Historical Constraints Research Articles

Sexual dimorphism and the differential mortality model: is behaviour related to survival?

There are numerous hypotheses to explain the evolution of sexual dimorphism in spiders. One of the most controversial is the differential mortality model (DMM) which proposes that differing rates of (adult) male and female mortality can result in a skewed operational sex ratio and lead to the evolution of small males. This hypothesis has been examined using a comparative approach which assumes that the behaviour of males and females could be used as a surrogate measure of mortality. We tested this assumption using two model species, Hogna helluo and Pardosa milvina (Araneae: Lycosidae) that differ in the degree of sexual dimorphism both in terms of body size and level of activity. Our data demonstrate that differences in male and female behaviour are not predictive of differences in mortality. Rather, as in other organisms, mortality is a complex phenomenon dependent on activity as well as size. These data call into question the methods previously used to test the DMM and suggest that understanding sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in spiders will require evaluation of historical constraints as well as how size currently influences fitness in each sex. © 2003 The Linnean Society of London . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2003, 78 , 97 103. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: Araneae ‐ sexual size dimorphism ‐ differential mortality.

Seed dispersal by ants: are seed preferences influenced by foraging strategies or historical constraints?

Summary The objective of this study was to quantify preferences of ants for seeds of different plant species and to test if these preferences were caused by foraging strategies or by historical constraints. We compared seed removal rates of ten different ant-dispersed plant species found in temperate forests, along forest edges and in grassland. We found significant differences in seed removal rates among the ten species. To test if these differences were caused by foraging strategies we examined the relationship between seed and elaiosome size and seed removal rate. We found that seeds with larger elaiosomes had significantly higher removal rates. To test the historical constraint hypothesis we investigated whether plants from forest, forest edge or grassland habitats were preferred by ant species found in the same habitat type. If historical constraints exist we would expect that ants remove preferentially the seeds of plant species which they are used to handle in the course of their phylogenetic and ontogenetic history. In contrast to this prediction, we found that plants of a certain habitat type were in general not preferred by ants of the same habitat type. These results demonstrate that seed preferences of ants are mainly determined by foraging strategies and not by historical constraints.

The study of adolescence during the 20th century

The scientific study of adolescence in America during the 20th century is reviewed, beginning with the work of G. Stanley Hall. Recurring themes and shifts in focus spanning the last century are identified. Hall's ideas about normative turmoil have been replaced by the recognition that as they pass from childhood to adulthood adolescents may take a number of different paths, many of which are not tumultuous. There is now growing recognition that the definition of these paths and the timing of entry into and out of adolescence are dependent on societal and historical constraints.

WAR FINANCE AND ABSOLUTIST STATE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE: AN EXAMINATION OF FRENCH VENALITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

AbstractThe impact of warfare on absolutist state development in early modern Europe was more complicated than often thought by historians and theorists of the state. The competitive pressures of warfare did not always lead to linear political developments which would culminate in a centralized bureaucratic state. Instead, rulers' financial strategies along with the political effects of these strategies were conditioned by both structural and historical constraints. Political change in France over the course of the seventeenth century illustrates the impact of these two sets of constraints. Here, I trace in particular the changing property rights of office holding as a measure of political change shaped by war finance within these two sets of constraints.

The structure of evolutionary theory

* *1. Defining and Revising the Structure of Evolutionary Theory * Part I: The History of Darwinian Logic and Debate *2. The Essence of Darwinism and the Basis of Modern Orthodoxy: An Exegesis of the Origin of Species *3. Seeds of Hierarchy *4. Internalism and Laws of Form: Pre-Darwinian Alternatives to Functionalism *5. The Fruitful Facets of Galton's Polyhedron: Channels and Saltations in Post-Darwinian Formalism *6. Pattern and Progress on the Geological Stage *7. The Modern Synthesis as a Limited Consensus * Part II: Towards a Revised and Expanded Evolutionary Theory *8. Species as Individuals in the Hierarchical Theory of Selection *9. Punctuated Equilibrium and the Validation of Macroevolutionary Theory *10. The Integration of Constraint and Adaptation (Structure and Function) in Ontogeny and Phylogeny: Historical Constraints and the Evolution of Development *11. The Integration of Constraint and Adaptation (Structure and Function) in Ontogeny and Phylogeny: Structural Constraints, Spandrels, and the Centrality of Exaptation in Macroevolution *12. Tiers of Time and Trials of Extrapolationism, With an Epilog on the Interaction of General Theory and Contingent History * Bibliography * Index

