Historical Development Research Articles

Helping Mongolia out of Poverty: Analyzing Social Challenges and Public Policy

Mongolia's challenging geography and historical development obstacles position it on the fringes of economic advancement. This paper presents a thorough analysis of its unique social, cultural, and economic hurdles, proposing visionary strategies for poverty alleviation and sustainable growth. The first section advocates a shift towards value-added industrialization, addressing the sparse population by exploring rural-to-urban migration and urging the dismantling of gender-based divisions while fostering rural entrepreneurship. The second part highlights leveraging indigenous cultural attributes and uplifting rural assembly industries to achieve balanced regional development. However, it cautions against unintended consequences like protectionism and urban-rural disparities. The third segment uncovers fundamental impediments rooted in Mongolia's self-sufficient, myopic nomadic culture, underscoring the need for education to reshape outdated mindsets. Moreover, the abrupt transition from nomadism to socialism and Western ideals has left a fragmented cultural identity, posing an identity challenge. This paper emphasizes the enduring influence of culture on socio-economic progress and underscores the significance of cultural preservation to steer Mongolia towards prosperity and global equity.

Research on the application of the terahertz technique

Terahertz is a new radiation source with many unique advantages and terahertz technology is a very important cross-cutting frontier field, providing a very attractive opportunity for technological innovation, national economic development and national security that may lead to revolutionary developments in science and technology. This article introduces the advantages and disadvantages of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz frequency band, the origin and development history of terahertz technology, and the composition of common terahertz systems, and outlines the technologies of secure communication, detection, imaging, etc., according to their principles. The analysis shows that under the premise of ensuring the size of its key devices to be miniaturized in application, and solving the technical difficulties such as its complicated use, high overall cost and reliance on low-temperature operation, the terahertz technology will have a broad market prospect in the fields of biology, medical treatment, communication, military security and so on.

Foldable display technology and wearable device integration design

This paper explores the latest advancements in foldable display technology and its integration into wearable devices. By synthesizing relevant literature, the paper introduces the development history, principles, and application domains of foldable display technology. It subsequently discusses the advantages and challenges of incorporating foldable display technology into wearable devices, presenting various integration design approaches and future directions. The paper concludes by envisioning the potential applications of foldable display technology and wearable device integration in fields such as smart healthcare, fitness tracking, and fashion technology.

Toward Sustainable Lithium Iron Phosphate in Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Regeneration Strategies and Their Challenges

AbstractIn recent years, the penetration rate of lithium iron phosphate batteries in the energy storage field has surged, underscoring the pressing need to recycle retired LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries within the framework of low carbon and sustainable development. This review first introduces the economic benefits of regenerating LFP power batteries and the development history of LFP, to establish the necessity of LFP recycling. Then, the entire life cycle process and failure mechanism of LFP are outlined. The focus is on highlighting the advantages of direct recycling technology for LFP materials. Directly regenerating LFP materials is a very promising solution. Directly regenerating spent LFP (S‐LFP) materials can not only protect the environment and save resources, but also directly add lithium atoms to the vacancies of missing lithium atoms to repair S‐LFP materials. At the same time, simply supplementing lithium to repair S‐LFP simplifies the recovery process and improves economic benefits. The status of various direct recycling methods is then reviewed in terms of the regeneration process, principles, advantages, and challenges. Additionally, it is noted that direct recycling is currently in its early stages, and there are challenges and alternative directions for its development.

Towards an Effective Architectural Form: The Composition of Squareness and Roundness Based on Scale Proportion—Evidence from the Yingxian Wooden Pagoda

Investigating the mathematical and geometric principles embedded in ancient classic architecture is a significant tradition in the history of architectural development. Drawing inspiration from the modular design and creative ideology based on the geometric proportions of squareness and roundness in ancient Chinese architecture, we propose a new mode of squareness and roundness composition based on scale proportion specifically for the design of multi-story buildings. Taking Yingxian Wooden Pagoda as the case study, we not only re-evaluate the modular system and proportional rules followed in the design of the entire pagoda, but also reveal the technical approaches and geometric rules for effectively controlling the form of multi-story buildings. In particular, the mode of squareness and roundness composition based on scale proportion, utilizing a modular grid combined with squareness and roundness drawings as decision-making tools, can control the scale and proportion of buildings across different design dimensions and organically coordinate the design of multi-story buildings’ plans and elevations. Thus, it can achieve an effective balance of multi-story architectural forms. This study has potential applications in the creation of traditional multi-story buildings and heritage restoration projects, and offers valuable insights for future research on ancient multi-story buildings.

