Historical Battle Research Articles

Resource supply and demand model of military settlements in the cold weapon era: case of Zhenbao Town, Ming Great Wall

AbstractAs an important military defense project in Chinese history, the Ming Dynasty Great Wall and its associated military settlements played a crucial role in maintaining border security. A systematic analysis of how military settlements allocated resources based on external threats and geo-strategic needs is essential to understanding their settlements defense systems. However, this aspect has been relatively under-explored in existing research. Therefore, a resource allocation assessment model for Great Wall military settlements during the Cold Weapon era is established to facilitate a more scientific analysis and quantitative assessment of Military Defense Capabilities(MDC) and Military Requirements(MR). This study employs a combined Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approach to determine the weight of each indicator for both military defense capability and military requirement. Spatial clustering using K-means is conducted to visualize the distribution of these strengths and weaknesses. An Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model links military requirements with defense capabilities, assessing the relationship between settlement locations and historical battle sites. Residual analysis is utilized to identify areas of resource over-allocation or under-allocation. The study reveals that the regional differences in military defense capabilities and requirements within the Zhenbao Town area during the Ming Dynasty correspond closely with the locations of frequent conflicts. This finding suggests that the distribution of defensive capabilities were strengthened in areas with challenging terrain, while the effectiveness and allocation of defense capabilities were determined by logistical support and transportation conditions. This study enhances our understanding of historical military strategies from a historical geography perspective and offers innovative insights for analyzing Great Wall settlement, moving beyond mere sensory intuition and historical experience.

What Returns, What Remains

Abstract: In February 2020, a group of Kanaka 'Ōiwi cultural practitioners arrived in Cambridge, England, to repatriate ancestral remains stolen from Hawai'i in the late nineteenth century. This essay explores the possession, return, and interpretation of these remains, specifically fourteen iwi po'o (human skulls) originating from the Pali, an important historic battle site in the Ko'olau mountain range of O'ahu. In telling the story of their possession and dispossession, I draw upon theories of haunting from Indigenous studies and Black studies in order to challenge the way that settler colonial structures work to limit and potentially foreclose Hawaiian relationships to spiritual presence and placemaking. Through the Native Hawaiian concept of ho'opahulu, which, in 'ōlelo Hawai'i (Hawaiian language), encompasses both spectrality and the exhaustion of land from overfarming, this essay highlights connections between land, spirit, and haunting that provide a more comprehensive framework for understanding spectral placemaking beyond colonial geographies. In doing so, I argue against possessive logics, showing how contemporary Hawaiian cultural geographies fundamentally refuse, upend, and replant relations that exceed the American state.

Sites of the Memory of the Serbian Nation in Kosovo and the Place of Kosovo in the Collective Memory of the Serbs

Drawing on the conceptual framework of sites of memory and collective memory, the study examines Kosovo as a crucial site of Serbian national memory, focusing on the historic Battle of Kosovo in 1389. Through a qualitative analysis based on primary and secondary sources, it addresses the question of why, when, and how Kosovo became a prominent part of the Serbian collective memory. In this regard, the study explores the contribution of the Serbian Orthodox Church, historical narratives, myths, monuments, memorials, songs, poems, and other cultural expressions in both achieving and maintaining Kosovo's distinctive position within the collective memory of the Serbian nation. Moreover, the study explores Serbian perceptions and socially constructed images related to Kosovo, the Battle of Kosovo, and the national heroes central to this significant event. Finally, it scrutinizes the resurgence of the Kosovo narrative for political objectives orchestrated by Serbian political elites, with particular attention given to the influence of Slobodan Milosevic.

Analysis of the Current Situation and Enhancement Path of Huaihai Campaign Spirit Dissemination

Red culture, as social memory, has an important influence in national development and social progress, carrying the lofty ideals of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, embodying the great spirit of the times, and demonstrating the glorious history and fine traditions of the Communist Party of China. The revolutionary spirit embedded in the Huaihai Campaign is an indispensable part of the spiritual genealogy of the CPC. The sites and cultural relics and historical materials remaining from this historic battle bear witness to the heroic struggle of the revolutionary forefathers in a difficult environment, and these traces inspire the people to move forward with perseverance. This study explores the current dissemination status of the spirit of the Huaihai Campaign, in addition to analysing dissemination enhancement strategies using clustering, principal component analysis and random forest model. This study not only enriches the theoretical research on the spirit of Huaihai Campaign in the academic circles, but also helps to further condense the connotation and contemporary value of the spirit of Huaihai Campaign, so as to promote the dissemination of the spirit of Huaihai Campaign.

