Historical Development Of Cities Research Articles

Structure of the modern city: context of the urban transformation

The article highlights the urgent issue of changes in urban planning structures in the process of development on the example of Ukrainian cities. The transformation of the city structure is one of its most dynamic properties in the process of its growth in space and time. Generalisation of the characteristic features of the development of historical cities makes it possible to identify typical models of their development and changes. The problems that arise in the process of transforming the urban planning structure of a modern city are very relevant today, as this process continues and is gaining momentum. The question is: how can innovative responses to complex problems are developed to help further optimal development and stop negative trends? The purpose of the publication is to reveal the essence of the processes of transformation of the modern city, divided by method, on the example of typical models in relation to the characteristics of certain periods of development of urban planning structures of both Western European cities and Ukrainian cities. Analysis and generalisation provide an opportunity not only to draw conclusions, but also to form a universal model as a basis for solving problems and to enable the modern city to improve the quality and comfort of its residents. The two ways of transforming the urban planning structure, according to certain periods of its development, described in the text of the article, provide an opportunity to structure and generalise dynamic processes on the example of both Western European cities and Ukrainian cities. Three typical models of urban transformation are distinguished by their characteristic features, according to the main historical periods, which make it possible to form a universal model as a basis for solving the problems of the modern city. Therefore, in order to improve the quality of life and comfort of residents, which is one of the sustainable aspects, all possible resources should be used in the process of creating a global integrated modern urban structure by combining all elements into a whole, capable of developing both today and in the future.

Impacts of Sustainable Transportation on the Development of Historic Cities: A Case Study of the Historic City of Mosul

Impacts of Sustainable Transportation on the Development of Historic Cities: A Case Study of the Historic City of Mosul

Sustainable urban development of historical cities: Historical Mosul City, Iraq

Due to the imbalance between their historic physical buildings and the requirements of its residents, heritage sites are subject to several urban pressures. However, the major potential for urban growth in such locations is in their historic assets.The purpose of this research is to provide an approach for conserving and enhancing urban history in a manner that is beneficial to the environment, society, culture, and economics. Heritage conservation is attempting to distinguish itself. This is due to the fact that conservation and sustainability objectives do not always coincide. The findings are based on research conducted in Mosul and a study of sustainable development's concepts and pillars. With the use of UNDP reports, the present condition in Mosul was determined. The results demonstrate the need of devising a strategy to safeguard historic cities while allowing residents to continue to reside there. This plan should include objectives, strategies, and instruments to ensure that the “historic living city” can adapt and evolve in accordance with the sustainable development principles and the sustainability cycles.The paper uses an inductive methodology to apply sustainable development to historic city centers worldwide.

Spatial Evolution and Driving Mechanism of City Networks in the Middle and Lower Ganges Valley from the 16th to the Mid-18th Century

The middle and lower Ganges Valley constitute an important part of the Asian economic and cultural corridor. Multicultural exchanges have had a profound impact on the development of historic cities and towns in the region. Considering the towns and cities of the middle and lower Ganges Valley from the 16th to the mid-18th century, this paper integrates the network theory and the centrifugal and centripetal force theory to explain how factors and forces have driven the spatial evolution of the regional urban system. By extracting spatiotemporal data from multiple sources, using the historical map translation method and spatial calculations based on GIS (Geographical Information System), the spatial pattern evolution of the city networks in this historical period is analyzed. The results show that centripetal and centrifugal forces that are generated by different driving factors combined to produce city networks in the middle and lower Ganges Valley from the 16th to the mid-18th century, forming a polycentric “axis network” spatial pattern with a stable and unified overall structure and dynamic and diverse local structures. The paper also argues that constant cultural and socioeconomic communication between the middle and lower Ganges Valley and the East is the key reason for the continuous expansion of the network.