Cellular mechanisms of ion and acid-base regulation in teleost gill ionocytes.

The mechanism(s) of sodium, chloride and pH regulation in teleost fishes has been the subject of intense interest for researchers over the past 100 years. The primary organ responsible for ionoregulatory homeostasis is the gill, and more specifically, gill ionocytes. Building on the theoretical and experimental research of the past, recent advances in molecular and cellular techniques in the past two decades have allowed for substantial advances in our understanding of mechanisms involved. With an increased diversity of teleost species and environmental conditions being investigated, it has become apparent that there are multiple strategies and mechanisms employed to achieve ion and acid-base homeostasis. This review will cover the historical developments in our understanding of the teleost fish gill, highlight some of the recent advances and conflicting information in our understanding of ionocyte function, and serve to identify areas that require further investigation to improve our understanding of complex cellular and molecular machineries involved in iono- and acid-base regulation.

The Tribe Affiliation of the Romans in the Lower Danube

The article deals with the perception of the tribe Papiria in the nomenclature of the Roman civics in two Trajanic colonies in Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior—col(onia) Ulp(ia) Tra(iana) Rat(iariensium) and col(onia) Ulp(ia) Oescensium respectively. Although located close geographically and with a few common traits of their historical development, some discrepancies appeared in the topic which are discussed. The inscriptions provide, although scanty, some information on the tribe affiliation of the civic and religious colonial elite, augustales coloniae as well as the tribe affiliation as a part of a certain ornamenta. All this allows to establish the Roman tribe as an important social marker and for prestige in the Roman civic community, and can therefore serve in the Roman provinces as a sign of the progress of urbanization and Romanization. Certainly, the observations made are preliminary due to the scanty evidence available so far for various reasons.

Comprehensive Insights into Potassium‐Ion Capacitors: Mechanisms, Materials, Devices and Future Perspectives

AbstractAlkali metal‐ion capacitors integrate two electrodes from both batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), combining the advantages of large capacity, high‐rate performance, and long cycle life. Potassium (K) has similar properties to sodium (Na) and lithium (Li), however, the abundance of K in the crust is the same with Na, and much higher than Li. Due to the fast kinetics and low self‐discharge of Potassium‐ion capacitors (PICs), PICs attract more interest from researchers in the field of electrochemical energy storage. The current dilemma is that the research on PICs is more inherited from sodium‐ion capacitors (SICs) and lithium‐ion capacitors (LICs). Despite advancements in electrode materials, there is still a lack of profound understanding of the intrinsic issues and key challenges of PICs. In order to provide a detailed and systematic analysis of the development of PICs, in this review, special attention is given on the following Accordingly, full eight key sections: i) development history, ii) defining equations, iii) energy storage mechanism, iv) device configuration, v) electrode materials, vi) electrolyte design, vii) key technologies, and viii) future perspectives. This review provides an intensive theoretical foundation for the development of PICs and is able to pave the path for the practical application of PICs.

Review of the Development of Meniscus Centralization.

With an aging population, extending healthy life expectancy is a global challenge. Maintaining healthy knee joint function is one of the essential factors to preserve the ability to walk and extend healthy life expectancy. Meniscus centralization was introduced in 2012 as a procedure for meniscus extrusion, one of the causes of knee osteoarthritis (OA). Initially, it was performed only for lateral meniscus (LM) extrusion, and favorable 2-year results were reported in 2016. Gradually, basic studies supporting the effectiveness of meniscus centralization have been reported, and it has also been performed for medial meniscus (MM) extrusion, with some positive results reported. Although the surgical procedures vary among the institutions, the basic concept is to reattach the loosened meniscotibial ligament to the edge of the tibial plateau to re-tension it. This review will discuss the history of development and the current status of meniscus centralization. Current research shows that meniscus centralization is not performed in isolation but is often used as an augmentation along with the conventional repair of meniscus injuries, particularly posterior root tears. Biomechanical studies demonstrated that MM centralization with a posteromedial anchor can better restore meniscus function. Despite its relatively short publication history of just over ten years, meniscus centralization has shown potential as a treatment to curb the progression of knee OA and extend a healthy life. While more evidence is needed, this conclusion underscores the promising role for meniscus centralization, making it a topic of significant interest for knee surgeons and researchers.

