newly established state of Greece.

Theoretical and legal foundations of gender equality in legislation on agricultural cooperation

The article is dedicated to the investigation of theoretical and legal foundations of gender equality in legislation on agricultural cooperation. Gender equality is one of the sustainable development goals. In today’s conditions in agriculture, which is one of the leading spheres of the Ukrainian economy, including the sphere of agricultural cooperation, there is a significant gender gap between women and men, women, who live in rural areas, face a number of problems and various forms of discrimination, that is unacceptable. The article considers the historical retrospective of the women’s participation in cooperative movement through the prism of the ICA activities. It is determined that within the framework of European integration, the comprehensive promotion of gender equality in the cooperative sector of the economy of Ukraine should become one of the key factors of the national cooperative movement. In the article the author’s periodization of the development of agricultural cooperation in independent Ukraine in the context of its legislative support, which is divided into six periods, is formed. It has been established that different periods of development of agricultural cooperation in independent Ukraine, in particular in the context of legislative support, are characterized by insufficient attention to gender equality between women and men in agricultural cooperatives. It has been concluded that the legislation of Ukraine on agricultural cooperation remains incompletely gender-oriented and gender-sensitive, since it still does not contain a separate principle of gender equality in cooperatives, agricultural cooperatives, the consolidation of which is extremely important to emphasize the significance and priority of the ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men in the cooperative sector of the Ukrainian economy. The article emphasizes the need to supplement legislation on agricultural cooperation with the separate principle of gender equality.

Historical Retrospect of Aquatic Microbial Communities Based on Water–Carbonate Equilibrium and pH Values in Dianchi Lake Using the Random Forest Algorithm

Historical Retrospect of Aquatic Microbial Communities Based on Water–Carbonate Equilibrium and pH Values in Dianchi Lake Using the Random Forest Algorithm

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROCESS MANAGEMENT CONCEPT

The purpose of the study. The article is devoted to the analysis of the evolution of process management, starting from its inception to modern concepts. The key stages are considered, as well as four waves of process management. Conclusions. This article is a comprehensive study of the evolution of process management, describes the main stages of the development of the process approach in historical retrospect, and identifies four waves of process management and identifies the main trends characterizing the opportunities for further development of process management and its implementation in the activities of companies.

DEMOGRAPHIC POLICY IN RUSSIA: ACTUAL PROBLEMS, WAYS OF SOLUTIONS

The article examines the historical retrospective of the accumulated experience of the state in terms of stimulating fertility, strengthening marriages and overcoming demographic crises in order to identify effective mechanisms of social policy. Based on statistic, an analysis of current trends in the demographic situation in Russia, family divorces and living standards in large families is carried out. The article formulates mechanisms for increasing fertility, strengthening families and long-term formation of traditional family values in the country.

Phenomenon of Screen Dance in the Context of Dialogism of Choreographic and Audiovisual Arts

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the phenomenon of screen dance in the context of dialogism of choreographic and audiovisual art. Research methodology. The method of analysis and synthesis was applied (to study the scientific literature on the research topic and identify the main concepts of screen dance), the terminological method (to clarify the concept of "screen dance"); the typological method and the method of historical and cultural analysis (to identify the peculiarities of the interaction of choreographic and audiovisual art in historical retrospect), the method of generalisation. Scientific novelty. The phenomenon of screen dance is studied in the context of dialogism of choreographic and audiovisual art in historical retrospect; the concept of "screen dance" has been clarified; the properties of screen dance are understood, the points of common influence and mutual exchange between film and dance are considered, which define it as an autonomous practice; little-known and unknown sources, as well as the results of research by modern foreign scientists, were introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The study found that there are no strict criteria for defining screen dance in the scientific literature. During the historical development, this art form was usually denoted by a number of terms limited by indications of materiality (video dance, film dance, dance film), but it is screen dance that formulates the common denominator between them. Within the problematics of dialogism of choreographic and audiovisual art, screen dance can be considered as a form of research that studies the relationships between composition, choreographic language, and the meanings of body, movement, space, and time in the context of contemporary debates about cultural practices. Screen dance can take many forms and features and cross genres, with no limits on how it can be produced, filmed, edited and distributed. The coexistence of choreographic and audiovisual in the concept of screen dance is characterised by a constant dynamic interaction, the specifics of which are determined by innovative technological inventions and trends in the socio-cultural space.

