Historical Stream Research Articles

HyG: A hydraulic geometry dataset derived from historical stream gage measurements across the conterminous US

Regional- and continental-scale hydrologic models are increasingly important forecasting tools, yet they rely on highly variable channel parameters (e.g. width, depth, hydraulic resistance) that remain unquantified for millions of stream reaches across the country. Existing hydrologic models utilize over-simplified channel geometries that directly impact the accuracy of streamflow estimates, with cascading effects for water resource and hazard prediction. Here, we present a hydraulic geometry dataset, termed ‘HyG’, derived from discharge field measurements at U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gages across the conterminous United States (CONUS). The HyG dataset includes (1) at-a-station hydraulic geometry parameters, (2) at-a-station hydraulic resistance (Manning’s n) calculated from the Manning equation, (3) daily discharge percentiles, and (4) regionalized downstream hydraulic geometry parameters based on HUC4 (Hydrologic Unit Code 4), derived from a total of 4,051,682 individual measurements from 66,841 total gages. The regionalized HyG dataset can be used directly to improve channel representations in models over CONUS. The original HyG relationships can also be regionalized for finer scales if required.

Urban development and the loss of natural streams leads to increased flooding

Developing countries with hard pressed economies and a rapidly growing population have a myriad of issues to face. Karachi is one of the largest cities of Pakistan and is rapidly growing. The city has been hit by floods in the year 2016, 2018, 2019 and 2020, recently. Since the early 1990s Karachi has seen a rapid spike in development and in the process many natural streams have been built over. This has led reduced space for rainwater runoff and has created problems for urban flood managers. To ascertain this, topographic records of 1940s and 1980s and Landsat imagery of 2000, 2008, 2015 and 2020 were used to map historical urban extent. Sentinel—1, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery was used to extract flooded areas during 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 floods. In the year 2020, 64.3 km2 of area was flooded which was the highest. There has been a growth of 286% in urban area observed between 1980 and 2000. The city was built with several natural flood water carrying streams, north and west of it. It was found that that out of 3600 km of these streams, 870 km of streams have either been blocked or removed and a 100% in core urban area. DEM of difference (DOD) prepared by subtracting 1945 DEM from SRTM DEM indicated that most of embankments along these streams were in the areas that show erosion in DOD surface, thus explaining the expansion of built areas along historical stream channels. Forcing floods to enter these built areas.

Analysis of irregularly sampled stream temperature time series: challenges and solutions

Water temperature is a key physical indicator of stream health, and as such, is commonly measured as part of long-term river health monitoring programs. However, analysis of long-term stream water temperature time series can be challenging, due to typically low frequencies of sampling combined with common characteristics of data collection from streams – such as observations unevenly spaced across seasons, changes to routine sampling frequencies, or improvements in the accuracy of measurements over time – known as sampling artifacts. While there are many models regularly used to estimate trends and summary statistics in long-term stream temperature datasets, there is limited understanding of the impact that commonly encountered sampling artifacts have on the accuracy and uncertainty of their estimates. This study constructed Monte-Carlo simulations to examine the influence that common sampling artifacts and the choice of analysis model can have on trend and mean estimates from long-term stream temperature time series covering tropical, temperate and cold climates. We found that, if not appropriately accounted for during analysis, sampling artifacts may obscure true trends or summary statistics, such as site means, and lead to inaccurate or misleading estimates. However, models that included components to account for seasonal variation within the model structure could estimate trends and means with high confidence, in the presence of almost all of the sampling artifacts commonly found in long-term stream temperature datasets. Structural biases in the time-of-day of sampling, such as always sampling in the morning, or where the start and end of the record are sampled at different times of day, could make estimates highly inaccurate and uncertain, and should be avoided in data collection strategies. This work aims to facilitate the analysis of historical stream temperature datasets with confidence, through identifying models that perform reliably in the presence of common sampling artifacts. The findings will enable further global insights into stream temperature, support management decisions based on accurate analysis and assist the design of future stream sampling programs using cost-effective, low-frequency sampling strategies.