Historical Constraints on Previous Seismic Activity and Morphologic Changes near the Source Zone of the 1819 Rann of Kachchh Earthquake: Further Light on the Penultimate Event

The Kachchh (also spelled Kutch and Cutch) province in the northwestern part of India continues to be remarkably active seismically, the 2001 Bhuj ( Mw 7.7) earthquake being the most recent example of the region's seismogenic potential (Figure 1). Among past events, the 1819 earthquake ( M > 7.5) is well known and is quoted in the early geologic literature for the dramatic coseismic topographic changes associated with it, including the formation of the elevated tract of land called the Allah Bund (Lyell, 1857). Occurrence of two large earthquakes during a short span of 180 years gives an exceptional status to this seismic zone, considered to be part of the stable peninsular shield of India (Johnston, 1989). In addition to these, several moderate events are reported to have occurred in this region. These earthquakes are suggestive of the existence of multiple seismogenic faults in this region, but very little is known about their past histories, adding more uncertainty to the regional hazard assessment. Our search in the epicentral area of the 1819 earthquake led to the identification of another event between 800 and 1,000 years B.P. (Rajendran and Rajendran, 2001a). Based on the relative size and frequency of older sandblows, we interpreted that the earlier earthquake may have also originated from the same source. However, we recognize that isolating earthquake sources using paleoliquefaction features is not an easy task, particularly where large areas of high liquefaction susceptibility are affected by each event. The problem is more complex in regions where multiple sources exist. For example, until the occurrence of the 2001 earthquake, the Allah Bund region was the only known source of large earthquakes in the Kachchh region (Figure 2). Rajendran et al. , (2001) reported large sandblow craters formed by the Bhuj earthquake close to the 1819 source. If distant …

Understanding the role of historical constraint in post-communist development

Understanding the role of historical constraint in post-communist development

Market Failure, State Failure, Insitutions, and Historical Constraints in the East European Transition

In The Culture of Contentment, his critique of economic complacency, John Kenneth Galbraith argued that although we should beware too uncritical a view of the lessons of history, one that is ‘most nearly invariant is that individuals and communities that are favoured in their economic, social and political conditions attribute social virtue and political desirability to that which they enjoy. That attribution, in turn, is made to apply even in the face of commanding evidence to the contrary’. Essentially the same point has also been made about the failure of western economists to face up to the deŽ ciencies of their own theories and policies by Paul Omerod in a much more closely reasoned critique aimed directly at economists themselves. Omerod points to the questionable premises of orthodox economic theory, the inconsistencie s and gaps in the theories derived from those premises and the failure of them to produce coherent policy prescriptions that work. Yet like Galbraith he is struck by the paradox that ‘to the true believers, within the profession itself, the ability of economics to understand the world has never been greater’. Indeed there seems to be an inverse relationship between the degree of failure of economics and belief in its capacity to succeed, ‘sociologist s and psychologist s have documented many case studies concerning the reactions of groups when views which they hold about he world are shown to be false. In such situations , far from recognizing the problem, a common reaction of individuals is to intensify the fervor of their belief’. Both Galbraith and Ormerod are primarily concerned to an attack the economic basis of policy in the West but such considerations appear to apply with even more force to the countries of the transition in the former Soviet bloc. There the idea of the Washington consensus, now transformed into a post-Washington consensus, continues to be pushed as a cure-all to the regions’ problems, ‘in the face of commanding evidence to the contrary’. This paper attempts to extend these arguments to the way in which the transition in the Soviet bloc has been conceived. We Ž rst review some of the

Molecular Evidence from Chloroplast and Nuclear Markers for Multiple Colonizations of Lavatera (Malvaceae) in the Canary Islands

A molecular phylogenetic study based on chloroplast DNA restriction site and ITS sequence data shows that the two Macaronesian endemics, Lavatera phoenicea and Lavatera acerifolia, represent two independent introductions into the Canary Islands. The molecular phylogenies, combined with morphological, ecological, and biogeographical data, indicate that Lavatera phoenicea may be a bird-pollinated relict of an ancient laurel forest. Lavatera acerifolia, however, is nested in a derived clade of the Lavatera-Malva taxa from the Mediterranean region, suggesting a more recent introduction into the Canary Islands. Incongruence between chloroplast and nuclear phylogenies suggests that hybridization may have played a role in the evolution of L. acerifolia. Several features of L. phoenicea, such as corolla color and high nectar production, appear to be plesiomorphic and are still present because of historical constraints. In contrast, woodiness is a derived feature that originated as an adaptation to insular conditions.