Genesis of Music Video Clip as a Popular Form of Modern Audiovisual Culture: Experiments with Music Visualisation

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the development of the music video clip in the context of the historical interaction of musical and audiovisual culture. Research methodology. General scientific methods of cognition were applied, in particular analysis and synthesis, systematisation of theoretical data, the method of structural-functional analysis, which made it possible to reveal specific aspects of the interaction of music and various forms of artistic practices in the space of audiovisual culture; a typological method, with the help of which various features of the music video clip in the structure of modern audiovisual culture are revealed. Scientific novelty. The genesis of the music video clip as a popular form of modern audiovisual culture is studied; the problem of integration of visual images and music as part of artistic practices in historical retrospect is considered. Little-known works of foreign scientists, the problems of which are correlated with the subject area of research were introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The genesis of the music video clip testifies to the significant role of artistic practices in the process of image and music interaction at the early stages, which contributed to the invention of new creative ways of representing the imaginary – animation and montage proposed by avant-garde artists; videos and video installations created by mastering the television image; music videos that opened a new dimension for experimentation, becoming an influential form of modern culture. Artistic history of analogue interactions between cinema and music during the 20th century demonstrates the antecedent conditions of production, perception, and socio-political context that were necessary for the mass popularization of the music video as an established form. Thanks to the early experiments in the formation of visualised music, the music video as a new form of audiovisual art gained cultural value, which allowed it to play a significant role at the modern stage. The music video played and continues to play a key role in the socio-cultural space. The technological evolution from analogue to digital means of production and display has accelerated the development of both the form and the aesthetics of the music video, which emphasises one of the most important roles of art in society – to provoke thought and encourage a rethinking of social, political and cultural conditions and surroundings, using this is the main means of communication, including popular music.

Genesis of Street Photography in the Context of the Specificity of Digital Age

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the development of the genre of street photography in the context of the digitalisation trend. Research methodology. The logical-analytical, subject-analytical, system-analytical, typological and historical-cultural method, as well as the method of cultural analysis, were applied in order to comprehensively and objectively study the problems of the development of the genre of street photography. Scientific novelty. The genre of street photography is studied through the prism of the features of digital photography; the influence of surrealism, documentary cinema and humanistic tendencies of photo art on the genre of street photography is analysed; the development of the genre of street photography is traced in historical retrospect and at the present stage in the context of the digitalisation trend; little-known foreign language sources of a cultural nature were introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The main characteristics of digital photography are plasticity (the ability to integrate with other media, close connections and interactions between the camera, mobile phones and social networks in the context of the photo sharing process) and the ubiquity of mobile devices (the ability to easily take a photo with a mobile camera), which the specifics of the creative thinking of a modern person and affects the transformation of the genre of street photography. The study found that the main factors influencing the development of street photography in the digital age are: the emergence of smartphones, social media and online sharing, mirrorless cameras and additional functions, artificial intelligence and computational photography. The ubiquity of digital devices and their relationship with various media significantly transforms the genre, which throughout its history has been characterised by a significant reaction to internal (documentary style, surrealism, humanism) and external interventions (for example, consumer culture, popularisation of other genres of photography, lack of control). At the current stage of the development of the genre of street photography, the main influencing factor is the ubiquity of digital photography – access to the camera and urban space create prerequisites for creativity in the genre of street photography, which gradually leads to the levelling of boundaries between professional and amateur photography. The gravitation of the genre of street photography to documentary or art is determined by the author's approach of a particular photographer, the style he follows, the specifics of the environment and technical means. Thanks to the huge amount of photo equipment, the digital age is changing street photography, creating new trends and influencing the organic development of traditional features of the genre, and its adaptive nature allows us to talk about further transformational processes, in accordance with the development of the socio-cultural space.

