Historical Public Space Research Articles

Correlation between soundscape and sense of culture in historic public space

Soundscapes, as part of cultural heritage, have attracted attention for their role in crafting atmospheres and fostering a sense of place. It is still unclear how soundscapes and the sense of culture interlink within historic public spaces. This research explores how soundscape elements influence the sense of culture in historic towns. Twenty-five typical railway-type historic town public spaces in northern China are selected as examples. We restored the field situation in the laboratory. Through correlation analysis in SPSS, we analyzed the relationships between soundscape elements (encompassing objective environmental attributes and subjective perception) and cultural senses. The result shows: 1) Natural sounds, people sounds, and cultural activities sounds like music/shows significantly influence the sense of culture in historical spaces along the Chinese Eastern Railway (CER). 2)Calm and stable sound environments contribute to creating a cultural atmosphere. 3)Pleasure and eventful sounds strengthen people's connection to culture. 4)Enclosed spaces, pedestrian-friendly environments, and bustling crowds enhance the cultural ambience. 5)Visual perception correlates more strongly with the sense of culture than auditory evaluation. This research provides valuable insights for enhancing cultural senses in historic towns through soundscape design.

Examination of the Placemaking Concept on Bursa Historical Cumhuriyet Street

In historical cities, urban public open space’s identity is a fundamental aspect that contributes to shaping the identity of communities. The architectural elements succeeded in expressing the identity of the community and maintaining the continuity of identity. The city's identity is determined by the city's geographical context, cultural level, architectural elements, local traditions, and quality of public open spaces. In recent years the multi dimensional place-making concept become an interesting study area in increasing urban identity. The concept of place-making coines to describe a multi-disciplinary approach in planning, designing, and urban public open spaces management to improve the urban environment and the quality of life. In this study, the conceptual framework of the topic was drawn by putting forth the concept of place and place-making to improve the quality of places in historical public open spaces. The studying area is Cumhuriyet Street in the historical center of Bursa City, which is located in the traditional trade center as a pedestrian road. The historical background is examined to demonstrate its potential in creating a place-making concept in the city's historic core.

Preservation of The Vastenburg Fort Site as a Historical Public Space in Surakarta City based on User Perception

Social interaction and public space are interrelated and play crucial roles in human life. The Vastenburg Fort Site serves as an example of a public space still utilized by the community and holds historical value from the Dutch colonial era. However, inadequate management has led to a decline in quality and user interest. Thus, this research aims to formulate preservation efforts for it as a historical public space in Surakarta through the assessment of quality and preferences based on user perceptions. In general, this study employs a mixed-methods approach with a deductive perspective. Data were collected through questionnaires and interviews, followed by analyses using Likert scales, descriptive analysis, and content analysis. Consequently, the research reveals a deteriorating condition of the site, perceived as “Enough” by users. Additionally, revitalization efforts and the creation of better spaces with community involvement are deemed necessary by the local community around the Vastenburg Fort Site. Based on these findings, preservation recommendations are formulated, encompassing the strengthening of historical value, integrated management, improved accessibility, diversification of utilization, and community participation. It is hoped that these efforts will restore the Vastenburg Fort Site as a sustainable historical tourism destination and enhance the quality of life for the community.

The Impact of Community Activity Enlivening in Shaping Historical Areas Case Study: Kayutangan Heritage, Malang, Indonesia

Kayutangan was a historical Central Business District (CBD) area of Malang City since the Dutch East Indies era. However, it is slowly dying because of the emergence of new shopping centers and CBD in Malang. To strengthen the branding of Malang as a Heritage City, the government is revitalizing Kayutangan, which has been dormant before. Therefore, this research investigates how historical public space revitalization and community activity contribute to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This research uses the descriptive qualitative method using case study that examines the community activities using place-centered mapping and changes made by the revitalization effort. There are three new activities emerges in KSC; social, economic, and cultural activities. The research results show that the revitalization of Kayutangan Street Corridor (KSC) and the emergence and collaboration of social, economic, and cultural activities successfully revitalized KSC in sustainable ways. Seventeen new activities are emerging; 70.6% are the emergence of economic activities, and the remaining 29.4% are cultural activities. The emergence of these activities resulted in thirteen activity-enlivening spots, 61.5% caused by economic activities and 38.5% driven by cultural activities. The economic and cultural activities succeeded in attracting social activities. Crowded with visitors and its strategic location increases investors’ interest in opening a business in KSC that contributes to the existing building’s preservation and Kayutangan and Malang City’s economy. The government facilitates the music groups to perform on-site as one of the district’s attractions. The result of KSC’s development suggests that the revitalization can contribute to three goals of SDGs on good health and well-being, decent work and economic growth, and sustainable cities and communities.