Mexical plant phenology: is it similar to Mediterranean communities?

The sclerophyllous, evergreen vegetation found in Mexico under tropical climate is named ‘Mexical’ (MEX) and presents many traits that have been thought to converge under a Mediterranean climate. Flowering phenology is strongly similar across Mediterranean-type ecosystems (MTEs) and this paper investigates MEX plant phenology in this context. The common history of the vegetation and the differences in the climatic conditions experienced by MEX and MTE taxa provide an ideal scenario to infer the relative importance of natural selection and historical constraints in the phenological response of plants to climatic conditions. This study has involved collecting field and bibliographic data on flowering phenology of MEX communities to detect (1) similarities at the community level between MTEs and MEX, (2) similarities between Tertiary and Quaternary taxa in MTEs and MEX, and (3) similarities between congeneric taxa from MEX and MTEs (taxa sharing a common ancestor but having evolved under different climates). Flowering in MEX does not occur mainly in spring, as in MTEs, but in summer, suggesting a response that maximizes water use in the rainy season. Flowering phenology of MEX species differed from their MTE congeneric species, suggesting that even though a common ancestor is shared, environmental pressures have led to different phenological responses in MEX and MTE plants. The flowering season for species that originated in the Tertiary and Quaternary did not differ in MEX, as expected, because of climatic uniformity along the whole time line. In MTEs, flowering differences between Tertiary and Quaternary species were not congruent, suggesting that the balance between the historical constraints and the selective force of the Mediterranean climate is different among the three MTEs, and a particular explanation is needed for each. © 2002 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2002, 138, 297–303.

Paleoseismic Event Dating and the Conditional Probability of Large Earthquakes on the Southern San Andreas Fault, California

We introduce a quantitative approach to paleoearthquake dating and apply it to paleoseismic data from the Wrightwood and Pallett Creek sites on the southern San Andreas fault. We illustrate how stratigraphic ordering, sedimentolog- ical, and historical data can be used quantitatively in the process of estimating earth- quake ages. Calibrated radiocarbon age distributions are used directly from layer dating through recurrence intervals and recurrence probability estimation. The method does not eliminate subjective judgements in event dating, but it does provide a means of systematically and objectively approaching the dating process. Date dis- tributions for the most recent 14 events at Wrightwood are based on sample and contextual evidence in Fumal et al. (2002) and site context and slip history in Weldon et al. (2002). Pallett Creek event and dating descriptions are from published sources. For the five most recent events at Wrightwood, our results are consistent with pre- viously published estimates, with generally comparable or narrower uncertainties. For Pallett Creek, our earthquake date estimates generally overlap with previous results but typically have broader uncertainties. Some event date estimates are very sensitive to details of data interpretation. The historical earthquake in 1857 ruptured the ground at both sites but is not constrained by radiocarbon data. Radiocarbon ages, peat accumulation rates, and historical constraints at Pallett Creek for event X yield a date estimate in the earliest 1800s and preclude a date in the late 1600s. This event is almost certainly the historical 1812 earthquake, as previously concluded by Sieh et al. (1989). This earthquake also produced ground deformation at Wrightwood. All events at Pallett Creek, except for event T, about A.D. 1360, and possibly event I, about A.D. 960, have corresponding events at Wrightwood with some overlap in age ranges. Event T falls during a period of low sedimentation at Wrightwood when conditions were not favorable for recording earthquake evidence. Previously pro- posed correlations of Pallett Creek X with Wrightwood W3 in the 1690s and Pallett Creek event V with W5 around 1480 (Fumal et al., 1993) appear unlikely after our dating reevaluation. Apparent internal inconsistencies among event, layer, and dating relationships around events R and V identify them as candidates for further inves- tigation at the site. Conditional probabilities of earthquake recurrence were estimated using Poisson, lognormal, and empirical models. The presence of 12 or 13 events at Wrightwood during the same interval that 10 events are reported at Pallett Creek is reflected in mean recurrence intervals of 105 and 135 years, respectively. Average Poisson model 30-year conditional probabilities are about 20% at Pallett Creek and 25% at Wrightwood. The lognormal model conditional probabilities are somewhat higher, about 25% for Pallett Creek and 34% for Wrightwood. Lognormal variance rln estimates of 0.76 and 0.70, respectively, imply only weak time predictability. Conditional probabilities of 29% and 46%, respectively, were estimated for an em- pirical distribution derived from the data alone. Conditional probability uncertainties are dominated by the brevity of the event series; dating uncertainty contributes only secondarily. Wrightwood and Pallett Creek event chronologies both suggest varia- tions in recurrence interval with time, hinting that some form of recurrence rate modulation may be at work, but formal testing shows that neither series is more ordered than might be produced by a Poisson process.