Organization and implementation of judicial control at the stage of pre-trial investigation in foreign countries

The scientific article examines the peculiarities of the organization and conduct of judicial control of the preliminary investigation in European countries. It was determined that judicial control in historical retrospect dates back to the Middle Ages, so it has a long practical experience of application. It has been established that in the national legal systems of European countries, judicial control is organized differently, therefore the scientific literature confirms the existence of two types of models of judicial control depending on the purpose of judicial control in a criminal process. The first type of models is characterized by the presence of investigative functions and powers in the field of investigative actions for the representatives of the judiciary, who are authorized to exercise judicial control over the pre-trial investigation. The second type of models of judicial control in European countries is organized in such a way that representatives of the judiciary in pre-trial investigation are empowered with powers that are limited to resolving issues related to monitoring the observance of the rights and freedoms of the participants in the pre-trial investigation, without decisive influence on the course of the pre-trial investigation. The peculiarities of the specialization of entities that perform the functions of judicial control were analyzed and it was determined that they are divided into judicial bodies that are not separated from general courts (they lack specialization); judicial bodies in which there are separate positions of investigative judges in general courts; specialized judicial bodies. The advantages and disadvantages of the models of the first and second type of organization of judicial control over pre-trial investigation in Europeancountriesareestablished. Theadvantages of the first-type models are the cost-effectiveness of the organization of judicial control, the second- type models are characterized by a higher degree of quality protection of the rights and freedoms of a person in pre-trial investigation due to the exclusive specialization of representatives of the judiciary. It was determined that the peculiarities of legal regulation of judicial control over pre-trial investigation in Ukraine allow us to conclude that it belongs to the second type of models. Depending on the degree of specialization, the Ukrainian model of judicial control provides for the position of an investigative judge in the system of courts of general jurisdiction.

Коллегиальные органы управления в сфере национальной безопасности в России: историко-правовой анализ

The article shows that complex solution of problems of security of the state, preservation of sovereignty and territorial integrity requires consolidated efforts of the entire public administration system. Coordination of such activities goes beyond the departmental jurisdiction and is imposed on collegial bodies governed by the state. The development of such collegial bodies in our country started in the early 20th century in the Russian empire. The author reviews the legal framework of activities of supreme collegial bodies in the defense and security sphere in their historical retrospect.

Legal Regulation of Constitutional Justice in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Historical Periodization

The article examines the historical periodization of the phenomenon of constitutional control in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The scientific discourse of the transformation of the institution of constitutional control in historical retrospect in the theory and practice of constitutionalism has revealed trends and patterns. The study periodizes the development of the Institute of Constitutional control of the Republic of Kazakhstan, analyzes the formation and development of constitutional justice bodies over 4 stages.

Идеология, топонимия, политика памяти: история переименований в странах Балтии

The article presents an analysis of the toponymy of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in historical retrospect and the relationship with local memory politics. The practice of changing geographical names was carried out and continues to be carried out in line with the Baltic historical policy and such fundamental components as ethnocentrism, the fight against the consequences of “Soviet occupation” and decommunization. At the same time, toponymy was transformed most uniformly and consistently in Estonia and Latvia, due to similar historical development. The dynamics of changes in Lithuanian geographical objects are more specific due to the experience of their own statehood in the person of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as changes in borders in 1939.

Self-Presentational Communication in Context Digital Realities of Modern Society

Introduction. In the age of the digital economy and hyper-competition, self-presentation communication as a type of self-promotion, as the ability to present oneself to a communication partner, employer, business partner or target audience, is considered by experts as a key skill of the 21st century. It is also considered as one of the significant factors of competition both in the modern highly competitive labor market and in the consumer market, both global and local. The article discusses the theoretical foundations of self-presentational communication in its historical retrospective, traditions, innovations and development trends in the conditions of new realities.Methodology and sources. The methodology of philosophical, sociological and interdisciplinary approaches is used. The article uses the following sources: specialized literature from domestic and foreign authors, scientific research, publications and websites that allow one to explore the specifics of digital self-presentation, its new formats and current practices.Results and discussion. Digital society is a society whose distinctive feature is the electronic-digital method of receiving, storing and distributing information, as well as the electronic-digital mediation of social relations and communicative interaction. One of the ways of such interaction is digital self-presentation, which combines the traditions of this content and innovations caused by the development of new technologies.Conclusion. Self-presentational communication, like the entire communicative component of modern society, including the «human-AI» interface, is carried out in three spatial dimensions: real/offline/Physics, virtual/online/Digital, as well as in their interaction offline online/Phygital. In each dimension, self-presentational communication has its own specifics and could can be considered both as a separate phenomenon and in the process of continuity and development.