Empirical stream thermal sensitivity cluster on the landscape according to geology and climate

Abstract. Climate change is modifying river temperature regimes across the world. To apply management interventions in an effective and efficient fashion, it is critical to both understand the underlying processes causing stream warming and identify the streams most and least sensitive to environmental change. Empirical stream thermal sensitivity, defined as the change in water temperature with a single degree change in air temperature, is a useful tool to characterize historical stream temperature conditions and to predict how streams might respond to future climate warming. We measured air and stream temperature across the Snoqualmie and Wenatchee basins, Washington, during the hydrologic years 2015–2021. We used ordinary least squares regression to calculate seasonal summary metrics of thermal sensitivity and time-varying coefficient models to derive continuous estimates of thermal sensitivity for each site. We then applied classification approaches to determine unique thermal sensitivity regimes and, further, to establish a link between environmental covariates and thermal sensitivity regimes. We found a diversity of thermal sensitivity responses across our basins that differed in both timing and magnitude of sensitivity. We also found that covariates describing underlying geology and snowmelt were the most important in differentiating clusters. Our findings and our approach can be used to inform strategies for river basin restoration and conservation in the context of climate change, such as identifying climate-insensitive areas of the basin that should be preserved and protected.

TICI: a taxon-independent community index for eDNA-based ecological health assessment.

Global biodiversity is declining at an ever-increasing rate. Yet effective policies to mitigate or reverse these declines require ecosystem condition data that are rarely available. Morphology-based bioassessment methods are difficult to scale, limited in scope, suffer prohibitive costs, require skilled taxonomists, and can be applied inconsistently between practitioners. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding offers a powerful, reproducible and scalable solution that can survey across the tree-of-life with relatively low cost and minimal expertise for sample collection. However, there remains a need to condense the complex, multidimensional community information into simple, interpretable metrics of ecological health for environmental management purposes. We developed a riverine taxon-independent community index (TICI) that objectively assigns indicator values to amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and significantly improves the statistical power and utility of eDNA-based bioassessments. The TICI model training step uses the Chessman iterative learning algorithm to assign health indicator scores to a large number of ASVs that are commonly encountered across a wide geographic range. New sites can then be evaluated for ecological health by averaging the indicator value of the ASVs present at the site. We trained a TICI model on an eDNA dataset from 53 well-studied riverine monitoring sites across New Zealand, each sampled with a high level of biological replication (n=16). Eight short-amplicon metabarcoding assays were used to generate data from a broad taxonomic range, including bacteria, microeukaryotes, fungi, plants, and animals. Site-specific TICI scores were strongly correlated with historical stream condition scores from macroinvertebrate assessments (macroinvertebrate community index or MCI; R2=0.82), and TICI variation between sample replicates was minimal (CV = 0.013). Taken together, this demonstrates the potential for taxon-independent eDNA analysis to provide a reliable, robust and low-cost assessment of ecological health that is accessible to environmental managers, decision makers, and the wider community.

God’s Internationalists: World Vision and the Age of Evangelical Humanitarianism, by David P. King