Cracking the Enigma: Iran-Israel Relations Unveiled A Provocative Exploration into Global Geopolitics

Introduction: Explore the fascinating world of Iran-Israel relations, where history, politics, and socioeconomics impact the global landscape. Since 1985, these two states have fought a proxy war that has shaped Middle East geopolitics. Methodology: To study Iranian and Israeli military clashes, researcher used Qualitative Literature review methods to explore the relationship between Iran and Israel. Results/Findings: Given this context, our research examines the complex nature of Iran-Israel ties, carefully analyzing the historical origins, ongoing political conflicts, and the nuanced yet influential socioeconomic factors that influence their interaction. With the increasing focus of the world on their disagreements, our study provides a captivating analysis of the changing interactions between these countries. Future Direction: Examine how power, ideology, and strategic imperatives affect regional stability and global geopolitics. Join us as we unravel the complex connection between Iran and Israel, revealing the conflicts and cooperation that form it and its global effects. Our research examines Iran-Israel ties from historical battles to current challenges in the dynamic setting of global politics.

Pengembangan Game Edukasi Sejarah Perebutan Gudang Don Bosco Berbasis Narasi Menggunakan Interactive Digital Narrative

The development of technology has facilitated easy access to information through the internet. Nevertheless, many students are still less interested in studying Indonesian history. To capture the interest of current students, integrating learning methods with gaming is a step that can be taken. The aim of this research is to create an interactive narrative-based educational game that conveys knowledge about the historical battle in Surabaya, specifically the Don Bosco warehouse raid. This study uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) model and the Interactive Digital Narrative (IDN) development method as the framework and foundation for writing interactive storytelling narratives, resulting in a gaming application that is both enjoyable and educational. Based on Likert scale testing, this educational game application provides insights into the history of the Don Bosco warehouse raid with a score of 3.65 on the Likert scale.

Ukrainian Military Themes in the Historical Battle Painting of Andrii Kholomeniuk

The purpose of the work is to investigate the topic of Ukrainian military history in the historical-battle painting of A. Kholomeniuk; analyse the main cycles and their plot, imagery, author's interpretation. The research methodology consists in the application of the historical-chronological method, comparison and generalisation, art analysis, with the application of the principles of systematicity and historicism. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the systematic generalisation and analysis of the artistic works of the famous artist-battalist A. Kholomeniuk, which reproduce various historical periods of the military history of Ukraine, mainly the late Middle Ages and the Cossack region. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that in his work A. Kholomeniuk addresses various topics and plots of Ukrainian military history, among which the large cycle of works "The Khotyn War of 1621" (approx. 80 paintings) occupies a prominent place, which serves as a kind of pictorial encyclopaedia of Ukrainian Cossacks. A. Kholomenyuk's battle paintings have a distinct author's style of painting, with an expressive manner and play of colour, light and shadow, characterised by perfect composition and a deep study of historical details and context. The battle-historical works of A. Kholomeniuk belong to the important examples of modern Ukrainian historical-battle painting, which vividly reflects Ukrainian military themes.
 Keywords: A. Kholomeniuk, battle-historical painting, battle studies, historical themes, military history of Ukraine, Cossack period.

Artur Orlyonov's work in the context of the development of modern historical battle painting