Náměstí Nového Města v Praze. Archeologické hodnoty historických veřejných prostranství a jejich preventivní památková ochrana

Náměstí Nového Města v Praze. Archeologické hodnoty historických veřejných prostranství a jejich preventivní památková ochrana

Protection of historic public spaces in the creative process of the city's identity.

This article addresses the development of new identity in cities returned to Poland after the Second World War, taking the example of Szczecin (fig. 1). This process is characterized by many years of changes: reconstruction, revalorization and revitalization of urban complexes. In the process of creating a new, Polish identity of those cities, focus was clearly placed on the functionalist development of urban structures and strongly emphasized comprehensive functionality of downtown spaces. This trend seriously threatened historic public spaces preserved in these areas. However, it is also necessary to take into account the growing requirements regarding functionality and quality of life as well as needs related to the contemporary utility of historic urban areas. A living, developing city cannot be insulated from changes resulting from economic, technological and cultural development, or from the utilitarian needs of its inhabitants. Urban revitalization is a method that thoughtfully protects the historical value of buildings, while allowing new functions and activities, appropriately selected in terms of heritage protection. In these processes, special attention should be paid to historic public spaces where urban life takes place as they are crucial for the city’s identity. Negotiating the city’s social identity takes place mainly in historical public spaces, where the reliability of the approach to the protection of historical values and resources is the condition for social acceptance.

Conservation issues of historical public spaces on the example of transformations of the Old Town urban landscape in Bydgoszcz

Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie wniosków z analizy problematyki konserwatorskiej wybranych przekształceń historycznego obszaru staromiejskiego Bydgoszczy w kontekście zasad międzynarodowych doktryn dotyczących ochrony miast historycznych. Działania w obrębie zespołu w zakresie rewaloryzacji, rewitalizacji i odbudowy trwają nieprzerwanie od końca lat 40. XX w. i bardzo dobrze ilustrują zmiany w sposobie podejścia i przyjmowania rozwiązań planistyczno-formalnych w zakresie koncepcji funkcjonalno-przestrzennej i architektonicznej. Każda przestrzeń publiczna jest wynikiem decyzji różnych decydentów oraz oczekiwań różnych grup interesariuszy. W procesach ochrony i zagospodarowania historycznych obszarów ważnym były i są wytyczne służb konserwatorskich, od których zawsze wymagano nie tylko dbania o zabytki, realizacji zasad teorii konserwatorskiej, lecz także uwzględnienia potrzeb współczesności. Recenzentem działań jest społeczeństwo, które rzadko kiedy jednomyślne formułuje oceny, często nie posiadając szczegółowej wiedzy o okolicznościach powstania czy modyfikacji projektów. Ocena przedsięwzięć wymaga często odpowiedniej perspektywy czasowej. Wyszczególnione w literaturze fazy odbudowy miast historycznych w XXI w. ulegają zatarciu – istnieje podejście oparte o indywidualizm twórczy z jednocześnie podejmowanymi działaniami rekonstrukcyjnymi lub modernistycznymi, które powinny wynikać ze studium wartościującego i badań. Zalecenia z dokumentów doktrynalnych traktowane są jednak przez władze często wybiórczo. Stosuje się chętnie wskazania do przeprowadzania konsultacji społecznych, tworzenia interdyscyplinarnych gremiów opiniodawczych, identyfikacji tradycji miejscowości oraz tworzenia lokalnych rozwiązań prawnych. Regulacje te wspomagają działania konserwatorskie na poziomie ogólnym (np. kształtowanie treści mpzp). W zespołach zabudowy z pocz. XX w. nie ma niestety nadal wystarczającego zrozumienia u osób spoza środowiska konserwatorskiego wagi zachowania autentycznej materii i układu funkcjonalno-przestrzennego. Inwestorzy wskazują nadrzędność adaptacji do nowej funkcji ponad zachowanie historycznej materii/układu, pozytywnie zaś odnoszą się do działań rekonstrukcyjnych formy, jako odniesienie do tradycji miejsca. Ochrona miast obejmuje obecnie monitorowanie i zarządzanie procesami społecznymi, gdzie zadania stricte konserwatorskie są elementem polityki zarządzania. Należy dookreślić rolę konserwatora, który jako organ jest powołany do ochrony substancjalnej zabytku, tymczasem oczekuje się od niego decyzji opartych o czynniki spoza tego zakresu: proekologiczne czy proekonomiczne, jako wspierające zrównoważony rozwój.