With its multibillion-dollar budget funding scores of projects in over one hundred nations since its 1950 founding, World Vision’s history is vast and sprawling. As David King puts it, “the organization is simply too big and diverse to tell a single story.” In fact, “To paint a full picture of the organization, scholars would need to produce a number of ethnographically informed case studies” spanning many nations. Each “would convey a small piece of the truth about World Vision” (246). King’s book offers a substantial slice of World Vision’s institutional history that centers on its U.S. office. Drawing from years of meticulous research, God’s Internationalists paints a well-crafted and sophisticated portrait of key aspects of World Vision’s development across nearly seven decades.Covering a range of topics reflecting divergent aspects of World Vision’s identity (for example, humanitarianism, evangelism, international nongovernmental organizations, and Christianity’s twentieth-century spread), God’s Internationalists is likely to be useful to a wide readership. King situates his book within a burgeoning body of scholarship that studies American evangelicalism’s history through transnational lenses. It is here that King makes his greatest contribution: by demonstrating how much can be gained through using a transnational evangelical institution as an analytical focus, King makes a significant historiographic innovation in the study of American evangelicalism.On one level, King does so by documenting how U.S.-based evangelicals within World Vision interacted with fellow American evangelicals, missionaries, Christians outside the United States, donors, aid recipients, humanitarian crises, development projects, other humanitarian agencies, several World Vision national offices, World Vision personnel with increasingly diverse religious identities, and more. A constant barrage of such transnational encounters pushed the evangelical commitments of World Vision personnel in new directions, resulting in steady streams of internal conversations and negotiations regarding what it meant for World Vision to be an evangelical institution. At the same time, God’s Internationalists examines how discourses and norms from other international humanitarian organizations also navigating global geopolitics shaped World Vision’s identity. Ever nuanced, it even shows how World Vision’s “internationalization” sometimes kept it a step out of measure “from the identity politics, inerrancy debates, and culture wars that defined American evangelicals” (185).On another level, King tracks multiple ways in which World Vision, changed by transnational interactions, influenced global outlooks, values, and identities within American evangelicalism more broadly. This sometimes entailed placing alarming humanitarian needs abroad in front of American evangelicals, imploring their help, or educating evangelicals on humanitarian crises such as the AIDS epidemic (237–43). World Vision sometimes attempted to be a bridge between American evangelicals and Christians elsewhere in the world. For example, “World Vision positioned itself as the most logical common link within a maturing global evangelicalism. As global evangelicals spoke back to the West, World Vision felt they could come alongside as translators to a broad base of American Christians” (146). Even as transnational encounters led World Vision to reassess its own evangelical identity, World Vision often attempted to turn the gaze of American evangelicals beyond U.S. borders, influencing their understanding of—and place in—the world.Of course, any undertaking of this magnitude is bound to have at least some gaps. For instance, there is little sustained engagement with gender or race. As another example, while King examines two of World Vision’s founding myths (35–37, 70), he inadvertently reinforces a third, omitting a transnational dimension of World Vision’s creation by covering Bob Pierce’s founding role in World Vision while excluding Kyung-Chik Han’s. Drawing on Korean perspectives, subsequent scholarship has written in Han’s role.1 This illustrates a limitation of focusing primarily on one side of transnational encounters, a methodological consideration that could just as easily be posed to other volumes that seek fresh insights into U.S.-based Christianities by analyzing them through transnational frameworks.Yet, by demonstrating how World Vision’s U.S. office was shaped by, struggled against, and changed broader currents in American evangelicalism, the culture of international humanitarian NGOs, and, to an extent, even Christianities across the globe, King’s substantive approach situates what could have been a narrow institutional history within a confluence of larger historical streams that offers new purchase on each. Well-written and comprehensive, God’s Internationalists promises to reward anyone seeking more nuanced historical understandings of international relief and development, religious humanitarian organizations, and especially evangelicalism.

In the shadow of the dam – Hydrology of the Little Conemaugh river and its South Fork, with insights about past and future flooding

The Little Conemaugh River watershed and its South Fork sub-basin figure prominently in historical flooding of Johnstown, Pennsylvania and nearby communities with catastrophic flooding in 1889, 1936, and 1977 (reviewed herein). Historical stream gage data and data from a new gage on the South Fork (established via a novel, portable cableway system) are used with Nexrad rainfall data to assess watershed response and provide novel analysis of flood hydrology in the Little Conemaugh basin and the sub-basin. Using unit hydrograph estimates for longer duration storms (>8 h) and different baseflow conditions, we probe possible effects of several design storms, including those stemming from a hurricane remnant scenario (Agnes in 1972) and 50-, 100-, and 500-year 12-hour precipitation depths. The unit hydrographs provided peak discharge (Qpeak) estimates for 1977 (the only flood event with available hourly rainfall data) that are in good agreement with empirical peak discharges.Significant channel improvements completed in 1943 were designed to carry the largest known natural flow on record at that time (1936 Qpeak). Preliminary results from design storm scenarios indicate the need for a careful evaluation of extreme discharges and their return periods (including snowmelt-related contributions), as future flood levels in Johnstown may occur more frequently than originally thought. The 1977 flood, which triggered 7 dam failures and eclipsed 1936 Qpeak, resulted from less than 40% the estimated probable maximum precipitation (PMP) for a 12-hour storm. Peak discharges of similar magnitude would have ensued in 1972 had remnants of Hurricane Agnes tracked slightly westward. Flooding and infrastructure problems could be compounded for storms of 24-hour or longer durations, similar to record flooding seen in central Pennsylvania and New York in 1972. Flood recurrence, emergency procedures, and dam safety (particularly, spillway capacity in the Little Conemaugh basin and surrounding region) should likely be reassessed and protective early-warning measures (ineffective in 1977) implemented for the people of Johnstown.