The purpose of the article is to examine the creative work of the artist Artur Orlionov in the context of the development of contemporary historical and battle painting, focusing on the themes and series of works, general techniques and methods of artistic representation. The research methodology consists in the application of general scientific and special research methods, in particular, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, generalisation and abstraction, rerview and analysis, description and comparison, which helped to analyse the works of A. Orlionov. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time the work of the contemporary Kyiv artist A. Orlionov became the subject of a scientific study, within which the generalisation and a brief systematisation of the thematic focus of artistic works were carried out, as well as the historical and artistic dominants of the works, stylistic features of the construction were determined. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, it was established that A. Orlionov belongs to the generation of contemporary artists of the historical and battle genre, representing the Kyiv school of painting. His creative work reflects a significant chronological range of Ukrainian history, starting with Kyivan Rus, the Ukrainian Middle Ages, the Cossack era, the Liberation Movement and the modern period. According to the plot and number of works, they can be combined into separate series. In terms of the plot, A. Orlionov's works include depictions of battle scenes, thematic paintings of historical significance, portraits of outstanding figures of Ukrainian history. A. Orlionov's work belongs to modern examples of Ukrainian historical and battle painting, which, based on the study of numerous sources and facts, contains the author's understanding and interpretation of important historical events and figures of different periods of Ukrainian history. Key words: historical and battle painting, Kyiv school of painting, artist Artur Orlionov, National Academy of Fine Arts and Architecture, composition, stylistic dominants, battles, historical figures, history of Ukraine.

MODERN STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF DARK MILITARY TOURISM: PUBLIC-ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECT

The article is devoted to the featuresof the current state of dark military tourismdevelopment; identification of the most popular world and Ukrainian tourist facilities and the redrawing of potential sitesfordark military tourism, which appear or can be seen as a result of today’s armed conflicts in different parts of the world. Analysis of the current development of the dark military tourism allowed to determine the most famous world tourist objects, which are, first of all, places of the past military clashes and severe historical battles, in particular: Gettisberg (USA), the Castle of Bran (Romania), Hezbollah Resistance Museum (Monument of Resistance), etc. The most popular tourist objects of the dark military tourism in Ukraine are: National Museum of History of Ukraine in the Second World War (Kyiv), Museum of Strategic Missile Forces (Pobuzke), Diorama “Battle for the Dnipro” (the city of Dnipro), military-historical complex “Bunker of the Árpád Line” (Transcarpathia) and others. It is clear that the tragic page of the 20th century for mankind was the Second World War, the course of which was severely influenced by the most tragic event – the nuclear bombing of two Japanese cities – Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The tragedy happened more than 70 years ago, and as a result of it 90% of Japanese residents of those cities died instantly. The tragic page of modern Ukraine is the Russian aggression, which has been going on for 9 years, and as a result of which new objects and sitesthat can be attributed to the dark military tourism would be found in the occupied territory and in the places of active combat. It is noted that the world-famous tourist sites of the dark military tourism help humanity: to realize the scale of military catastrophes through the fate of thousands of people – its participants, witnesses and victims;to recognize the need for reconciliation between people and science and technology, which have threatened the existence of the entire human civilization and the planet Earth itself; and do not allow the world to forget those lessons, become a warning for the generation of the third millennium.

British Normandy Memorial, Ver-sur-Mer, Calvados

In 2021 one of the world’s largest and most important monuments was completed: the British Normandy Memorial honors the sacrifice of 22,442 men and women who lost their lives on some of the most momentous and symbolic days of the twentieth century. French civilian sacrifice is also remembered. Liam O’Connor designed and built an exceptional contemporary classical project within a landscaped masterplan of 20 hectares of unspoiled Norman landscape set in the historic battle space of June 6, 1944. A team of 500 including craftspeople from Europe and the USA contributed to this monument built in stone and destined to last for generations, providing a timeless and peaceful place of remembrance.

Playing with history in World of Tanks: Negotiated readings, historical realism and cultural memory

This study focuses on United States-based players of World of Tanks, a historical battle arena game that features many playable tanks based on their actual historical origins, mostly from the World War II and postwar eras. Through a partnership with the game’s developer Wargaming.net, we conducted interviews with 20 players of World of Tanks who indicated that they are interested in history generally or military history specifically. Our findings indicate that playing World of Tanks is one dimension of a broader spectrum of interacting with history as a kind of leisure activity. Players put history in service of their own interests and recreational enjoyment, while acknowledging that historical accuracy is a moving target that must be balanced with elements that shape gameplay structure, competitive potential, and player agency. This study contributes to scholarship on the experiences and motivations of people who play historical games, situates interest in historical games within a broader array of history-related leisure, offers insights for historical game developers interested in players’ cultural and social context, and notes the limitations of games to teach about the past.

