Historical Restoration Research Articles

Historical Food Web Structure and Restoration of Native Aquatic Communities in the Lake Tahoe (California–Nevada) Basin

Plans for the restoration of aquatic ecosystems are increasingly focusing on the restoration and rehabilitation of self-sustaining native fish communities. Such efforts have not traditionally adopted an ecosystem-based perspective, which considers species as embedded within a broader food web context. In this study, we quantify food web changes in Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada) over the last century based on stable isotope analysis of museum-archived, preserved fish specimens collected during 4 historical periods and under present conditions. We also examine the contemporary food web of nearby Cascade Lake, which is free from most exotic species and contains a species assemblage resembling that of Lake Tahoe prior to historical species introductions. During the last century, the freshwater shrimp Mysis relicta and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) have been introduced and established in Lake Tahoe, and the native top predator, Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi; hereafter LCT), has been extirpated. Isotope analysis indicates that lake trout now occupy a trophic niche similar to that of historical LCT. Fish production has shifted from benthic to pelagic, corresponding with the eutrophication of Lake Tahoe during recent decades. The current Cascade Lake food web resembles that of the historical Lake Tahoe food web. Our isotope-based food web reconstructions reveal long-term food web changes in Lake Tahoe and can serve as the basis for setting historically relevant restoration targets. Unfortunately, the presence of nonnative species, particularly Mysis and lake trout, have dramatically altered the pelagic food web structure; as such, they are barriers to native fish community restoration. Fish community restoration efforts should focus on adjacent ecosystems, such as Cascade Lake, which have a high likelihood of success because they have not been heavily affected by nonnative introductions.

Space, Place and Digital Media: Towards a Better Simulation of a City that has now Disappeared

Digital media enable researchers and designers to derive better informed processes in solving problems of historical architectural restoration and virtual archaeology. However, recently insufficiencies have been found in the main technologies often applied in such techniques, such as 3D modeling, high-quality rendering and animation. Given these problems, this paper attempts to explore a digital reconstruction procedure for historical architecture and cities using 3D scanning, Virtual Reality cave technology and motion capture technology. This case study is based on a collaborative project in conjunction with the National Palace Museum, Taiwan, and the China Times, Taiwan. The five steps involved in this project include data collection and analysis, three-dimensional digital inferences, digital reconstruction of static and moving models, scenario dynamics (by integrating the two kinds of models), and visual-spatial immersion using a VR-cave representation. Finally, a preliminary digital reconstruction procedure is presented.

Intereses cognoscitivos y praxis social en Arqueología de la Arquitectura

La ponencia se articula en dos partes. En la primera de ellas se reflexiona sobre la crisis del modelo académico tradicional y el fuerte impacto que ha supuesto la reorganización de las actividades arqueológicas en el contexto de las nuevas administraciones autonómicas del Estado español. Este es el contexto en el que la Arqueología de la Arquitectura debe buscar su sitio y ofrecer alternativas sólidas. Para ello se propone la superación de la pretendida dicotomía entre conocimiento histórico e intereses restauradores y se defiende la necesidad de articular unas rutinas de control que garanticen el respeto a todas las dimensiones relevantes del patrimonio edificado y la implicación de la Arqueología de la Arquitectura en el conocimiento, gestión y difusión del mismo. En la segunda parte, recurriendo a ejemplos concretos, se expone la aplicación de estas ideas en la experiencia del País Vasco. Una experiencia basada en los puntos siguientes: a) Normativización de los instrumentos de investigación. b) Incorporación de la Arqueología de la Arquitectura a la docencia reglada en la Universidad. c) Creación de programas de investigación implicados en el conocimiento, gestión y difusión del patrimonio edificado.