Right to Freedom of Religion: Dynamics of Conceptual Evolution

This article analyzes the dynamics of the content of the freedom of religion aiming to reflect the transformation of the right to freedom of religion in historical perspective and forming generalized models of such content, as well as prognosing the prospects for further dynamics of these changes. The relevance of the study is justified by several factors. Firstly, the issue of exercising the right to freedom of religion is urgent in the context of the growing number of followers of various religions, as well as the use of religious narratives for political purposes. Secondly, contemporary factors shaping post-secular society (diversification of attitudes towards religion and types of religiosity) contribute to the erosion of the classical definition of the subject of freedom of religion. Thirdly, forecasting the further development of freedom of religion requires an analysis of its formation and historical transformations, which remains insufficiently studied in domestic doctrine. The article argues that the content (subject) of freedom of religion (especially within the European tradition of understanding it) has undergone significant changes, influencing the concepts and scope of state-confessional interaction, as well as the principles of defining relevant norms. Therefore, it is necessary, having examined individual epochs of the formation of freedom of religion, to identify its general meaning and development trends. Such research is conducted based on historical-legal sources and doctrinal knowledge. It is argued that the historical development of freedom of religion demonstrates its dynamic evolution and the acquisition of an increasingly broader scope. The ancient vision of freedom of religion is characterized by the assertion of adherence to one of the alternative cults (territorially defined) as a legal duty. However, the common background (principle) of all cults does not allow for choice and thus leads to the implicit leveling of the significance of freedom of religion. In medieval law, freedom of religion is explicitly leveled; adherence to a single cult is affirmed as a legal duty (reception of obligation with denial of alternative compared to antiquity). Actual freedom of religion emerges in modern times as the ability of individuals to choose and change beliefs freely and to freely practice their religion. This process is accompanied by the formation of a secular state. Partial freedom of religion, based on limited state-sanctioned choice, later transforms into full freedom with unrestricted free choice. Such a concept prevails in international law and national legislation currently. Further development of freedom of religion is possible in the context of challenges of post-secular society, including diversification of attitudes towards religion and types of religiosity, as well as the spread of a worldview based on non-religious faith. This concept has now seen the most development in the practice of interpretation and application of the European Convention on Human Rights, as set out in the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights. This practice requires detailed study in further research.

Formation and development of the idea of guaranteeing human and civil rights and freedoms in the theoretical and legal heritage of Ukraine

The article is devoted to the analysis of historical development and formation of the ideas of guaranteeing human and civil rights and freedoms in the context of the theoretical and legal heritage of Ukraine. The author examines the key stages of the evolution of legal ideas, from ancient times to the present, noting the influence of different historical periods on the formation of the modern concept of human rights. Knowledge of the historical experience and theoretical foundations of human rights guarantees helps to formulate strategies and policies that can ensure real protection of fundamental rights and freedoms in conditions when they are threatened by external aggression and internal challenges. The article focuses on the importance of developing a natural law concept based on the principles of freedom, equality and justice, which are considered fundamental to understanding human rights. A special place in the analysis is occupied by the study of the Lithuanian Statute, Magdeburg Lawand the role of polemical works in the development of legal consciousness. The authors point to the multifaceted approaches to the study of human rights, their origin, content and relationship with the state, emphasising the importance of democratic regimes in the consolidation and enforcement of rights and freedoms. The conclusions emphasise that the notion of human rights as natural and primary is crucial for the development of Ukrainian political and legal thought, which contributed to the formation of the rule of law and civil society in Ukraine. In the context of post-war reconstruction, the authors emphasise the critical importance of respecting and ensuring human rights and freedoms as a basis for the restoration and development of a democratic society. Democratic regimes that uphold the principles of freedom, equality and justice are key to the effective reconstruction and stabilisation of society. The adoption of international human rights standards and their integration into national policies will be key to successful post-war reconstruction, while laying a solid foundation for Ukraine’s future development.