The Renaissance in Italy: A History

The Renaissance in Italy: A History

Development of the Virtual Reality Application: “The Ships of Navarino”

Virtual reality and 3D modeling techniques are increasingly popular modes of representation for historical artifacts and cultural heritage, as they allow for a more immersive experience. This article describes the process that was adopted for the development of a virtual reality application for four ships involved in the historic battle of Navarino. The specific naval battle was the culmination of military operations during the Greek Revolution in 1827, in which the allied British, Russian, and French fleet defeated Turkish-Egyptian forces. Representative 3D models of four significant warships that participated in the battle of Navarino were created: the British “Asia”, the French frigate “Armide”, the Russian “Azov”, and the Ottoman “Kuh-I-Revan”. These historic ships were digitally designed according to historical drawings and a VR battle environment was developed, which visitors can experience. In addition, the 3D models were generated by a 3D printer and painted according to the digitized ship-models. The development was conducted within the realm of the NAVS Project. The VR application, “The Ships of Navarino”, as well as the 3D-printed models were presented as part of a physical exhibition hosted in the Eugenides Foundation in Athens, Greece.

МЕТОДИКА ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ГЕОПРОСТОРОВОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ

In the context of studying tourist resources and building an attractive tourist image of the country, such a type of tourism as military will play an important role. Military tourism is tourism at the sites of battles and historical battles for all interested parties, as well as for veterans and relatives of fallen soldiers, visits to existing and historical military facilities and training grounds, combat naval ships, submarines on training grounds and shooting ranges, participation in military exercises and maneuvers, staying at training grounds as spectators – a military tour, these can also include tours to visit military concentration camps and prisons. At the same time, military tourism in Ukraine is not sufficiently developed. As one of the belligerent states in the Second World War and the birthplace of Eastern European culture, Ukraine not only has deep historical and cultural traditions, but also has an atmosphere of modernization as well as its own culture. Ukraine has preserved a large number of Soviet military facilities, weapons and equipment, including extremely unique nuclear facilities, military factories, military sites. to serve not only as a thematic subject of tourism development, but also as an appropriate addition to Ukrainian tourism as a whole. The article examines the concept of “military tourism”, defines the factors affecting the development of military tourism, formulates the goals and principles of the development of military tourism, presents the theoretical foundations of the study of the geospatial organization of military tourism in Ukraine, identifies the directions and problems of the development of military tourism, and gives an assessment of the current level the development of military tourism in Ukraine, the assessment of the impact of tourism on the socio-economic development of the country as a whole, the prospective directions of the development of military tourism were determined, the algorithm for the integration of the regional tourist space into various forms of national tourism was analyzed, and the geographical prerequisites for the distribution of tourist resources for the effective organization of military tourism were also identified. The author substantiates the necessity of developing and applying the concept of military tourism in Ukraine in the region. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems and prospects for the development of military tourism in Ukraine using the example of monuments of the Second World War. The article uses such general scientific methods of research as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, and the systematic method, which are based on reliable facts, the collection and analysis of which was carried out using methods based on the observation and study of military tourism activities.

An Ethiop's Aethiopica: Heliodorus and Juan Latino's Austriad

This essay addresses the question of how Juan Latino, an Afro-Hispanic author, self-fashioned or depicted himself as a figure worthy of admiration for his Spanish readers; and how he foregrounded his imitation of other Western classical texts so as to further authorize his writings. It proposes that Juan Latino alludes and utilizes Heliodorus's Aethiopica, a recently discovered and popular Greek/Byzantine novel, in order to cast himself as a wise, virtuous and eloquent Ethiop and as someone who is well suited to write an epic of the historic battle of Lepanto. He does so through contrastive oppositions. He also affirms Western values and Western art, evincing its presence in Ethiopia. He rejects the universality of the supremacy of one color of skin by underlining the opposing opinion: In the Aethiopica the people in this African kingdom despise white skin. Thus, Juan Latino's epic affirms the relativity of a scale in color by again pointing to the ways kings of Spain and Ethiopia judge whiteness and blackness.