Second Generation Voices: Reflections by Children of Holocaust Survivors and Perpetrators (review)

Reviewed by: Second Generation Voices: Reflections by Children of Holocaust Survivors and Perpetrators Ethan Goffman Second Generation Voices: Reflections by Children of Holocaust Survivors and Perpetrators, edited by Alan L. Berger & Naomi Berger. Syracuse University Press, 2001. 378 pp. $59.95 (c); $24.95 (p). The children of concentration camp survivors have long been prominent in the media and in scholarship, while the stories and thoughts of children of holocaust perpetrators have been more submerged. Despite the obvious dichotomy between the two groups, they have much in common. Both must grapple with a family history dealing with events almost beyond belief. Both groups find their personal identity often overshadowed by their tragic history. And members of both groups have responded to this history with lives dedicated to helping humanity through teaching, activism, and community service. Because of the personal nature of these essays, they constitute in no way a unifying overview, but rather a series of viewpoints, almost of short stories, always dramatic and compelling and often beautifully written. As such, the volume provides a rich vein of raw material to be further mined by future scholars and analysts. Nevertheless, more scholarly balance is called for; the voices in Second Generation Voices mirror current media and social awareness, foregrounding the Jewish experience over the German. Most of the volume explores the perceptions and experience of the children of holocaust survivors, [End Page 166] while a shorter section is devoted to essays by children of Germany’s wartime generation, often children of Nazis. Some Jewish sections are digressive, such as a discussion of the Yiddish language. Jewish issues are explored in depth and intricacy, whereas the German voices, equally heartfelt and dramatic, do not as fully discuss issues of historical identity. One issue confronted by both the German and the Jewish second generation is the need to reconstitute a vanished, often repressed past. This repression, while notable in American Jews in the years after World War II, is no longer a part of the larger Jewish social landscape. Yet historical restoration remains critical to individuals; one essay discusses the need “to fill in the gaps, fit the pieces of the puzzle together” (p. 52), a task shared by all writers in this volume. Historical and personal reconstruction are approached most directly through flashes of memory and meaning in which history and symbol converge. One child of survivors remembers dreams of being hunted by Nazis. Another describes a routine question from her gynecologist, “had anyone in my family had breast cancer. I thought for a moment and to my shock realized that every single woman in my family, excepting my mother, had been killed in the war” (p. 245). Still others recall moments of realization that long ago their parents had lived other lives with other spouses and children and discuss the burden of being replacement children for those destroyed by the Nazis. One German writer also born as a replacement for war deaths, as a gift to Hitler, has rejected her personal history, going so far as to convert to Judaism, epitomizing a blatant confrontation with the past. Obviously, this situation is not a representative reaction; indeed the German writers in this volume are notable as anti-Nazi activists. Anna Rosmus, for instance, is famous for unearthing her hometown’s crimes in the face of virulent resistance. The drama of repression and recovery shared by all of these writers is stronger among the Germans, for whom often “Jews had been edited out of family narratives” (p. 267). Paradoxically, then, German children of the Nazi generation may face a more difficult task than children of Holocaust survivors. The latter, while dealing with a horrific past and with shorn family trees, often look up to their parents as heroic or, at the very least, consider them innocent. Children of Nazis, by contrast, inherit a terrible shame. One writer complains of being orphaned when she learned of her parents’ deeds, and believes that “to stop loving one’s parents is to stop loving oneself” (p. 304). As someone who believes in a collective responsibility to the past but not in collective guilt, I became aware, through reading this volume, of how guilt, both intellectual...

Restoring the Photographed Past

This article points to cases around the world in which old photographs have been used as the basis for restoring damaged or destroyed public treasures to their "original" condition. The author asks, however, whether photographs can really be reliable historical documents of the past of some object or place that is much older than the art of photography itself. Among his conclusions is that in historical restoration efforts, photographic "evidence" often depicts an arbitrary point in history that is taken at face value and institutionalized as "official truth." He offers some tentative recommendations for future restoration efforts involving photographic evidence.