Soft Bioelectronics Using Nanomaterials and Nanostructures for Neuroengineering.

ConspectusThe identification of neural networks for large areas and the regulation of neuronal activity at the single-neuron scale have garnered considerable attention in neuroscience. In addition, detecting biochemical molecules and electrically, optically, and chemically controlling neural functions are key research issues. However, conventional rigid and bulky bioelectronics face challenges for neural applications, including mechanical mismatch, unsatisfactory signal-to-noise ratio, and poor integration of multifunctional components, thereby degrading the sensing and modulation performance, long-term stability and biocompatibility, and diagnosis and therapy efficacy. Implantable bioelectronics have been developed to be mechanically compatible with the brain environment by adopting advanced geometric designs and utilizing intrinsically stretchable materials, but such advances have not been able to address all of the aforementioned challenges.Recently, the exploration of nanomaterial synthesis and nanoscale fabrication strategies has facilitated the design of unconventional soft bioelectronics with mechanical properties similar to those of neural tissues and submicrometer-scale resolution comparable to typical neuron sizes. The introduction of nanotechnology has provided bioelectronics with improved spatial resolution, selectivity, single neuron targeting, and even multifunctionality. As a result, this state-of-the-art nanotechnology has been integrated with bioelectronics in two main types, i.e., bioelectronics integrated with synthesized nanomaterials and bioelectronics with nanoscale structures. The functional nanomaterials can be synthesized and assembled to compose bioelectronics, allowing easy customization of their functionality to meet specific requirements. The unique nanoscale structures implemented with the bioelectronics could maximize the performance in terms of sensing and stimulation. Such soft nanobioelectronics have demonstrated their applicability for neuronal recording and modulation over a long period at the intracellular level and incorporation of multiple functions, such as electrical, optical, and chemical sensing and stimulation functions.In this Account, we will discuss the technical pathways in soft bioelectronics integrated with nanomaterials and implementing nanostructures for application to neuroengineering. We traced the historical development of bioelectronics from rigid and bulky structures to soft and deformable devices to conform to neuroengineering requirements. Recent approaches that introduced nanotechnology into neural devices enhanced the spatiotemporal resolution and endowed various device functions. These soft nanobioelectronic technologies are discussed in two categories: bioelectronics with synthesized nanomaterials and bioelectronics with nanoscale structures. We describe nanomaterial-integrated soft bioelectronics exhibiting various functionalities and modalities depending on the integrated nanomaterials. Meanwhile, soft bioelectronics with nanoscale structures are explained with their superior resolution and unique administration methods. We also exemplified the neural sensing and stimulation applications of soft nanobioelectronics across various modalities, showcasing their clinical applications in the treatment of neurological diseases, such as brain tumors, epilepsy, and Parkinson's disease. Finally, we discussed the challenges and direction of next-generation technologies.

Advancements and perspectives in engineered cementitious composites (ECC): a comprehensive review

Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) have garnered significant attention within the construction industry due to their exceptional mechanical properties and durability. This thorough review presents a meticulous analysis of the progress and prospects in ECC research. It commences by introducing the background and rationale for investigating ECC, while outlining the objectives of the review. The review provides an encompassing overview of ECC, encompassing its definition, characteristics, historical development, composition, and constituent materials. Emphasis is placed on the examination of ECC‘s mechanical properties, specifically its flexural behaviour, tensile behaviour, compressive strength, and resistance to environmental factors. Furthermore, the rheological properties of ECC, including workability, flowability, self-healing, crack mitigation, viscosity, and thixotropy, are discussed in detail. The review delves into the influence of fibre reinforcement on ECC, encompassing the types of fibres utilised, their impact on mechanical and structural properties, as well as fibre dispersion and orientation. Additionally, it explores the diverse applications of ECC across various fields, such as structural applications and sustainable building practices. The challenges and limitations associated with ECC, such as cost and availability, are addressed, alongside an exploration of future trends and research directions.