Mapping Safety, Security and Walkability of Historical Public Open Spaces in Post-Conflict Libya: Tripoli as North African Case Study

North African cities have been undergoing major transformation over the past two decades following protracted instability, civic uprising, and conflicts, changing their perception from havens to territories of displacements with social, psychological, and physical problems. Historic public spaces in those cities, in particular, form a critical part of urban environments as they have the identity, livelihoods and cross-community engagement in a healthy and fulfilling urban fabric and culture. Whilst there have been several studies on the characteristics of open spaces in urban environments, there is very limited work on the changing perceptions, use and engagement of public spaces in historic cities especially in the post-Arab Spring and its relative instability. This study aims to deploy investigative and creative methods to map, analyse and navigate through the transformation in the perceptions of historic public spaces in Post-Conflict Libya and its divided cities. It will study the users' (locals and visitors) attitudes, movements, and reflections on how those spaces have changed over time. visitors' behaviour in open historical public spaces in Tripoli, Libya. The study explores the relationships between the characteristics of historical public spaces, physical activity, and psychological behaviour. The paper argues that safety and security in public spaces are critical and inherent qualities that inform much of the users’ attitudes in historic cities, which has continued to be the case in post-conflict Tripoli.

Dependence and Subordination: Research on the Development and Changes of Chenghuang Temple and Garden in Shanghai Qingpu District After the Ming Dynasty

The relationship between Chenghuang Temple and affiliated Garden is a representative urban historical public space in Shanghai, which is more typical in Qingpu. A large number of Chenghuang Temple and affiliated gardens were built in Qingpu during the Ming and Qing dynasties, of which two Chenghuang Temple and affiliated gardens in Qingpu County and Zhujiajiao Town are the most famous. The construction process of temples and gardens in both regions has gone through twists and turns, and there are many similarities: from the beginning of construction in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, to the destruction caused by war during the Xiantong period, as well as the reconstruction during the Guangxu period, and the new development in contemporary times. With the social change and the development of the times, the space and landscape of the Chenghuang Temple and affiliated garden in the two places have changed one after another, the relationship between affiliated garden has also changed, and the interactive relationship with the urban space has also been reconstructed. This paper focuses on the development of temples and gardens in Qingpu County and Zhujiajiao Town after the Ming Dynasty, and conducts a comparative study of the two from the aspects of historical changes, temple patterns, garden layout and the relationship between temples and gardens. By analyzing the diachronic changes of the landscape space and social functions of temples and gardens, it reveals the transformation of the relationship between temples and gardens with social change, and the construction process of the interactive relationship between urban historical public space and cities such as Chenghuang Temple and affiliated Garden.

Hétérotopies domestiques

In applying the notion of heterotopia to domesticity this paper aims to historicize, from the 19th century to today, the vanishing points imagined by those who maintain the interiors where they are assigned to those “good to do everything,” such as nannies and housewives. The inner frame then opens like an Alberti’s window to narrative perspectives which, according to historical configurations, articulate private and public spaces, as well as urban and rural, bourgeois and popular, and national and foreign, to designate counter-spaces of domesticity: the café, ball, square, multimedia installation, beach, and flight. To access the paradoxical nature of these “located utopias,” both hindered and half-open to freedom, it is necessary to use the writers (Octave Mirbeau, Marguerite Duras, Léïla Slimani, Aldous Huxley), artists (Edouard Manet, Lucien Simon, Richard Hamilton, Birgit Jürgenssen), as well as filmmakers (Benoît Jacquot, Alfonso Cuarón). They lay the groundwork for a deconstruction of the matrimonial norm, from which feminine vanishing points radiate, produced by the stereotypes of the servant-whore, the good Bécassine or the housewife, in order to try to thwart them and free themselves from them.