Establishing aquatic restoration priorities using a watershed approach

Since the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, the United States has made great strides to reduce the threats to its rivers, lakes, and wetlands from pollution. However, despite our obvious successes, nearly half of the nation’s surface water resources remain incapable of supporting basic aquatic values or maintaining water quality adequate for recreational swimming. The Clean Water Act established a significant federal presence in water quality regulation by controlling point and non-point sources of pollution. Point-sources of pollution were the major emphasis of the Act, but Section 208 specifically addressed non-point sources of pollution and designated silviculture and livestock grazing as sources of non-point pollution. Non-point source pollutants include runoff from agriculture, municipalities, timber harvesting, mining, and livestock grazing. Non-point source pollution now accounts for more than half of the United States water quality impairments. To successfully improve water quality, restoration practitioners must start with an understanding of what ecosystem processes are operating in the watershed and how they have been affected by outside variables. A watershed-based analysis template developed in the Pacific Northwest can be a valuable aid in developing that level of understanding. The watershed analysis technique identifies four ecosystem scales useful to identify stream restoration priorities: region, basin, watershed, and site. The watershed analysis technique is based on a set of technically rigorous and defensible procedures designed to provide information on what processes are active at the watershed scale, how those processes are distributed in time and space. They help describe what the current upland and riparian conditions of the watershed are and how these conditions in turn influence aquatic habitat and other beneficial uses. The analysis is organized as a set of six steps that direct an interdisciplinary team of specialists to examine the biotic and abiotic processes influencing aquatic habitat and species abundance. This process helps develop an understanding of the watershed within the context of the larger ecosystem. The understanding gained can then be used to identify and prioritize aquatic restoration activities at the appropriate temporal and spatial scale. The watershed approach prevents relying solely on site-level information, a common problem with historic restoration efforts. When the watershed analysis process was used in the Whitefish Mountains of northwest Montana, natural resource professionals were able to determine the dominant habitat forming processes important for native fishes and use that information to prioritize, plan, and implement the appropriate restoration activities at the watershed scale. Despite considerable investments of time and resources needed to complete an analysis at the watershed scale, the results can prevent the misdiagnosis of aquatic problems and help ensure that the objectives of aquatic restoration will be met.

Design and evaluation of restoration mortars for historic masonry using traditional materials and production techniques

ABSTRACTCement based mortars used for historic masonry restoration presented unsatisfactory results, due to their chemical and physico-mechanical incompatibility to original buildings. In the present research, several syntheses of restoration mortars are produced using traditional techniques and materials such as binders (aerial and natural hydraulic lime), pozzolanicadditives (natural and artificial pozzolanas) and aggregates (sand and crushed brick). The technical characteristics of the mortars were determined using mechanical tests (compressive and flexural) and mercury intrusion porosimetry measurements at the time of 1, 3, 9, 15 months of curing. Water absorption measurements were performed at the time of 9 and 15 months curing, in order to evaluate mortars microstructural characteristics, their rate of water absorption and the total percentage of absorbed water. The aerial lime - artificial pozzolana mortar presented the best mechanical and microstructural performance. Hydraulic mortars acquired the maximum of the mechanical strength in 1 month, lime - pozzolana mortars in 3 months while aerial lime mortars continue to gain mechanical strength even in 15 months curing. Furthermore, the use of ceramic aggregates produces lightweight and elastic mortars, compatible to historicones.

Environmental impacts to the Everglades ecosystem: a historical perspective and restoration strategies

The Everglades is a vast subtropical wetland that dominates the landscape of south Florida and is widely recognized as an ecosystem of great ecological importance. As a result of anthropogenic disturbances over the past 100 years (i.e., agricultural and urban development, eutrophication resulting from stormwater runoff, changes in hydrology and invasion of exotic species), the biotic integrity of the entire Everglades is now threatened. To protect this valuable resource, the state of Florida and the Federal Government, in cooperation with other interested parties, have developed a comprehensive restoration strategy that addresses controlling excess nutrient loading and reestablishment of a more natural hydrology. These efforts include building approximately 17,000 ha of treatment wetlands, referred to as Stormwater Treatment Areas, to treat surface runoff before it is discharged into the Everglades. We briefly discuss the history of the Everglades in the context of environmental disturbance and outline the steps being taken to ensure its survival for future generations.