A comprehensive review of monitoring methods for erectile dysfunction diagnosis

AbstractBackgroundErectile dysfunction (ED) is commonly associated with cardiovascular diseases and age. However, it is important to note that it can also affect younger males, potentially serving as an early indicator of compromised overall health. Despite the high prevalence, ED remains underdiagnosed due to factors such as reluctance to testing, concerns about privacy, and the persistent social stigma surrounding the condition.ObjectiveThis review offers an overview of diagnostic and monitoring devices employed in the assessment of nocturnal ED and aims to assess both historical and recent developments in this field. It considers the emerging technological trends in digital innovation, particularly in the context of home‐based decentralized healthcare settings.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was performed via PubMed using keywords ‘nocturnal penile tumescence’, ‘NPT’, ‘sleep‐related erection’, ‘SRE’, ‘rigidity monitoring’, ‘NPTR’, ‘tumescence monitoring’, ‘erectile dysfunction’ and ‘smart wearable’. All relevant literature was retrieved and reviewed. Web‐based Google and manual searches of references were also performed to identify relevant articles and solutions missed by online indexes.FindingsAn increasing number of methods and solutions are integrating digital technologies, harnessing sensors, and utilizing data analytics for continuous monitoring and AI‐assisted prediction of ED.ConclusionThe future of ED monitoring is expected to leverage digital technologies to enhance evaluation, monitoring, and accurate diagnosis in decentralized healthcare environments maintaining patient privacy and driving early detection and intervention.

The making of Holocaust education in Britain, 1945–1991

ABSTRACT Despite the prevalence of research in Holocaust memory and Holocaust education, the historical development of British Holocaust education remains understudied. This paper reconstructs this history, presenting Anglo-Jewish efforts to teach about the Holocaust in the 1970s for the first time and using the concept of ‘cosmopolitan memory’ to explain its proliferation in the early 1980s. This article argues that the origins of contemporary Holocaust education should not be found in the increase of its teaching with the National Curriculum of 1991 but in the changing culture of memory and history teaching in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

RuiXue Multi-Hall-Human machine collaboration in reciprocal structures

This article centers on the RuiXue Multi-Hall architectural design project in Chengdu, China, with a specific focus on a comprehensive workflow framework that integrates reciprocal geometric design and digital construction methods, primarily within the context of shell structures. The research expands on the concepts of structural design, adjustments of performance parameters, and the optimization of free-form shells. In addition, it outlines the spatial design approach for the shell structure. The study delves into reciprocal geometric design for the existing shell structure, establishing a library of reciprocal geometric shapes suitable for architectural design. The primary focus is on the application of these shapes to the shell structure, optimizing parameters for several grids within the library, and comparing various design schemes. Furthermore, the article discusses digital construction methods for the existing shell space and reciprocal structure, with a specific emphasis on the material performance of timber components. This discussion includes reciprocal timber structures and 3D-printed roofs for shell surfaces, all guided by a geometric control system to facilitate an interactive design and construction process. This research on reciprocal geometric design and digital construction methods for shell structures holds dual significance. It not only traces the historical development of reciprocal structures but also explores innovative construction methods using digital technology. The establishment of a comprehensive framework for reciprocal geometric design-construction is expected to catalyze innovative breakthroughs in future architectural design, spanning aspects such as space, form, materials, and structure.

From public to market use: a historical perspective on the changes in health data collection and use in France from 1930 to the present

Purpose This study aims to understand the progressive marketization of health data collection and use, through a study of its historical development in France, from the 1930s to the present day. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected a set of legal, institutional, political and media data. These came from the INA (National Audiovisual Institute), the French national newspaper websites and the websites legifrance.gouv.fr and vie-publique.fr. The authors then conducted a thematic content analysis. Findings The study results highlight the changes in the health-care system related to the increased use of data in France over three major periods. The first period – 1930s to 1980s – is marked by the creation of the French social security system to collect large sets of data to better manager people’s health care. The second period – 1980s to 2000s – is characterized by the adoption and assimilation of tools to manage patient data through several national and European regulations. The last period – 2000s to the present – saw the introduction of measures in favor of the digitalization of health care, and consequently of data, in parallel with the advancement of digital technologies in general. The institutional dynamics in healthcare have evolved with the nature of the actors and their practices, in connection with new perceptions about health data. Originality/value This research sheds light on the historical transformation of health data collection and use in France, revealing the involvement of diverse stakeholders, the discourses driving data development and the need for regulation. It exposes the dual nature of health data collection and use, initially sanctioned by the state and public entities but later exploited for private interests.