Evolution of development of the vertebrate dermal and oral skeletons: unraveling concepts, regulatory theories, and homologies

It has been contended that Reif's odontode regulation theory is a rival and alternative to Stensiö and ørvig's lepidomorial theory as means of explaining the evolution of development of the vertebrate dermal and oral skeleton. The lepidomorial theory is a pattern-based theory that provides a homological framework that goes further than the odontode regulation theory in comparing dental papillae and their products, and it provides an explanatory mechanism for such relationships a posteriori. In contrast, the odontode regulation theory is process-based and observes only developmental similarity, providing no means of identifying homologies beyond this. The lepidomorial theory is superior to the odontode regulation theory in its ability to trace homology through the evolution of development of the dermal and oral skeleton. The criteria proposed to identify homology between scales—either within a given individual or taxon, or between different individuals or taxa—are, primarily, vascular architecture and, secondarily, external morphology. External morphology may be excluded on Reif's argument for the overarching principle of differentiation, a hypothesis supported by recent advances in the understanding of dental morphogenesis. Vascular architecture is potentially useful but appears to be determined by tooth/scale morphology rather than reflecting historical (phylogenetic) constraint. Data on the development of epithelial appendages, including teeth, scales, and feathers, indicate that individual primordia develop through progressive differentiation of originally larger, homogenous morphogenetic fields. Thus, there is no mechanism of ontogenetic developmental concrescence, just differentiation. Phylogenetic patterns of concrescence and differentiation are similarly achieved through ontogenetic developmental differentiation, or a lack thereof. In practice, however, it is not possible to distinguish between patterns of phylogenetic concrescence and differentiation because there is no means of identifying homology between individual elements within a squamation, or a dentition (in almost all instances). Thus, phylogenetic patterns of increase and decrease in the numbers of elements constituting dentitions or dermal elements are best described as such; further attempts to constrain precise underlying patterns remain without constraint and outside the realms of scientific enquiry. The application of the homology concept in the dermal and visceral skeletons is explored and it is determined that odontodes are serial homologs, conform only to the biological homology concept at this level of observation, and are devoid of phylogenetic meaning. It is concluded that Reif's theory is close to a universal theory of the evolution of development for the dermoskeleton and dentition, and additional components of theory, including the regulatory basis of temporal and spatial patterning, are tested and extended in light of data on the development of the chick feather array. Finally, the dermoskeleton is identified as an exemplary system for examining the regulatory basis of patterning and morphogenesis as it encompasses and surpasses the repertoire of established model organ systems.

On the evolution of redundancy in genetic codes.

We simulate a deterministic population genetic model for the coevolution of genetic codes and protein-coding genes. We use very simple assumptions about translation, mutation, and protein fitness to calculate mutation-selection equilibria of codon frequencies and fitness in a large asexual population with a given genetic code. We then compute the fitnesses of altered genetic codes that compete to invade the population by translating its genes with higher fitness. Codes and genes coevolve in a succession of stages, alternating between genetic equilibration and code invasion, from an initial wholly ambiguous coding state to a diversified frozen coding state. Our simulations almost always resulted in partially redundant frozen genetic codes. Also, the range of simulated physicochemical properties among encoded amino acids in frozen codes was always less than maximal. These results did not require the assumption of historical constraints on the number and type of amino acids available to codes nor on the complexity of proteins, stereochemical constraints on the translational apparatus, nor mechanistic constraints on genetic code change. Both the extent and timing of amino-acid diversification in genetic codes were strongly affected by the message mutation rate and strength of missense selection. Our results suggest that various omnipresent phenomena that distribute codons over sites with different selective requirements--such as the persistence of nonsynonymous mutations at equilibrium, the positive selection of the same codon in different types of sites, and translational ambiguity--predispose the evolution of redundancy and of reduced amino acid diversity in genetic codes.