Bayer pigments used in historical restoration

Bayer pigments used in historical restoration

Restoration of Irrigation Ponds, Historical and Regional Properties in Kagawa

Restoration of Irrigation Ponds, Historical and Regional Properties in Kagawa

Historical rotorcraft restoration: The C-30 Autogiro

Seventy-five years ago, on 17 January 1923, the first successful flight of a rotary wing aircraft took place. The first gyroplane, patented as Autogiro, was invented by Juan de la Cierva Codorniú. For this reason, the Juan de la Cierva Foundation in Spain has promoted a project to build a replica, authorized to fly, of the Cierva's C-30, the most famous of his Autogiros. It is planned to fly the replica only in exhibitions. In this paper an historical review of the works of Juan de la Cierva is presented and the C-30 restoration is illustrated and described.

Combining historic preservation and income class integration: A case study of the butchers hill neighborhood of Baltimore

For the past several decades in the United States, a tension has existed between the goals of historic preservation, the provision of affordable housing, and the creation of mixed‐income neighborhoods. Historic restoration for residential uses has often been associated with gentrification and the displacement of low‐income residents. This article examines the public and private sector support system for combining historic preservation with the creation of affordable and mixed‐income housing and neighborhoods and analyzes the strategies and experiences of the Baltimore neighborhood of Butchers Hill in taking this approach to community re‐vitalization. Using historic preservation as a catalyst for community revitalization requires a comprehensive approach to prevent displacement of low‐income residents. In Butchers Hill, the mixed‐income community that was created was an outgrowth of conflict between two community‐based organizations. The case eludes simple typologies of gentrification and indicates the need for additional study of the dynamics and benefits of mixed‐income neighborhoods.

CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF LOCAL HISTORY IN JINHUA

The new Center for the Study of Local History at Zhejiang Normal University in Jinhua is worth the attention of all scholars interested in local historical studies of this region. Students of the Ming period will know Jinhua as the home of such illustrious Ming figures as Song Lian, Wang Wei, Zhang Mao, Cheng Wende, Hu Yinglin, and Li Yu. John D. Langlois, Jr., John Dardess, Beverly Bossier, Yeh Wen-hsin, Ronald Knapp, Eugene Cooper, and I have written on aspects of Wuzhou/Jinhua's social, intellectual, cultural and political history. The area has been through a recent bout of historical restoration, with the earliest structures going back to the Southern Song. In addition there are villages in traditional style (although they are fast disappearing) which commonly contain Ming period buildings, especially lineage halls, and some Yuan buildings as well. In some cases the sites of historical places have been marked. There are temples and shrines, lineage halls and academies, factories and farms. The landscape consists of flat plains divided by steep mountains, rising to 1000 meters at the border of the prefecture.

The representation of time at two shaker village sites

Historical restorations spatialise time, thus sometimes being criticised for their static representation of a dynamic reality. Yet restorations, like the groups they represent, themselves have complex histories. This paper explores how forms of representation relate to intended content historically, through discussion of two American sites: Hancock and Pleasant Hill Shaker Villages. Founded in the early 1960s, both saw demands for change by the 1990s. With the passing of the founders, these museum villages began to reevaluate their interpretive practices and plan for the future. The paper focuses on earlier decisions which have affected the representation of time.

Ghettos as tourism attractions

If increased historic preservation, restoration, and reconstruction reflects the maturation of America, they also reflect controversy over what is preserved, by whom, and to what ends. Using Little Italy as a case in point, this paper explores issues likely to arise and potential implications when urban areas depicting an ethnic or racial heritage are preserved for the purposes of tourism. That such areas were initially oppressive and restrictive ghettos portrayed by derogatory stereotypes of their residents, particularly poses the question of whether those images and the attitudes they stimulated are preserved, restored, or reconstructed along with material artifacts.

Inquiry Conversion and Travel Advertising Effectiveness

This study explores the effect of advertising in stimulating both inquiries and visitation to the historic restoration operated by the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation in Williamsburg, Virginia. A hierarchial model, based on a quasi-experimental approach, is compared to a concurrent conversion study of the same population. The results suggest that conversion studies can avoid serious bias in the measurement of some advertising effects but that conversion studies cannot lead to an adequate measurement of incremental visitation due to advertising.