Stream sediment analysis for Lithium (Li) exploration in the Douro region (Portugal): A comparative study of the spatial interpolation and catchment basin approaches

Lithium (Li) was recently added to the list of critical raw materials by the European Union due to its significance for the green energy transition. Thus, the development of new toolchains to make Li exploration more economic and more effective is needed. Stream sediment analysis can play an important part in these new tool chains. In this work, two historical stream sediment datasets covering parts of the Fregeneda-Almendra pegmatite field in the Douro region (Portugal) were reprocessed considering two distinct approaches: spatial interpolation through inverse distance weighting (IDW) and the catchment basin approach using the concentration area (C-A) fractal analysis. The following objectives were delineated: (i) determine pathfinder elements for Li, considering relevant associations in the mineralization sources; (ii) compare the performance of both approaches; (iii) identify new target areas for Li. In the case of spatial interpolation, the highest Li values were associated to granites although the use of key elements allowed lithological discrimination and the delineation of target areas. In the catchment basin approach, fractal analysis proved to be effective in decreasing the number of areas of interest with high accuracy (>75%) when considering the previously mapped Li-pegmatites. One of the limitations identified was the number of anomalous basins related to the granites, despite the use of pathfinder elements allowing discriminating granite- from pegmatite-related Li anomalies. Comparing the two approaches, the spatial interpolation method is more adequate for the early stages of exploration (reconnaissance), while the catchment basin approach is more suited for prospect-scale exploration. Field validation of the results identified one pegmatite containing Li mineralization and three others with favorable signs for Li mineralization in the Douro region.

КАЗАТЬСЯ И БЫТЬ: СМЫСЛОЖИЗНЕННЫЕ ОРИЕНТАЦИИ ЛИЧНОСТИ В МЕНЯЮЩЕМСЯ МИРЕ

The subject of the article is one of the fundamental issues facing any person in the process of his spiritual formation and self-realization. The choice in favor of being imposes on the individual a difficult duty to achieve real results in the chosen profession, which is impossible without long efforts and hard work. Choosing imitation as a life meaningful strategy opens an easy path to success. However, the results of imitation activity, having an external resemblance to the products of genuine creativity, ultimately turn out to be only foam on the surface of the historical stream of creation. There is no direct and immediate connection between the nature of the social environment in which a person is formed and acts, and the meaningful life choice of the latter. The social environment creates a certain range of opportunities that open up before a person in the course of his self-realization. It is shown that the system of relations developed in modern Russian society, orienting a person to personal success as the highest goal of life, favors the choice in favor of imitation. The education system is the most important element of the social environment. It is designed not only to involve students into the cultural achievements, but also to set a grid of ideological coordinates for the emerging personality. From this point of view, the strategy of reforming the domestic education system, which is based on the liberal mythology of "returning Russia to the bosom of world civilization", is critically analyzed. Since, as it is now obvious, the aforementioned return ended in complete failure, a radical change in the vector of the country's development is necessary. In the light of the new realities, the only strategy to preserve Russia's political and historical subjectivity is to pursue self-sufficiency. Current educational system should not aim students at increasing the chances of personal success in the life racing, but at socially positive creative self-realization, which ultimately leads to an increase in the civilizational potential of society.

Resurrecting an Idaho Icon: How Research and Management Reversed Declines of Native Westslope Cutthroat Trout

Westslope Cutthroat Trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi (WCT), the dominant nonanadromous salmonid in central and northern Idaho, historically were extremely abundant and widely distributed. Despite restricted harvest methods and limits since 1899, many WCT populations declined and by the 1960s, populations in several major drainages were on the brink of collapse. In response, fisheries biologists began investigating WCT population dynamics, life histories, and habitat requirements and developed evidence‐based regulations and habitat restoration alternatives. Here we describe fluvial WCT case histories that illustrate how research and management collaborated to rebuild populations. The sustained and successful effort to restore fluvial WCT in Idaho offers insights to assist WCT recovery efforts elsewhere. Today, populations in many watersheds have been rehabilitated and WCT currently inhabit about 80% of their historical stream range. Despite continued threats, many Idaho WCT populations are relatively secure, provide unique recreational opportunities, and remain an important ecological, cultural, and economic resource.

Литературная хроника: к проблеме институционального описания деятельности литературной организации

The article explores the boundaries of the term “literary chronicle”. The scientific community is beginning to take a more detailed interest in such a concept as a literary institution. Throughout the twentieth century, literary studies studied and described only individual periods in the history of literature. This development of individual periods of the century helped to create the necessary theoretical tools for analytical work on the study of the socio-cultural process in society. For many years, the very attempt to understand the literary process as a phenomenon encountered terminological blurring. The accumulated knowledge of historical literary studies allows us to raise as a problem of scientific research a chronicle description of the life of a literary organization, which is understood as a structural association of creative people (on the example of individual facts of the existence of All-Russian Association of Proletarian Writers). It is the socio-institutional description of the life of the literary community of Russia in the 1920s that allows us to feel the communicative space of the country in which cultural processes take place. Another important aspect in the study of the chronicle of a literary institution is its existence in everyday life, that is, its existence in everyday life. With the frequency of meetings of members of the structural association. In this case, the scattered facts of everyday life become a historical stream of events.