Adaptive urban design to cope with heavy rainfall in the Historic Centre: a masterplan for Ferrara (Italy)

ABSTRACT The paper addresses historic centre protection from climate change, presenting urban design guidelines for the adaptation of Ferrara. Ferrara is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1995 as a Renaissance city with great historical, architectural, and cultural values. In recent years, the city has suffered from heatwaves and heavy rainfall. In particular, heavy rains flood the historical public spaces of the centre, putting inhabitants, shopkeepers, students and tourists at risk. The summer heat and flooding compromise the maintenance of the ancient fabrics, the historical gardens, and the liveability of the public space. These are crucial elements of Ferrara’s cultural heritage to which the guidelines for climate-proof planning have been addressed. The paper presents a synthesis of the literature review and best practices on climate change adaptation, and cultural heritage concept evolution. Secondly, it presents the analytical methodology used and the design solutions adopted to protect the public space of the historic centre. The research results are a site-specific urban-architectural actions oriented to adaptive urban design for the historic centre with three levels of intensity concerning the time needed to intervene on such a large area (about 400 hectares) and characterized by fragile structural, architectural, ecological and material qualities.

Public spaces as a palimpsest of city layers: The case of Baharestan Square in Tehran (Iran)

This paper intends to underline the importance of historic public spaces as the deposits of collective memories, proposing the critical analysis, reinterpretation, and systematization of relevant informative historical layers as a counter model to the globalizing tendencies and their fast pace of transformation. Baharestanis a historic square located in the northeast of Tehran?s Historic Center, and it is the home to Iran?s Parliament and the Ministry of Culture. It makes the square significant at the national level, especially due to its location surrounded by several exquiste historical heritage buildings. However, following the decline of Tehran?s historic center, Baharestan lost its socio-cultural vitality and spatial quality, hosting urban functions mainly heterogeneous to its identity, and eventually turning into a traffic node. Through the comparative study of numerous historical documents, and adapting the concept of ?palimpsest?, Baharestan Square has been interpreted as the assemblage of different city layers in relation to the environmental and socio-political narratives of the city. The shift from one layer to another intends to reflect some of the lost memories of Tehran and its collective identity in the transition from traditional to modern society. Later on, the paper argues how this palimpsest quality and co-evolution of those plural layers and narratives in Baharestan demonstrate this symbolic square as a ?catalytic social infrastructure?, giving Tehran an opportunity to overcome the challenge of ?social amnesia? and promoting its civic culture and cohesion.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ІСТОРИЧНО СФОРМОВАНОЇ СТРУКТУРИ ГРОМАДСЬКИХ ПРОСТОРІВ КУРОРТІВ НА ПРИКЛАДІ ЯРЕМЧЕ, ТАТАРОВА, ВОРОХТИ ІВАНО-ФРАНКІВСЬКОЇ ОБЛАСТІ

In this small-research study, the public spaces of the historical centres of three resorts of the Ivano-Frankivsk region (Yaremche, Tatariv, Vorokhta) were localized, their morphology and existing condition were analyzed, and architectural and town-planning elements were identified. Particular attention is paid to identifying the historically formed structure of spaces, their state of preservation, typology and uniqueness. All structural elements (existing ones and lost ones) were identified with the help of cartographic analysis, iconographic analysis and field surveys. The spatial organization of the researched resort areas represents a linear structure characteristic of mountain valleys. Following the terrain, the urban structure developed along the main road, which was laid along the Prut River. From the second half of the 19th century, this system was supplemented by the Transcarpathian railway. In the process of the field research, in addition to the inventory of discovered architectural objects, several historical spatial structures were localized, mostly neglected or lost today. During the research, two principle urban planning structures of different scales were identified: • the first is traced in the structure of historical public spaces of squares, streets, and promenades; • the second space was formed directly in the surroundings of significant complexes, sanatoriums, and boarding houses. The article examines the first planning structure in more detail. Theoretical models of public spaces for the identified three resorts were developed, in which the typological affinity and the presence of such basic architectural and town-planning elements as historical villa buildings, promenades, resort parks, beaches, etc. were recorded. All basic elements are grouped around one or more communication axes. It was defined that the development of public spaces of resort settlements can be adjusted in accordance with resort and recreation requirements, modern needs of users, taking into account their historical structure with the use of revalorization/revitalization methods.

EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE OF CREATING LANDSCAPE AREAS FOR TEMPORARY REST

Optimization of the environment by means of landscaping is one of the most important scientific, social and economic tasks of today. Historical and contemporary public spaces are currently undergoing rapid change and this raises concerns about negative consequences.
 The basis for writing the article were the conclusions and main provisions of scientific works of recent years. Attention paid to landscape issues at different urban planning hierarchical levels. The object is determined according to the typology of landscape and recreational objects of T. Panchenko. We present materials to clarify the requirements for the formation of parks and places of temporary recreation in the historical districts of the city in a useful article for research, authors K. Zhikhareva and Professor O. Sleptsov. The purpose of the article. Based on the analysis of landscape and recreational spaces of European cities to formulate the characteristics of temporary recreation areas in the central areas of cities. New recreational public spaces in the central areas of European cities of Poland, Austria, Latvia and Czech Republic – the result of architectural and landscape competitions. The main characteristics of the architectural and planning organization depend on the compositional features of the historical environment. Article present author's photographs of the exploration of the central zone of Warsaw. Highlighted the main requirements and restrictions from regulatory sources to ensure the physical, bioclimatic, psychological, aesthetic comfort of residents. The main characteristics of the architectural and planning organization depend on the compositional features of the historical environment. Author’s field survey of the central zone of Warsaw determined. Allocate the basic requirements and restrictions from normative sources for maintenance of physical, bioclimatic, psychological, aesthetic comfort of inhabitants. The possibility of creating universal characteristics is considered.
 The issue that needs to be addressed in the reconstruction of greenery: architectural and landscape assessment to identify the compositional potential of the territory, the main functional areas and species points. For temporary recreation in the central areas of cities, small gardens and squares have the following characteristics: openness, nonlinearity and dispersion.

Development of Evaluation Index Model for Activation and Promotion of Public Space in the Historic District Based on AHP/DEA

Historic districts represent an important characteristic of Beijing and are also a crucial carrier of Chinese historic culture. However, they are significantly affected by the rapid urban constructions. Thus, it is of great significance to maintain and promote the public space in historic districts. This paper uses a multisource data superposition method to select the evaluation index of public space. The AHP was also used to complete the single-level and total-level ranking and calculation of evaluation indexes. Finally, based on the DEA model, a vitality evaluation model of Beijing historic district public spaces was developed and its validity was verified through a case study of the Wanping historic district.

Urban Sustainability and Climate Issues: The Effect of Physical Parameters of Streetscape on the Thermal Comfort in Urban Public Spaces; Case Study: Karimkhan-e-Zand Street, Shiraz, Iran

One of the most important issues in urban studies relating to climate and environmental sustainability is the analysis of the thermal conditions of urban public spaces, especially urban streets, since this issue seems to affect the comfort of citizens using such spaces. Thus, the main aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of streetscape parameters on the thermal comfort of citizens using urban streets in a hot summer and in a hot semi-arid climate. For this purpose, Karimkhan-e-Zand Street in Shiraz, Iran, was selected as the case study. The selected street is a historical and popular public space of Shiraz. In the present study, using physical and micro-climatic data analyzed in ENVI-met v4 software, the thermal comfort conditions of Karimkhan-e-Zand in Shiraz on 10 July were simulated during the hottest day of the year. Furthermore, the relationships between physical street parameters and micro-climatic parameters and their effects on the thermal comfort index (PMV) were investigated through running a set of regressions in STATA 14 and analysis of ENVI-met v4 output maps. The results of the present study show that the thermal comfort of the citizens, which is determined by the PMV index values, is in very poor condition in almost all the studied hours, and the air temperature has the greatest effect compared to other micro-climatic parameters on the PMV index. The results of present study also show a significant relationship between the sky view factor and mean radiant temperature, as well as between the surface albedo and relative humidity. Furthermore, the type of vegetation and the aspect ratio of the street affect the level of increase in thermal comfort on the street.