Temperate Terrestrial Vertebrate Faunas in North and South America: Interplay of Ecology, Evolution, and Geography with Biodiversity

Abstract: To help identify the factors that govern species richness in biological preserves, we performed a comparative study of terrestrial vertebrate species richness for two analogous montane areas critical for biodiversity conservation: the Greater Yellowstone region of the Rocky Mountains, United States, and the Nahuel Huapi region, Patagonia, around Bariloche, Argentina. We explored the ecological interactions of such factors as latitude, habitat heterogeneity, inferred productivity, geographic context, history of lineage, and history of environment in generating and maintaining species richness. Overall species richness of terrestrial vertebrates was higher in the Yellowstone area, but patterns were not uniform across vertebrate classes. Ectotherms (reptiles and amphibians) were more diverse in the Patagonian site, whereas endotherms (birds and mammals) were more diverse in the Yellowstone site. The higher diversity of Patagonian ectotherms is a result of abnormally high numbers of species within two specialized taxa: frogs and the lizard genus Liolaemus. There were high percentages of endemic species (68% of amphibians, 35% of reptiles, 15% of mammals) and feral, non‐native mammals (19%) in Patagonia. These results imply that (1) biodiversity is generated and maintained by a combination of local phenomena and by continental area and related historical constraints; (2) the relative weight of the various influences may differ for ectotherms ( fit latitudinal and related models) and endotherms ( fit history‐based models); and (3) because larger‐scale processes are so important for the maintenance of natural biological diversity, it is crucial that biological reserves be selected and managed with an understanding of the geographical and geological context of the continents on which they are located. Reserves located on large continents with connections to other continents preserve large numbers of species per given unit of geographic area and protect critical habitat for species such as migrants that require large areas for maintenance of persistent populations. In contrast, reserves located on relatively isolated continents protect a high number of evolutionarily unique species per given unit of geographic area and have a high potential for colonization by exotic species.

‘A nation first in all the arts of civilisation’: Boston's post‐revolutionary elites view great Britain

The Anglophilia of early nineteenth‐century elites of Boston is a well‐known, if rarely explored, historical phenomenon. Contemporary opinion and historiographic assumption have proposed that the rising collection of merchants and professionals who formed the Brahmin upper class reverently sought to appropriate symbols of permanency and status associated with the British landed aristocracy. This essay, considering particularly the journals and letters of ten well‐born transatlantic travelers between 1795 and 1826, reveals a more critical engagement with contemporary Britain. Members of a conservative republican elite, the nascent Brahmins rejected monarchical‐aristocratic culture and political structures. They looked, rather, to Britain to inform attempts to build a cultural identity fitting to their own social aspirations and historical constraints, and for models of public engagement central to the management of social and economic change. In both arenas, it was the liberal, urban bourgeoisie of provincial Britain who most commonly inspired admiration and emulation.

Historical Constraints on Slope Movement Age: a Case Study at Broadway, United Kingdom

The Broadway area of the Cotswolds has been extensively investigated in an attempt to delineate areas of slope instability, including‘relict’landslides, which may have been initiated under periglacial climatic conditions. It is, therefore, useful both in terms of the geomorphology and of the understanding of the evolution of the area, to investigate the rates and timing of any reactivation and subsequent movements of landslides in this area. The remains of ridge and furrow cultivation can be seen extensively throughout the Cotswolds. This particular agricultural practice, which documentary evidence suggests dates back to Anglo‐Saxon times (approximately 10th century AD), has been disturbed in many places by slope movements. A detailed study of Parish Records and other local his‐torical sources has revealed that ridge and furrow cultivation ceased on Parliamentary Enclosure, which in this area, occurred in 1771. Therefore, it is possible to identify patterms of slope movement between these dates. Landslides have been identified by ground mapping and aerial photography, and can be divided into three categories. Firstly, active landslides which are those which have shown evidence of movement during the study period. Secondly, suspended landslides, which show evidence of movement, but have not been observed to move during the study period. In this context, this has been taken to mean landslides, which have shown evidence of movement since 1771. Thirdly, relict landslides which have shown no evidence of movement since 1771 and thus were probably active under a different climatic regime. By incorporating historical data with the geomorphological survey it has been possible to identify areas of potentially difficult ground for engineering geomorphological purposes.