A Streamflow Bias Correction and Performance Evaluation Web Application for GEOGloWS ECMWF Streamflow Services

We present the development and testing of a web application called the historical validation tool (HVT) that processes and visualizes observed and simulated historical stream discharge data from the global GEOGloWS ECMWF streamflow services (GESS), performs seasonally adjusted bias correction, computes goodness-of-fit metrics, and performs forward bias correction on subsequent forecasts. The HVT corrects GESS output at a local scale using a technique that identifies and corrects model bias using observed hydrological data that are accessed using web services. HVT evaluates the performance of the GESS historic simulation data and provides more accurate historic simulation and bias-corrected forecast data. The HVT also allows users of the GEOGloWS historical streamflow data to use local observed data to both validate and improve the accuracy of local streamflow predictions. We developed the HVT using Tethys Platform, an open-source web application development framework. HVT presents data visualization using web mapping services and data plotting in the web map interface while functions related to bias correction, metrics reporting, and data generation for statistical analysis are computed by the back end. We present five case studies using the HVT in Australia, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and Peru. In these case studies, in addition to presenting the application, we evaluate the accuracy of the method we implemented in the HVT for bias correction. These case studies show that the HVT bias correction in Brazil, Colombia, and Peru results in significant improvement in historic simulation across the countries, while bias correction only resulted in marginal historic simulation improvements in Australia and the Dominican Republic. The HVT web application allows users to use local data to adjust global historical simulation and forecasts and validate the results, making the GESS modeling results more useful at a local scale.

Arc SWAT Model Integrated with Arc GIS - Based Evaluation of Land Use /Land Cover Change on the Hydrological Response of Muga Watershed, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia

The study has shown the integration of Arc SWAT with Arc GIS and remote sensing tool are helpful analyze and evaluate both spatial and temporal land use/cover dynamics. It has also shown that Arc SWAT is an effective tool in analyzing the impacts of land use/cover changes on stream flow in areas with limited readily available data. This study is mainly focusing on the investigation of the impacts of land use / land cover changes on the stream flow of Muga watershed which is located in the East Choke Mountains watersheds, Upper Abbay Basin, East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional state, Ethiopia. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model were used it investigate the impact of land cover change on the stream flow. For this study SWAT Simulation is used in identifying the most vulnerable sub basins to the stream flow and sediment load changes of Muga watershed. The model was calibrated and validated using historic Stream flow data. The model was calibrated using stream flow data from 1993 to1998, validated from 1999 to2002. The R 2 and NSE values were used to examine model performance and the result indicates 0.81 and 0.87 to R 2 and 0.80 and 0.86 to NSE during calibration and validation respectively. The result of this analysis indicated that the mean monthly stream flow for wet months had increased by 17.75m 3 /s while the dry season decreased by 12.76m 3 /s during the 1995-2013 period due to the land use and land cover change. The highest annual surface runoff was attributed by sub basin 5 whereas sub basin 6 contributes the highest ground water respectively for 1995, 2003 and 2013 land cover maps. In terms of sediment yield, sub basin 1 contributes a maximum load for the study periods. Keywords : Arc SWAT, Arc GIS, Land Use /land cover change, Muga Watershed DOI: 10.7176/CER/13-2-01 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Roles and Actions That Should Be Taken by The Parties In The War In Concerning Wound and Sick Or Dead During War or After War Under The Geneva Convention 1949