Log Construction in the Ohio Country, 1750-1850

Log construction entered the Ohio territory with the seventeenth-century fur traders and mid-eighteenth-century squatters and then spread throughout most of the area after the opening of the territory in the 1780s. Scottish-Irish and German settlers, using techniques from the eastern states and European homelands, found the abundant timber resources of the Ohio country ideally suited to this simple, durable form of construction. Hutslar documents this early architecture with extensive descriptive materials from local histories, diaries, traveller's accounts, building contracts and many recent site photographs. These descriptions will be interesting for modern craftsmen and other builders involved in historic restoration or log construction generally. Hutslar's extensive fieldwork is valuable to students of vernacular architecture and preservationists and this abridged paperback edition of his book is a boon to travelling or local history buffs who can refer to this wealth of information at their leisure.

CHANGES OF BRIDGES AROUND OKAZAKI PARK AND MODEL PLAN OF NEW WOODEN “SHINKYOU”

In Okazaki City, Aichi Prefecture, the four hundred fiftieth anniversary of Ieyasu TOKUGAWA was accomplished in 1992. Corresponding to the event, some arrangements of Okazaki Park have proceeded, which exists in the area surrounded by the River Yahagi's tributaries, where was once the site of Okazaki Castle alias Ryuugajo. As one of arrangements, the aged bridges around the park have improved or reconstructed. It is regrettable, however, a new bridge was reconstruted of iron instead of attractive stones even if it had a short span. It is general that wooden or stone bridges are familiar and attractive to the region roundabout, and they have their own history. The tendency are observed not only in Okazaki City but also all over our country. It has resulted from the reason that the demand for structural safety, fire preventability and durability knock down the one for design quality and historical merit. It is not too much to say that the high economic growth has produced the phenomenon. Recently, environmental problem, landscape problem and problems of historic building's restoration and preservation have been understood by the public, then it is necessary for bridges to concider these problems. In this paper, from the viewpoint of mentioned above, the changes of bridges around Okazaki Park are concidered and a model plan for reconstrution of the aged Shinkyou (bridge built across the pond that was once moat of the castle) is presented.

The Sheraton Palace

San Francisco's Sheraton Palace Hotel has just completed a two-year, $1 50-million historical-preservation project, and all of that grand hotel's architectural details have been restored to their original, turn-of-the-century design. Part of the moti- vation was to reposition the aging hotel to capture a greater share of the most lucrative markets: corporate and conven- tion, for example, versus package tours. While the hotel now includes modern amenities such as a health spa, the original portions of the Palace today look almost exactly the way the hotel's architects planned them back in 1909, including a faithful restoration of the famous Garden Court's 8,000- square-foot art-glass ceiling. The entire hotel was gutted before actual construction began, and the 1989 earthquake caused some of the finish work to be redone. This article also looks at the historical restoration of London's Dorchester Hotel; the preservation of the Equinox Resort and the Publick House Historic Resort, in New England, and the renovation of the relatively young Seattle Doubletree Suites Hotel.

Ten trends in the continuing renaissance of urban waterfronts

The roots of the blossoming of waterfront parks and amenities in postwar North America and Europe are traced from the Renaissance onward. Ten current trends are identified: large-scale mixed-use development; open edge and access improvement; lessening of highway encroachment; small stream and canal bankside development; historic restoration and imitation; blossoming of the people-place/ market place; world exposition development on the waterfront; integration of environmental art and lighting; the growth of festivals and other ephemeral events; and the increase in the regulation of waterfront site development characteristics.Marginal reference is made to the improved concern with ecological protection and the growth of boating and other river leisure activity. The danger of additional destruction of wildlife habitat and the future potential loss of riverside environment to transportation development and general urban expansion are also noted. The author projects a continuation of the ten defined trends and a continuation of the riverfront renaissance. Innovation in weather sheltering, lighting, water display, the incorporation of art, the inclusion of more extensive floral displays and landscaping, and the further growth of celebratory events on the waterfront are anticipated. Lastly, greater collaboration in planning and design between landscape architects, engineers and architects is predicted as waterfront revitalization grows increasingly sophisticated.