ESPACIALIDADE AMBIVALENTE:A CONSTITUIÇÃO DA MEMÓRIA COLETIVA NA ESTAÇÃO FERROVIÁRIA DE TARABAI -SP

Urban centers play an important role in the process of building and perpetuating collective social memory, becoming responsible for giving identity to certain groups while absorbing signs for individuals and perpetuating themselves as “places of memory”, characteristics that are not enough to inhibit deterioration of time and abandonment. In scenarios similar to these, urban collectives propose to discuss the importance of memory in the construction and activation of historic public spaces, reflections adapted to the old Estação Ferroviária de Tarabai (1954), a fundamental space for the development of the municipality, which after its deactivation was abandoned (1984), even with the implementation of interventions by the government in order to transform it into a leisure space (1992). In this way, the work proposed to observe and understand the dynamics of use, of appropriations carried out locally, emphasizing the importance of collective memory for its activation. For that, direct observations made at the Railway Station were necessary in order to record their spatial practices, with the interpretation of such data through “mind maps”. The observations made on site were complemented with bibliographic and documentary surveys with the purpose of providing theoretical support for surveys carried out on the spot, pondering the importance of collective memory.

Analysis of Public Space in Historic Districts of Historic Cities Based on Community Governance

Purpose: Based on the perspective of community governance, the paper explores the research path of public space renewal in historic city districts. Taking the historical public space of Lhasa City as an example, this paper analyzes the causes of the characteristics of public space, analyzes the logical relationship between public space and urban renewal and community governance, and finally optimizes the pattern of historical public space of Lhasa City by improving the spatial structure. Create intelligent living blocks and optimize the life mode of historical blocks; Significance: From the human-oriented perspective, the exploration of the public space renewal in the Historic Districts was in essence a process in which people develop continuously and their needs are continuously satisfied. It could meet the multi-level needs of residents at different stages. Secondly, from a social perspective, the innovative pattern of community governance could help achieve self-satisfaction within the district, radiate to the surrounding industries, and relieve the pressure of social employment. Thirdly, from the perspective of urban renewal implementation, the research on the public space renewal the Historic Districts would help promote the balance of social ecological environment, improve the regional governance and promote the high-quality development of the city.

Analysis and Evaluation of Historical Public Spaces in Small Towns in the Polish Region of Warmia

Public spaces play a special role in the social life, culture, and traditions of historical towns. Public spaces are defined by their urban layout and architectural design and they embody the unique identity of old towns. They integrate local communities and contribute to the formation of social bonds. Urban planning and architecture play an important role in this process. The historical character of public spaces is a prerequisite for social interactions. The aim of this study was to analyze and evaluate historical urban public spaces (market squares) in three small towns in the region of Warmia in north-eastern Poland. Architectural features, urban layout, and the composition of urban and architectural factors, which are largely responsible for synthetic perception of multidimensional space, were evaluated. These goals were achieved with the use of an interpretive historical research method based on original evaluation criteria. The results were used to identify public spaces that require revitalization. Revitalization programs help preserve or revive attractive locations by restoring the right balance between economic and social factors and cultural heritage. The study demonstrated that orderly and harmonious planning of public spaces considerably influences perceptions of space.

Urban streets and urban social sustainability: a case study on Bagdat street in Kadikoy, Istanbul

ABSTRACT This paper focuses on the social function of historical public space in Turkey that has been transformed with rise of modernism. Before that, it functioned as a suburban recreational area. The increasing demand for urban lands has been led to its transformation and its function as an urban component. The historical pattern of urban space can be conserved to protect and strengthen social interactions as the key issue of urban social sustainability. With a focus on the urban design through literature review, the aim is to identify the role of social interactions on social sustainability of historical urban street in Turkey. A field survey study was conducted to observe and in-depth interviews to locally evaluate the socio-spatial design principles in Bagdat street, as a research case. Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) and Cognitive Spatial Map (CSM) were used to investigate the spatial experiences of the respondents. Results indicated that the historical continuity of socio-spatial activities through the time in respect to the socio-cultural values and user satisfaction has led to enhance the sense of belongings for citizens. As a conclusion, all data were integrated to propose a socio-spatial framework for designing and developing of Turkish public street, to enhance the urban social sustainability in future communities.