Modern international humanitarian law consists of two historical streams: The Law of The Hague which in the past was referred to as the law of war proper, and Geneva Law or Humanitarian Law. The two schools are named after the venue for the international conferences drafting treaties on war and conflict, especially the Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907 and the Geneva Conventions, which were drafted for the first time in 1863. Both Hague Law and Geneva Law are branches from jus in bello, namely international law regarding acceptable practices in the conduct of war and armed conflict). The result of the writing of this article is that basically the scope of the First Geneva Convention in the context of scale provides protection in international and non-international conflicts, but the basis for non-international protection is not specifically explained in this convention, because in this First Geneva Convention. Non-international conflicts are only included in the General Provisions Chapter, and will be further clarified in Protocol II. This non-international scope is described in accordance with the First Geneva Convention Chapter I - General Provisions Article 3 regarding armed conflicts that are not international (non-international) taking place within the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties so that each Party to the conflict is obliged to implement the provisions applicable. The roles and actions that must be taken by the disputing parties during the war or not for the wounded and sick or dead cannot be separated from Human Rights, which must care for fellow human beings and please help regardless of ethnicity, religion, race, gender, age and skin. But in the Geneva convention only provides actions that should be done, there are no sanctions imposed if we ignore or do not comply with this Geneva convention. The method used in this research is normative juridical.

Development of an RTD-Based Flowsheet Modeling Framework for the Assessment of In-Process Control Strategies

Continuous manufacturing (CM) is an emerging technology which can improve pharmaceutical manufacturing and reduce drug product quality issues. One challenge that needs to be addressed when adopting CM technology is material traceability through the entire continuous process, which constitutes one key aspect of control strategy. Residence time distribution (RTD) plays an important role in material traceability as it characterizes the material spreading through the process. The propagation of upstream disturbances could be predictively tracked through the entire process by convolution of the disturbance and the RTD. The present study sets up the RTD-based modeling framework in a commonly used process modeling environment, gPROMS, and integrates it with existing modules and built-in tools (e.g., parameter estimation). Concentration calculations based on the convolution integral requires access to historical stream property information, which is not readily available in flowsheet modeling platforms. Thus, a novel approach is taken whereby a partial differential equation is used to propagate and store historical data as the simulation marches forward in time. Other stream properties not modeled by an RTD are determined in auxiliary modules. To illustrate the application of the framework, an integrated RTD-auxiliary model for a continuous direct compression manufacturing line was developed. An excellent agreement was found between the model predictions and experiments. The validated model was subsequently used to assess in-process control strategies for feeder and material traceability through the process. Our simulation results show that the employed modeling approach facilitates risk-based assessment of the continuous line by promoting our understanding on the process.

Standards for environmental flow verification

AbstractHealthy river ecosystems are conducive to the sustainable use of water resources. As the climate change and human activities become more intense, the integrity of such ecosystems is seriously threatened. The maintenance of enough environmental flow (e‐flow) for river ecosystems is the most effective way of protecting river health. Accurately and reasonably estimating e‐flow is essential for river health maintenance. So far, few methods can quantitatively verify the e‐flow results calculated by various e‐flow methods, which reduces the success rate of ecological restoration projects on a global scale. Therefore, the Tennant method, wetted perimeter (WP) method, and adapted ecological hydraulic radius (AEHRA) method have been recognized by many scholars. The article used the combination of these three methods to calculate the e‐flow and its meeting rate (actual flow/e‐flow) and formed a new framework to verify e‐flow results. First, the Shannon diversity index, index of biological integrity (IBI), and river health index are used to evaluate river health status. Then, we studied the relationship between e‐flow meeting rates and three indices using field monitoring data on hydrology, water quality, and biological communities. Finally, we investigated the effects of different e‐flow calculation methods on river health. Results show that the e‐flow in the centre of the study area calculated by the Tennant and WP methods are relatively high (48.33–317 m3/s), whereas lower e‐flow (0.03–21 m3/s) are observed in its southern and northern parts. The e‐flow in the southern mountain area calculated by the AEHRA method (1.42 m3/s) is higher than those in the other regions determined by the same method. Furthermore, the highest values of river health—the Shannon diversity index (3.19), IBI (67.47), and river health index (0.65)—appear in mountainous areas that are less affected by human activities. The lowest values appear in the urban areas with river health values (0.97, 14.54, and 0.45, respectively) with high population density. For the river health scores, the values of the Shannon diversity index and IBI first increase and then decrease with the increase in the e‐flow meeting rates. The values of river health index continuously increase with the increase in the WP‐ and AEHRA‐calculated e‐flow meeting rate and fluctuate with the increase of Tennant‐calculated e‐flow meeting rate. We concluded that the adoption of WP‐ and AEHRA‐calculated e‐flow values can maintain the health of river ecosystems with a certain degree of pollution, whereas the Tennant‐calculated e‐flow can only ensure the health of river ecosystems with little pollution, the reason for which is the pollution‐affected relationships between river biota communities and stream flows, and the Tennant method uses historical stream flow records to calculate e‐flow. WP and AEHRA methods, on the other hand, do not rely on flow records. The methodologies and results can provide a scientific basis for the selection of suitable e‐flow methods and therefore facilitate the projects for ecological river restoration.