Patterns of genetic variation in rare and widespread plant congeners

Rare species are typically considered to maintain low levels of genetic variation, and this view has been supported by several reviews of large numbers of isozyme studies. Although these reviews have provided valuable data on levels of variability in plant species in general, and rare species in particular, these broad overviews involve comparisons that may confound the effects of rarity with a multitude of other factors that affect genetic variability. Additionally, the statistical analyses employed assume the data to be independent, which is not the case for organisms that share a common phylogenetic history. As the role of evolutionary history and historical constraints has become better understood, more researchers have studied widespread congeners when investigating the genetic diversity of rare species in an effort to control for these effects. We summarize the available data from such studies, comparing for rare and widespread congeners (1) the levels of genetic variability at the population and species levels and (2) measures of population substructuring. At the population level, we summarized data for percentage polymorphic loci (%P(pop)), mean number of alleles per locus (A(pop)), and observed heterozygosity (H(o)). Species-level measures used were percentage polymorphic loci (%P(spp)), mean number of alleles per locus (A(spp)), and total genetic diversity (H(T)). Indices of population subdivision (either F(ST) or G(ST)) were also examined. Using Wilcoxon signed rank tests, we found significant, but small, differences between rare and widespread species for all diversity measures except H(T). However, there does not appear to be a difference between rare and widespread congeners in terms of how genetic variation is partitioned within and among populations. Levels of diversity, for all measures examined, between rare and widespread congeners are highly correlated.

Die Zürcher Solarstrombörse – was sich aus einer Erfolgsstory lernen läßt

The Swiss Solarstrombörse is described as a successful model to promote renewable energies in an economically promising way. By order of the 2000 Watt Society – a project of the Strategy Sustainability (Strategie Nachhaltigkeit) of the ETH Bereich – we tried to find out, how in this particular case success was defined, how it was achieved and why exactly this can be done by combining solar electricity with the idea of an exchange model. Furthermore, from the example of the Solarstrombörse, we wanted to learn more about barriers and opportunities existing for sustainable energy production in general.To answer these questions we used the technique of qualitative expert interviews. We consulted practitioners from the various areas involved in the success story: specialists from laboratory science, applied science, the government, electricity companies, investment firms and also users and producers of solar electricity. Accordingly the answers we found reflected a wide range of perspectives on (and interests in) solar energy use. There is no universal recipe how to succeed with renewable resources. But there are several clearly distinguishable partial reasons, which together constitute a dense web of social, technical, scientific, economic, semantic, historical (and also coincidental) constraints and occasions that explain the success of the Solarstrombörse.

Neurosteroids: Oxidative stress-mediated dehydroepiandrosterone formation in Alzheimer's disease pathology

According to directive 2010/31/EU, a NZEB (nearly zero energy building) is defined as a high performance building whose very low or almost zero energy needs should be mostly provided by renewable sources. The study reported in this work has the objective to establish criteria and design solutions to improve buildings energy performances in order to reach NZEB targets for those buildings characterized by historical constraints. For this purpose, a comparative numerical analysis on the space cooling and heating of a historical building sited in Agrigento (Sicily, Italy) was performed by means of two energy tools: Termo and Trnsys. The first one is a stationary energy certification software based on the algorithms and mathematical methods listed in the UNI TS 11300 standard reference. The second one is a well calibrated dynamic tool based on hourly climate data and able to take into account the thermal inertia phenomena of structures. In order to obtain reliable results, measured climate data extracted from a weather station located near the reference building were used as input for the simulations. Starting from the simulation results, several retrofit scenarios were hypothesized, in order to achieve NZEB target, and then followed by a cost analysis carried out to reach optimal economic solutions and energy savings. The study can constitute a contribution to policy formulation and adoption of measures to facilitate design choices for the energy improving of historical buildings.

Waiting for post-postmodernism

Waiting for post-postmodernism