Settler-colonial urbanisms: convergences, divergences, limits, contestations

ABSTRACT The past few years have seen a groundswell of geographic scholarship on settler colonialism and its manifold articulations with the urban, from the historical development of cities to ongoing logics and practices of colonization and resistance alike. Given this growing attention to “settler-colonial urbanism” – as well as concerns that a focus thereupon risks obscuring Indigenous theories and practices – the goal of this Debates & Interventions forum is to reflect on settler-colonial urbanism’s limits and possibilities as an analytical lens for understanding processes of dispossession and for re-imagining cities as Indigenous spaces. The eight interventions address: 1) conceptualizations of settler-colonial urbanism; 2) how the diverse processes and mechanisms of settler-urbanization unfold in a variety of geographic contexts; and 3) how such processes are (or can be) challenged and unsettled.

Integral Development of the Historical City Centres of Ukraine

The subject of this study is the signs of integrated development and the reasons for the intermittent success of the historical cities of Ukraine. City centres from settlements different in size and function were included in this study: Chernihiv, Lyubech, Baturyn, Romny, Chyhyryn, Motovylivka, Nizhyn, which testify that the tradition of integral development of the centres of historical cities of Ukraine is ancient. City governments and magnates in different ways supervised safety, production, and trade infrastructure, and improved the public space of market squares. The inner parts of the historical cities of Ukraine developed individually, had different goals and opportunities, used separate resources, and tried to achieve similar results - a harmonious socio-economic environment. Unfortunately, a thorough destruction of the historical cities of Ukraine as a result of the aggression of Moscow-Russian troops occurred during the 17th and early 21st centuries. In conclusion, it was noted that the logical area of long-term development of Ukrainian historical cities is the analysis and reproduction of historical and urban traditions, active implementation of revitalisation projects, and restoration of tangible cultural legacy. The study uses methods of structural analysis of spatial characteristics of planning and functional-territorial features of the city centres, processing and sampling the information in literary and archival sources. The purpose of the study is to determine the signs of integrated development of the centres of historical cities of Ukraine. The results of the study can be used in monument protection activities and practical work on the regeneration of the central part of the historical cities of Ukraine

Toward sustainable urban development of historical cities: Case study of Fouh City, Egypt

This article aims to propose an approach for preserving and improving urban heritage while maintaining environmental, social, cultural, and economic sustainability. Heritage conservation seeks to a distinct position. This is partly due to unresolved contradictions that might arise between conservation and sustainability goals. The conclusions are based on study done in Fouh, Egypt, after a study of the definitions and the pillars of sustainable development. The current state of Fouh was determined using a SWOT analysis. The results show the importance of providing an approach for the protection of heritage cities as a lively unit is the incorporation of protection and sustainability purposes, strategies, and tools to guarantee a “historic living city,“ able to develop and progress in a sustainable manner within time according to the principles of sustainable development and circles of sustainability.

НЕСУЩАЯ СПОСОБНОСТЬ И ДОЛГОВЕЧНОСТЬ НАРУЖНЫХ КИРПИЧНЫХ СТЕН ЗДАНИЙ

For buildings of historical development of cities, as well as architectural dominants of urban and rural settlements, the architectural attractiveness of buildings is often created by erecting external load-bearing brick walls, including multilayer ones, as well as curtain external walls with a finishing layer of facing bricks. When designing building envelopes, as well as in the process of researching and assessing the technical condition of building envelopes, it becomes necessary to calculate (assess) the bearing capacity of external walls, to assess their durability. The object of research is the bearing capacity and durability of the outer walls of buildings. A review of domestic and foreign scientific and technical literature has been carried out. He showed that the overwhelming majority of scientific publications concern the choice of constructive solutions for walls, the purpose and use of new building technologies and materials, their technical characteristics, as well as the assessment of the energy efficiency of the proposed constructive solutions for external walls. Examples of defects in the outer layer of multilayer bearing walls of brick buildings and recommendations for ensuring the durability of the front layer of a brick wall are given. The requirements of the current building codes for calculating the bearing capacity of multilayer brick walls are considered. An example of calculating an eccentrically compressed multilayer brick wall with equivalent calculated cross-section is given. In order to simplify the calculation of the bearing capacity, it is proposed to use computer programs to determine the geometric characteristics of the equivalent calculated cross-section. In particular, for a short-term application of loads to determine the stresses and analyze the stress state of the equivalent calculated cross-section of the wall, an example of using the program, the constructor of sections PK LIRA-SAPR, is given. It is shown that it is necessary to consider the distribution of stresses over the section under short-term and long-term loading in the design of multilayer brick walls.