The Historical Landscape: Evoking the Past in a Landscape for the Future in the Cheonggyecheon Reconstruction in South Korea

As cities become increasingly de-industrialized and emphasize building a sustainable future, we have seen an increase in the design of large-scale landscapes being incorporated into the urban fabric. The reconstruction of the Cheonggyecheon stream and park in Seoul, South Korea, is an example of this phenomenon. Since its completion in 2005, the city of Seoul has promoted the project as a restoration of its history and recreation of a collective memory of the site and historic stream from its geographic origins. However, this narrative of historic rebirth of a stream raises questions of authenticity, the selective emphasis of one history over another, and how this transformation of Seoul’s built environment may change the identity of the city’s culture and society. Using a mixture of direct observations of the park design, activities, and events held at the site, and interviews with project designers and former Seoul Metropolitan Government staff who worked on the project and Cheonggyecheon park visitors, this research examines the reconstruction of the Cheonggyecheon as simultaneously a recovery of and break with the past, and the representation of Seoul’s history, memory, and culture as performative functions of the design of the landscape and its activities. In the process, this new landscape offers a rewriting of the past and memory of the city as it redefines the identity of the city for its present and future.

Fishing for an institution-based first-mover advantage: The Norwegian snow crab case

When the first Norwegian commercial catch of snow crabs was taken in the Barents Sea in 2012, an unexpected opportunity arose to create a new, profitable natural resource-based industry. However, hidden under the surface were massive biological, technological, and institutional uncertainties. This study first explores what motivated the entrepreneurs to invest in an industry exposed to extreme uncertainty and which firm and vessel resources were necessary to operate. The findings uncovered that most of the entrepreneurs had already exited another fishery with a profit. Thus, they were looking for new attractive business opportunities where they could apply resources and capabilities already accumulated. Furthermore, this study asks if there have been any survival-threatening challenges so far in the industry. The findings show that increased competition and the Russians closing the Loophole dramatically changed the opportunities for profitable fishing. Finally, the study discusses whether the players have the potential to gain a sustained institution-based first-mover advantage (FMA), i.e., a gratis fishing quota. It is argued that the snow crab vessels have positioned themselves into a historical stream of events, which can, at best, give rise to a gratis institutional protection of a valuable natural resource. Thus, if the vessels are allocated free individual transferable quotas, they will secure a sustained FMA, as a similar event is unlikely to occur in the future. Finally, in the paper, findings and implications are discussed.

Validating Dynamically Downscaled Climate Projections for Mountainous Watersheds Using Historical Runoff Data Coupled with the Distributed Hydrologic Soil Vegetation Model (DHSVM)

The performance of dynamically downscaled climate fields with respect to observed historical stream runoff has been assessed at basin scale using a physically distributed hydrologic model (DHSVM). The dynamically downscaled climate fields were generated by running the Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model at 4-km horizontal resolution with boundary conditions derived from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Six hydrologic models were developed using DHSVM for six mountainous tributary watersheds of the Jordan River basin at hourly time steps and 30-m spatial resolution. The size of the watersheds varies from 19 km2 to 130 km2. The models were calibrated for a 6-year period from water year (WY) 1999–2004, using the observed meteorological data from the nearby Snow Telemetry (SNOTEL) sites of the Natural Resources Conservation Services (NRCS). Calibration results showed a very good fit between simulated and observed streamflow with an average Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) greater than 0.77, and good to very good fits in terms of other statistical parameters like percent bias (PBIAS) and coefficient of determination (R2). A 9-year period (WY 2001–2009) was selected as the historical baseline, and stream discharges for this period were simulated using dynamically downscaled climate fields as input to the calibrated hydrologic models. Historical baseline results showed a satisfactory fit of simulated and observed streamflow with an average NSE greater than 0.45 and a coefficient of determination above 0.50. Using volumetric analysis, it has been found that the total volume of water simulated using downscaled climate projections for the entire historical baseline period for all six watersheds is 4% less than the observed amount representing a very good estimation in terms of percent error volume (PEV). However, in the case of individual watersheds, analysis of total annual water volumes showed that estimated total annual water volumes were higher than the observed for Big Cottonwood, City Creek, Millcreek and lower than the observed total annual volume of water for Little Cottonwood, Red Butte Creek, and Parleys Littledell, demonstrating similar characteristics obtained from the calibration results. Seasonal analysis showed that the models can capture the flow volume observed for Big Cottonwood, City Creek and Red Butte Creek during the peak season, and the models can capture the flow volume observed for all the watershed satisfactorily except Big Cottonwood during the dry season. Study results indicated that the dynamically downscaled climate projections used in this study performed satisfactorily in terms of stream runoff, total flow volume, and seasonal flow analyses based on different statistical tests, and can satisfactorily capture flow patterns and flow volume for most of the watersheds considering the uncertainties associated with the study.