The Body of Inquiry as a Participant in Criminal Proceedings

The article discusses the problematic aspects of determining the legal status of the body of inquiry as a participant in criminal proceedings. It is noted that despite a number of legislative changes, a considerable number of issues concerning the procedural position of the body of inquiry in the criminal process of Russia remain unresolved. The inconsistency of the legislator in determining the list of bodies of inquiry is separately indicated, the allocation among them of those who have the right to conduct a preliminary investigation in the form of an inquiry, and those who are authorized only to initiate a criminal case and carry out urgent investigative actions. Referring to the foreign experience and the historical development of this institution in domestic legislation, the author emphasizes the unjustified narrowing (compared with the pre-revolutionary state) of the number of state institutions belonging to the bodies of inquiry. The author criticizes the legislative criterion of attribution to the bodies of inquiry, based on the sign of the implementation of operational investigative activities. Special attention is paid to the shortcomings of the legislative definitions given in Article 5 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation.

Hot spots and trends in microbial disease research on cultural heritage: a bibliometric analysis.

This study is to understand and analyze the development history, research hotspots, and research trends in the study of microbial diseases of cultural heritage through bibliometric analyses in order to fill the current gap of no literature review in this research field and to make certain contributions to the research in this field and the protection of cultural heritage. Bibliometric and visual analyses of the literature on cultural heritage microbial diseases in the Web of Science (WoS) core collection were carried out using VOSviewer and R-bibliometrix, choosing the two main literature types of papers and reviews. The emphasis was placed on analyzing and summarizing core research strengths, hotspots, and trends. Six hundred sixty-seven documents (573 articles and 94 reviews) were retrieved. αIn the WoS core collection, the first literature on cultural heritage microbial disease research was published in January 2000, and the annual number of publications from 2000 to 2009 did not exceed one; the annual number of publications from 2010 onwards increased rapidly, and after 2018, the number of publications per year exceeded 60, reaching 94 in 2020, which indicates that cultural heritage microbial disease research is booming. Our research showed that Italy, the USA, and China were the leading research countries, and Univ Milan was the institution with the most publications. International Biodeterioration &Biodegradation was the most published and co-cited journal, and Gu JD was the most prolific author. The research hotspots in the study of microbial diseases of cultural heritage mainly include biological degradation of cultural heritage; identification of diseased microorganisms and disease mechanisms; cultural heritage microbial disease prevention and control methods; monitoring, prevention, and control of diseased microorganisms in indoor air; antibacterial agents, especially essential oils, nanoparticles, and other safe and efficient antibacterial products research and development; and exploration of the mechanisms of biofilm protection of cultural heritage on cultural heritage surfaces. Monitoring and identifying cultural heritage microbial communities, identifying disease mechanisms, and researching safe and efficient bacteriostatic products such as essential oils and nanoparticles will be the main research directions in the field of cultural heritage microbial disease prevention and control in the future.

Lysyl oxidase-like 2 as a predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus after sustained virological response

Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) mediates the crosslinking of extracellular collagen, reflecting qualitative changes in liver fibrosis. This study aimed to validate the utility of serum LOXL2 levels as a predictive biomarker for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection who achieved a sustained virological response (SVR). This retrospective study included 137 patients with chronic HCV infection without history of HCC development and who achieved SVR via direct-acting antiviral therapy. Median LOXL2 levels decreased significantly after SVR achievement (pre-Tx, 2.33 ng/mL; post-Tx, 1.31 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Post-Tx LOXL2 levels, fibrosis-4 index, platelet counts, Wisteria floribunda agglutinin-positive human Mac-2 binding protein levels, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels were identified as independent predictive factors for post-SVR HCC development in the univariate analysis. The incidence of post-SVR HCC development was significantly higher in patients with post-Tx LOXL2 levels ≥ 2.08 ng/mL and AFP levels ≥ 5.0 ng/mL than in patients with elevated levels of either marker or with lower marker levels. Serum LOXL2 levels can serve as a predictive biomarker for HCC development after achieving SVR. The combination of serum LOXL2 and AFP levels provides robust risk stratification for HCC development after SVR, suggesting an enhanced surveillance strategy.