Academician V. H. Serheiev – Control System Designer, Founder of the Scientific and Design School, Honored Citizen of Kharkiv (on His 110th Birthday)

March 5, 2024 marks the 110th birthday of Volodymyr Hryhorovych Serheiev, an outstanding scientist, chief designer of control systems for strategic combat missiles, launch vehicles, spacecraft and transport modules of orbital complexes, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and an Honored Citizen of Kharkiv. Despite his significant scientific achievements in the field of rocket and space engineering, the silhouette of V. H. Serheiev is hardly reflected in the modern history of science. Based on representative sources, the article highlights the main achievements of the scientist in the field of dynamics of automatic control systems and the design of rocket and space engineering control systems. The summary of the most prominent space projects is based on the memories of witnesses and direct participants. The personal qualities of V. H. Serheiev as the head of the Special Design Office No. 692 are noted. The historical retrospective describes technical developments and inventions meant to improve the control systems of intercontinental ballistic missiles R-16, R-16У, R-36, R-36П, R-36 orbital, R-36М, R-36М UTTH, UR-100N, UR-100HU, and R-36М2. At the initiative of V. H. Serheiev, complex stands were developed, which worked non-stop in all modes of operation of the necessary equipment and solved complex scientific and technical problems of creating an on-board digital computer. V. H. Serheiev was the chief control system designer of space launch vehicles Kosmos, Kosmos-2, Cyclone-2, and Cyclone-3 and Tselina series spacecraft. The article features innovative solutions implemented under Serheiev’s leadership during the creation of the Energia launch vehicle, supply vehicles of the Almaz space rocket system and target orbital modules of the Saliut and Myr space stations, and international launch vehicles Dnipro, Rokit and Strila. The article considers the issues of V. H. Serheiev’s direct participation in the organization of the training system for scientific personnel in the relevant specialties at Ukraine’s higher education institutions, as well as the development of international cooperation. It is substantiated that the scientist created one of the leading science and construction schools for the development of control systems for rocket and space technology, which is internationally recognized. The authors emphasize that V. H. Serheiev devoted a lot of attention to people. At his initiative and with his support, a district named after the founder of aerodynamics, M. Y. Zhukovskyi, was created in Kharkiv for the employees of “Hartron” enterprise. The district was not far from the enterprise and had a well-developed infrastructure, such as kindergartens, schools, shops, a swimming pool and a complex of residential buildings.

ІСТОРИЧНА ПАМ’ЯТЬ І ПРОБЛЕМА УКРАЇНСЬКО-ПОЛЬСЬКОГО ПРИМИРЕННЯ

The author aims to analyze, through the prism of the Russian Federation’s at- tempts to eliminate Ukrainian statehood and force Ukrainians to renounce their national identity, Ukrainian-Polish relations in historical retrospect. Their deve- lopment is hindered by negative stereotypes that arose in the past. The Ukrai- nian-Polish contradictions culminated in the aftermath of World War I, when the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires collapsed. The fact is that the lands of mixed Ukrainian-Polish residence were claimed by the reviving Poland, on the one hand, and the Ukrainian People’s Republic and the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic, on the other. In the interwar years, Ukrainian-Polish contra- dictions accumulated. And during World War II, they were further exacerbated by the policies of Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s USSR, which were facilitated in the realization of their imperial plans. The author examined whether there were any attempts at Ukrainian-Polish rec- onciliation during the last century and how the issue of overcoming negative stereotypes in relations between Ukrainians and Poles looks like in the current situation, when Poland is one of the main defenders of Ukraine against Russian aggression. The author has used interesting and not always accessible general materials to substantiate his arguments. The article deals with attempts at Ukrainian-Polish political reconciliation at various levels of public representation, from state and political leaders of both countries, Ukrainian and Polish scholars, to specific in- dividuals, such as Bohdan Osadchuk on the Ukrainian side and Jerzy Giedroyc on the Polish side.