Examining Alternate Histories

499 BOOKS IN REVIEW Examining Alternate Histories. Glyn Morgan and C. Palmer-Patel, eds. Sideways in Time: Critical Essays on Alternate History Fiction. Liverpool: Liverpool UP, 2019. 203 pp. $120 hc. Glyn Morgan and C. Palmer-Patel’s new anthology Sideways in Time, which was nominated for a 2019 British Science Fiction Association Award in the nonfiction category (although it did not win), brings together an array of wellrespected scholars in their examination of alternate-history fiction. The editors rightly highlight the pioneering quality of their work, following as it does several scholarly monographs on the topic; they may be the first to present a collection of different perspectives in an anthology form. While such books as Karen Hellekson’s The Alternate History: Refiguring Historical Time (2001), Kathleen Singles’s Alternate History: Playing with Contingency and Necessity (2013), Derek J. Thiess’s Relativism, Alternate History, and the Forgetful Reader: Reading Science Fiction and Historiography (2014), and Catherine Gallagher’s Telling It Like It Wasn’t: The Counterfactual Imagination in History and Fiction (2018) are in-depth studies of alternate history narratives focused on specific issues, the present anthology addresses a wide range of topics and authors in this genre, providing the reader with a broader variety of subjects and perspectives. Consequently, this book nicely complements such previous scholarship. Sideways in Time is organized into two parts of five chapters each, with an introduction, a foreword, and an afterword as well. The foreword by Stephen Baxter, an award-winning author of alternate history and science fiction and a judge of the Sidewise Award for alternate-history fiction, provides a general idea of the genre. Baxter traces the genre’s antiquity to 35 BCE in Roman historian Livy’s writing, but then mostly discusses examples from the twentieth century Anglo-American tradition (including his own novels). This laid-back foreword gives way to a more rigorous introduction by the editors. Morgan and Palmer-Patel explore the history of the genre in a more consistent manner from ancient Rome to nineteenth-century France; they see Louis Napoléon GeoffroyCh âteau’s Napoléon et la conquête du monde [Napoleon’s Conquest of the World, 1836] as the first modern instance of alternate history fiction. Their introduction further provides an interesting discussion about the relationship between non-fictional speculations regarding history and alternative-history fiction, and that between alternative history and science fiction. In addition, the editors conveniently lay out the basic characteristics of the genre and important terminologies to guide readers in the rest of the book. The two main parts of the book are organized under the categories of “Points of Divergence” and “Manipulating the Genre.” The first category explores works of alternative fiction that utilize the major tropes of the genre, such as specific points of divergence that create alternative historical developments, the “great man” theory, and the Tolstoian vision of history; in part this establishes a discourse of an emerging canon. The second part questions the basic tenets of alternate-history fiction. Sideways in Time nicely balances its attention on conformity and subversion with dominant genre expectations and consequently 500 SCIENCE FICTION STUDIES, VOLUME 47 (2020) exposes the developments of such genre qualities as functions of an oscillating historical process. The first chapter by Adam Roberts, “Napoleon as Dynamite: Geoffroy’s Napoléon Apocryphe and Science Fiction as Alternate History,” foregrounds the two major trends of the genre’s points of departure—alternative historical outcomes as determined by the actions of a great person (or a few persons) and the dispersed collectivity of small actions creating parallel historical streams—and shows that the historical divergences in this type of fiction are an ideological representation of the author’s own sense of historicity. His examination of early works in this vein establishes the prominence of the “great man” approach. Roberts’s chapter, coming after the introduction, creates a comprehensive idea of the genre’s early development, which, in addition to providing a thorough analysis of the text in question, establishes the groundwork for approaching the later chapters. Although the remainder of the chapters deal with much later works, similar historiographical concerns dominate the discussion. Chris Pak’s chapter, “‘It Is...