ENVIRONMENT OF HISTORICAL AREAS OF CITIES AS A BASIS FOR THE FORMATION OF INTERACTIVE RECREATION

Problem statement. In the modern urban planning practice of development of historical cities the role and potential of the city center are still insufficiently defined, features of its preservation and possible development are not revealed. In Ukraine, there is still no clear definition of the concept of “city center”, which does not contribute to the sustainable urban and architectural development of historic cities. Today there are different interpretations of such an urban category as “city center”. According to the researcher M. Bevz, the “city center” provides a rare opportunity to trace the millennial evolution of the urban planning system, which is rare in Ukraine. Some researchers believe that the city center is an important communication hub and a special space in which various functions of urban life are introduced, in all its evolution, modification, meanings and perceptions (O. Rybchynsky “Formation and revitalization of historical cities of Ukraine”). The author of the study considers it most appropriate to consider the concept of “city center” as identical to the concept of “historical core of the city”. Characteristics of the concept of “historic area of the city” appeared only in 2000 in the Law of Ukraine “On Protection of Cultural Heritage” as part of the settlement, which preserved cultural heritage sites and related planning and form of construction that originate from previous periods of development, typical of certain crops or periods of development. One of the most important methods of preserving and properly modernizing the environment of historical areas should be considered “revalorization”, which contributes to the cultural value of the historic city center. 
 The purpose of the article is to highlight the importance of the historical area as a basis for the formation of interactive recreation. 
 Results. Implementation of revalorization into the theory and practice of domestic reconstruction of the urban environment on the basis of comprehensive and deep theoretical research, as well as ideas for improving and arranging urban space with a focus on successful foreign solutions for using the cultural potential of the central areas of historical cities in the system of interactive recreation. The city should be considered as a multifunctional phenomenon in the diversity of manifestations due to its general cultural and historical significance. In this context, the historic city center is a concentration of interactive communication between residents. Interactive communication is primarily an exchange of ideas for improving the urban environment and enhancing information exchange between people. In such interaction of people and environment of special importance acquires the reflection of human emotional reaction to the made architectural and town-planning environment with its historically formed “human” scale and richness of forms that in turn is necessary protective reaction of the modern person to “standardization” of new city building. The creation of interactive recreation based on the cultural potential of the historic areas of the city allows to form in these areas full-fledged interactive recreational spaces in the combination of existing and new buildings. 
 Scientific novelty and practical significance. Due to the active growth of requirements for the quality and comfort of the urban space of the historic core of the city, the practical significance of the study is to study the historically formed substance of the city, its authenticity; preservation, revival and development of the historical image of the city center on the principles of revalorization. Today there is a need to find and develop methods of activating the environment, one of which is the creation of interactive recreation, which will help to adapt the city-forming and functional significance of their historic areas to new needs.

FORMATION AND THE ROLE OF PUBLIC SPACES IN THE PROCESS OF CITY EVOLUTION - FROM ANCIENT TIMES TO MODERNISM

The processes of historical development of cities and formation of public spaces are considered. It is established that open public spaces have always been the basis for the formation of cities. In ancient times (Greece), the network of open-closed spaces was interpreted as the only public space of the city and was a sign of its democracy. With the strengthening of imperial power (Rome), the structure of public spaces becomes deterministic, with a certain direction of movement. In the Middle Ages there is a sacralization of space, which is replaced by its formalization in the Renaissance; further aestheticization of spaces intensifies, their new types appear. The era of modernism changed the spatial paradigm of the traditional city, which led to the loss of historically composed types of public spaces. At the same time, the modern era is characterized by the gradual convergence of external and internal space and their democratization. 