Актуальность философии как знания о мире в целом

The relevance of knowledge about the world as a whole is considered in historical retrospective. The aspect taken in knowledge is a spiritual instrument of life-support activities. The side of dependence of a instrument on activity is considered. The necessity and nature of this activity determine the content of knowledge about the world as a whole. Retrospect begins with magical knowledge about the world at whole. It is a spiritual instrument of a communal collective strategy of activity that is aimed at preserving the integrity of the world. The primitive community considered itself an inseparable part of this world. Therefore, magical knowledge to the greatest extent was knowledge about the world as a whole. The fair production strategy is replaced by an unfair producing strategy, which then quickly turns into an exploitative-producing strategy. One of the spiritual tools of this strategy is religion, in which knowledge about the world as a whole is formed. Since the productive strategy is aimed at changing the world, fundamental changes occur in knowledge about the world as a whole. The world is now represented by its separate parts. Growing needs turning into super-needs lead to the separation of science and philosophy from religious knowledge about the world as a whole. Religious knowledge about the world as a whole is knowledge for the vast majority of society. Philosophy is knowledge about the world as a whole for a small part of society: scientists. Science is developed by the principle of verifiability. Philosophy develops through theoretical and speculative methods. The difference in methods gradually distances philosophy from science. This leads to a decline in the relevance of philosophy as knowledge about the world as a whole. Philosophy is being replaced by a physicalist picture of the world. The modern relevance of philosophy can be associated with: 1 – the collapse of the hypothesis of physicalism and its replacement with the hypothesis of holism; 2 – the justification for changing the exploitative production strategy to a communal non-exploitative production strategy, an example of which is socialism. The model of new philosophy is a systemic-conceptual knowledge of the world as a whole, consisting of four parts: 1 – theory of philosophy; 2 – philosophy of natural science; 3 – philosophy of socio-anthropology; and 4 – philosophy of religion.

METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CLASSIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS CAUSED BY RUSSIAN AGGRESSION IN UKRAINE

The article deals with the issue of environmental impact assessment, covering the historical retrospective, as well as current risks and threats caused by the war in Ukraine. The author analyzed studies that directly address the issue of the impact of military operations on the environment. Particular attention has been paid to the regulatory documents approved in Ukraine after 2022, in particular, the resolution of the Government of Ukraine regulating the cost assessment of damages, which identified several gaps in the environmental components. The authors identify seven types of impact by certain aspects, in particular: by the nature of the factors’ action; by time; by intensity; by territorial scale; by the form of territorial manifestation; by the nature of the consequences; by the possibility of returning to the previous state. A classification of military impacts (explosions, mining, movement of military equipment, etc.) and their potential consequences for various environmental components have also been proposed. The general methodology is also specified for individual components and adapted to assess ecosystem losses using the example of a habitat score.

STRATEGIC CULTURE OF SAUDI ARABIA

The publication analyses the impact of Saudi Arabia’s strategic culture on the formation of its foreign policy. The relevance of the topic is connected to the growing challenges in the field of international security associated with the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation, which has demonstrated fundamental changes in the modern system of international relations with a tendency towards multipolarity with mega-centres of power. Within the Middle East international political space, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia may become such a centre of power, one of the national interests of which is the desire to gain regional leadership. The article analyses the theoretical foundations of the concept of strategic culture and extrapolates these conclusions to the study of the attitude of the Saudi political elite to the use of force, as well as the tools for preventing and combating potential risks and threats to national security. Thus, through the prism of constructivism theory, the article outlines each of the main components of Saudi Arabia’s strategic culture, namely: the role of the country’’s strategically important geographical location, historical retrospective of the state’s formation, analysis of the perception of threats and tools for overcoming them, the state’s attitude to its enemies and allies in the international arena, and the factor of «soft power”.It is determined that the strategic culture of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is based on a high level of sensitivity to internal and external threats, which is the reason for the active militaristic policy of the state, rivalry for regional dominance with Iran and development of strategic relations with a strong ally, which historically has been the United States of America. At the same time, it should be noted that in order to achieve national interests in the turbulent international security environment, Saudi Arabia actively uses the soft power factor, which has a direct correlation with its national identity as an Islamic state.