Rozwój przestrzenny byłych miast wojewódzkich w Polsce. Studium przypadku Krosna, Przemyśla i Tarnobrzega

Decentralizacja ustroju terytorialnego państwa wywarła ogromny wpływ na rozwój miast na przełomie XX i XXI w. Dotyczy to zwłaszcza byłych stolic województw „zdegradowanych” do funkcji miast na prawie powiatu, przed którymi stanęło wiele wyzwań natury społeczno-gospodarczej, co znalazło odzwierciedlenie m.in. w ich rozwoju przestrzennym. Celem opracowania jest zidentyfikowanie uwarunkowań, cech wspólnych i różnic, a także wskazanie kierunków zmian w procesie rozwoju przestrzennego byłych miast wojewódzkich w Polsce. W pracy odniesiono się do takich zagadnień, jak: 1) wpływ rozszerzenia granic administracyjnych na zmiany struktury funkcjonalno-przestrzennej; 2) stymulanty i destymulanty rozwoju przestrzennego; 3) kształtowanie struktury przestrzennej w nawiązaniu do historycznego rozwoju miast oraz zapisów dokumentów strategiczno-planistycznych; 4) miejskie obszary funkcjonalne; 5) kierunki rozwoju przestrzennego analizowanych miast w przyszłości. Odpowiadają one układowi celów szczegółowych. Efekty niniejszej pracy są dwojakie. W aspekcie implementacyjnym ukazano wpływ transformacji ustrojowej, reform administracyjno-terytorialnych oraz prowadzonej polityki przestrzennej na rozwój miast będących do 1998 r. stolicami województw, tj. Krosna, Przemyśla i Tarnobrzega, położonych obecnie w województwie podkarpackim. W aspekcie poznawczym opracowano modele rozwoju przestrzennego tych miast.

OPEN URBAN SPACE AS AN OBJECT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE: METHODS OF DEFINITION AND PRESERVATION

The article considers the problem of open public spaces preserving – such as streets, squares, parks and other elements of the urban structure. The Council of Europe and UNESCO view urban spaces as a part of the city’s cultural landscape, as bearers of its identity and cultural memory, and their preservation as the key to the sustainable development of historic cities and the foundation of democracy. Therefore, the system of open spaces of the city should, according to the recommendations of UNESCO, be considered as a cultural heritage site, an integral part of the cultural landscape of the city.
 We can talk about the preservation of public urban spaces only when they are part of the network of pedestrian spaces of the city and have the appropriate function. However, defining the boundaries of the historical spatial planning system and the principles of its formation is also a problem. Steady fragments of the spatial planning system of the city, which have certain historical characteristics, are not always preserved as a whole urban development and in some places have the form of individual fragments.
 Methods of spatial analysis and environmental zoning are used to determine the compositional basis and degree of preservation of the spatial fabric of the city.
 The method of spatial analysis allows to formalize a complex multilevel pattern of urban fabric of the city, highlighting only the compositional-spatial aspects of perception; to identify the compositional structure of urban spaces.
 The method of environmental zoning is based on the identification of the most established links in its urban structure, namely - systems of open pedestrian urban spaces, of which the transit spaces (streets) determine the compositional structure and historical "ornament" of the street network, and spaces of stay (squares, intra-quarter spaces) - their social role and content, identity of the city.

THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION PROCESSES ON THE CHANGE OF THE REGULATIONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HISTORICAL QUARTERS OF GAZA (PALESTINE)

Abstract. Urbanization processes of the historic urban environment, characteristic of the development of historic cities in the twentieth century, are associated with the redistribution of urban resources, which in most cases have a negative impact on the state and conditions of preservation of the historic environment of old urban centres. The article analyses the impact of urbanization processes on the state of monuments of architectural and archaeological heritage and traditional construction of the old city quarters of Gaza in Palestine. The architectural and archaeological heritage of Palestinian cities is characterized by a diversity of cultures that throughout history have been subject to destruction and transformation caused by the effects of war, changes in political regimes, from Canaanite civilization to the present.

Sustainability in the Formation and Development of Historical Cities: “Nicosia Historical City Texture”

The formation of the historical city texture of Nicosia, the capital of Cyprus, began during the Lusignan Period. St. Sophia Cathedral and St. Catherine Church, which have an important place in the formation of the texture, are two of the few works of art still surviving today. Being a period of destruction for the city, in general, The Venetian Period provided the city walls to Nicosia which still surround the historical texture. The Ottoman Period brought a change to the historical city texture and Islamic culture and Turkish Architectural construction style replaced the Christian cultures. A number of architectural works from this period, still existing within the walled city of Nicosia, provided a great contribution to the formation and development of the present day texture, as well as for its sustainability. The British Period is one which brought novelty to the city texture of Nicosia. With demolition of historical works and changes in the street and square dimensions, British Colonial Architecture displays the traces of the recent past. The administrative buildings constructed in place of the demolished Lusignan Palace, still serve at present. With the beginning of the Period of the Republic in 1960, Nicosia underwent a fast process of development as an important capital in the Middle East. The traditional visuality in the city texture left its place to contemporary constructions and formations. The inter-communal conflicts, which started in 1964 on the other hand, negatively affected the formation and development of the city texture, and there was a period of stagnation until the 70s. The new developments observed since the 70s and the insufficiency of precautions to protect historical texture, caused a deterioration the city texture. With the position of an open-air museum, Nicosia with its history of over twenty-five centuries has a very rich historical city texture with the legacies of various cultures which reigned over Cyprus and is sustainable in the present, and is therefore an important cultural and touristic center Keywords: Cyprus, Nicosia, Historical City Texture, Walled City, Sustainability.

"Smart city", man and architecture

The article is devoted to the problem of introducing the concept of a "smart city" into the life of modern cities. The authors consider a "smart city" in terms of its architectural and urban planning qualities, as well as meeting the needs of citizens. The issues of the formation of a new architecture corresponding to the challenges of a “smart city” and development of historical cities in the context of information technologies are analyzed. The authors reviewed the dynamics of the implementation of the provisions of the concept of a "smart city" in the cities of Russia.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE ANCIENT LIBYAN PALACES BETWEEN (RESTORATION AND REUSE) CASE STUDY (PALACES OF THE WESTERN MOUNTAIN REGION)

Among the most important and largest ancient artifices having retained their form and structure in Libya stand the historical palaces, located in the country’s ancient cities and serving as a sign of past Libyan architectural identity. It is vital that these palaces, indicators of the functions of ancient Libyan society, be preserved, developed and revived for use as historic buildings. The main objective of this research paper is to understand how the palaces were used and to uncover the most important dimensions of the architectural and philosophical implications of these palaces, including how the architecture reflects a philosophy that endeavored to meet the human needs of the people of Libya of that time. Furthermore, it will explore how these buildings can be restored, preserved, developed and re-functioned in accordance with knowledge of the characteristics of these structures and their previous functions, as well as consideration of the most appropriate functions for after their restoration. This paper tries to answer all these questions, using them as a guide to propose a general strategy for conservation and reuse based on principles mandated by Libya’s General Directorate for the Development of Historic Cities.
 In order to arrive at precise answers, this paper adopted the inductive and analytical descriptive method in collecting data from historical sources. The researcher conducted field visits, surveyed, examined archives and used field photography. The focus was on studying and analyzing the implicit philosophical dimensions in the design of these palaces and their correlation with Maslow’s theory (1954) of the hierarchy of human needs. Based on the results, this research paper presents a set of ideas that can be used in the process of restoration and reuse of these palaces to meet general needs. This paper also recommends the need to provide technical support to civil associations that are working on the restoration and maintenance of these historic landmarks and study the possibility of taking advantage of the palaces as tourist museums and grain silos in the upper parts after maintenance and restoration.

APPLICATION OF OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHY AND GIS TECHNOLOGIES IN THE INTEGRATED CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF HISTORIC CITIES IN CHINA: PRACTICES IN SHIGATSE, TIBET AND QUANZHOU (ZAYTON), FUJIAN

Abstract. Historic city, as the human settlement space developed in the earliest stage of a city, is the area that best demonstrates the profound cultural significance and urban spatial characteristics of a city. It is also an important and complex type in the field of international cultural heritage conservation. With China’s rapid urbanization in the last 30 years, large numbers of Chinese cities are becoming victims of urban problems. Both urban managers and researchers in related fields are well aware that urban development in the new era needs to be coped with from the perspective of leveraging existing stocks. The historic areas of a city make up a valuable stock of land in the city and an important spatial resource. A series of research topics arise in its wake: how to best preserve the characteristics of their historic layout, and avoid losing their identity; how to present its distinctive style with meticulous care; and how to make up for their deficiencies in infrastructure, public service, and environmental quality etc., while stimulating and evoking pride from city managers and the people in their historic city. The application of three-dimensional oblique photogrammetry and GIS technology in historical cities has provided more intuitive graphic support, more accurate spatial positioning, and more convenient data query and statistics for the conservation and development of historical cities. These not only facilitate better research, planning and design for professionals, but also assists city managers to make more adequate decisions.

Historical urban tourism: Developmental challenges in Johannesburg 1920-1950

Over the past decade there has been considerable growth and maturation of research concerning contemporary urban tourism. Tourism in major cities is not a new phenomenon rather it has existed from the earliest times of civilization following the birth of cities. The historical development of cities as tourist destinations has remained little investigated as urban tourism research is overwhelmingly ‘present-minded’. This paper addresses the neglect of historical studies in urban tourism. Using archival sources an investigation is undertaken of the early development of tourism in Johannesburg, South Africa’s largest city, which evolved from a gold mining camp established in 1886. The analysis focuses on the period from 1920 when the first tourism promotional activities were initiated to 1950 when national government enacted the Group Areas Act which began the radical reshaping of tourism in South Africa under the influence of apartheid legislation. In the formative years of urban tourism in Johannesburg between 1920 and 1950 two key overarching challenges are identified. These are the challenges of identifying and promoting the city’s tourism assets and of the building of a competitive infrastructure for tourism development, most notably in terms of the hotel accommodation sector.

Mapping the Potential of Architectural Heritage for the Development of Historical Cities

Mapping the Potential of Architectural Heritage for the Development of Historical Cities

Mix-use adaptations in sustainable regeneration of barrack complexes

Historical barrack complexes constitute a separate genre in architectural typology and a crucial component of cultural landscape in garrison towns. Their construction impacted spatial development of historic cities. Military compounds were usually formed in a raster pattern, which spawned the grid plan further to adjacent streets forming a connection with the existing urban area, thus stimulating growth and modernization of cities. Originally positioned on the outskirts, today they become liaisons between historic downtowns and contemporary suburbs. They are excellently suited for that role, because by default they are utilitarian. Still they are endangered and neglected. For singleminded investors their material substance is worthless compared to the land they stand upon. The Wrzeszcz Barracks give proof that there exists a way to innovatively reintroduce this genre into city scope. Following in the footsteps of European exponents in Turin or Freiburg, the ‘Garnizon Neighborhood’ is one of the most successful mix-use regeneration efforts of post-military complexes in Poland. The paper constitutes a case study of regeneration indicating its strong and weak points in relation to similar undertakings.