The organization of provincial control bodies in 1920-1922: based on the materials of the Kursk region

Relevance. In modern conditions, the main directions of reforming control (supervisory) activities are to increase its efficiency and effectiveness, reduce the administrative burden on enterprises and entrepreneurs. The improvement of control (supervisory) activities remains relevant in the context of increased external sanctions pressure. At the same time, the history of the control system, which extended to all types and forms of public administration and economic activity, remains poorly understood in terms of existing regional experience. The study of the formation of control bodies in the Soviet state is of particular practical interest, since it allows accumulating achievements and mistakes of the past, thereby setting benchmarks in the present.Purpose. The study of the experience of organizing socialist control bodies in 1920-1922 on the example of the Kursk provincial branch of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection.The objectives of the article follow from the set goal and consist in investigating the conditions and methods of work of the Kursk provincial department of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection during the designated period.Methodology. During the research of the designated topic, the author used both general scientific methods of cognition, such as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, and special historical methods: problem-chronological, comparative historical.Results. The study of the working conditions of the Kursk provincial department of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection in the designated period allowed, in historical retrospect, to determine the specifics of the methods used by it, as well as to establish the reasons for the subsequent reforms.Conclusion. The basis for the unification of party and Soviet state control was the analysis of the provincial experience of the RKI in 1920-1922. A significant obstacle to the broader development of both organizational and auditing activities of the Kursk Provincial Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences in the period under study was the insufficient number and low level of their training.

Surgical antisepsis in Russia: historical parallels

The origins of surgery and the improvement of surgical practices did not always guarantee a favorable surgical outcome. Even a masterfully performed operation could lead to a purulent-inflammatory process. Even at the stage of empirical development of medicine, before the great microbiological discoveries, an understanding was formed about a certain “substrate” that penetrates the surgical wound from the external environment and causes its suppuration. Supporters of the contagionist theory called it contagium, and supporters of the miasmatic theory considered the external (air) environment as such a source. The ideas of the supporters of the contagionist theory of the occurrence of purulent-septic complications in surgery in the middle of the 18th century are reflected in the works of D.S. Samoilovich and I.F. Semmelweis; the latter proved the transmission of the infectious principle by the surgeon’s hands, which became the starting point for the development of preventive antiseptics. In historical retrospect, the technology and means used for surgical hand antisepsis in Russia were analyzed from the mid-18th to the early 20th centuries. Moreover, literary sources for the period from 1783 to 2023 were analyzed, containing information about the antiseptic treatment of surgeons’ hands. Historical, descriptive, evaluative, analytical, and bacteriological research methods were used. As an experiment, the original antiseptic recipe described by D.S. Samoilovich (1783) was restored, and its effectiveness was confirmed. During surgical practices in Russia, starting from the mid-18th century, facts about the use of drugs with antiseptic activity for hand treatment are described. It is shown how, in historical retrospect, views on the final result of surgical antisepsis changed: from partial to complete destruction of microorganisms, preventing their entry from the deep layers of the skin, to the destruction of transient microflora and reduction of the abundance of resident microflora. Despite the influence of the English (J. Lister) and German (P. Fürbringer, J.F. Ahlfeld) surgical schools on the development of antiseptics in Russia, it retained its originality, determined by the needs of society and the possibility of using certain chemical antiseptics and their compositions for its implementation. The contribution of domestic surgeons to the improvement of antiseptic technologies and drugs in military field conditions is shown (N.I. Pirogov, A.M. Zabludovsky, D.I. Tatarinov et al.).