Imaging indigenous sacred sites: A tale of clay, silt, and sand

When studying indigenous sites, especially sacred sites such as burials, the needs and wishes of the indigenous people are paramount; the site integrity must be respected, and the site must be left intact and undisturbed. Noninvasive, nondestructive geophysical imaging is well suited to such investigations, but suspicion within indigenous communities because of past transgressions is a barrier to widespread use; skepticism is not uncommon, but we have always managed to convince skeptics. We have developed an overview of results from 10 Māori (the indigenous peoples of New Zealand) sites in the South Island of New Zealand: one historic burial site, six modern burial sites that also had historical use, one historic battle site, one prehistoric site that may have been a burial site, and one prehistoric site used for food storage that was tapu (sacred). Our approach was to let them ask us to delineate areas of importance, for example, old burial sites. There are, naturally, processes and protocols, cultural and technical, that we followed. The sites comprised a range of lithologies and soil types: one site where clay soil overlays limestone, five sites where loess (airborne silt) overlays basalt, one set of inland silty soil sites, one site on peat soils overlying sandy gravels, and two sites in coastal sands. The geophysical responses of the sites cluster into three groups: Horizontal loop electromagnetic (HLEM) and magnetic field methods worked well for the clay soil site, and once the effects of the conductive clay response were removed by filtering, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) worked well. HLEM and magnetic results were good to equivocal on the silty and peaty sites, whereas GPR excelled at delineating anomalous features, particularly burials, which yielded clear characteristic diffraction responses. Finally, results for coastal sand sites were disappointing. Such sites appear to be too dynamic to yield useful results.

TALES FROM INDIA: THE GREAT MARCH COMET OF 1843 (C/1843 D1)

This paper discusses the observations of the Great March Comet of 1843 made from India. The observers were at various locations and the newly formed observatories participated in the astronomical observations spread over a long phase of the apparition. Of great interest were the observations by Dr George Buist at the Colaba Observatory made on 5 and 6 March when the tail of the comet seemed to vibrate, with pulses of light appearing to shoot out longitudinally every 15 seconds. He said that this was also noticed by several other observers. Elsewhere, there were not many observations of the comet on 5 March, but there were several on 6 March. The phenomenon was reported from nowhere else and therefore it is difficult to say anything definite about it. Furthermore, around the time the comet was most spectacular, Sind was annexed by the British in the wake of the historic battles of Miani and Dubba in February-March 1843, and many people saw in the rise of the comet great misfortune befalling the country.

THE ECHOES OF GENOCIDAL CONFLICTS IN THE KITE RUNNER BY KHALED HUSSEINI

Purpose of the Study: The discourse aims to diagnose the causes of genocidal conflict between Pashtuns and Hazaras. It also aims to analyze the power exercised by the Pashtuns who have subjugated and marginalized the Hazaras since the 1221 century.
 Methodology: The theoretical framework employed in the study is Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (Fairclough, 2001). Fairclough’s three-dimensional model is implemented to reflect the nature of social practices which comprises an understanding of discourse as a text (micro-level) discourse practice (Meso-level) and socio-cultural practice (macro-level).
 Main Findings: The result of the study shows that Hazaras became the victim of the Genocidal conflict owing to their prior historical battle fought Between Khawarzamis (ancestors of Pashtuns) and Mongols (ancestor of Hazaras) in 1221CE. In the war Mongols loathed Khawazamis as a result it adopted the shape of a genocidal conflict. With passing years, it coloured in many ways such as in the shape of cultural, socioeconomic, and religiopolitical conflicts, which in turn marginalized, subalternate, Othered, and killed thousands of Hazaras, and the conflict is still unstoppable.
 Application of this Study: Since different books, websites, as well as the novel The Kite Runner, have been critically examined for a better understanding of the concept of genocidal conflict which is very helpful to understand the stance of genocidal conflict and the factors that prompt genocidal conflict. It can be helpful in sociology in political studies for power balance in society.

DEVELOPMENT OF BIAK’S WAR TOURISM


 Background and Goals
 
 The Battle of Biak that took place in 1944 between the United States Army and the Japanese Army left the area of Biak in the Province of Papua with abundant remnants of war. Some years after the battle, the area became an international destination for war tourism with visitors especially originated from Japan. Tourists normally visited the battle zone for pilgrimage purposes and commemoration of the loved ones losing their lives in the battle. As time went by, Biak war tourism started to decline as pilgrimage trips to the area became rare. Special measurements should be made to help revitalize this historical zone. 
 
 
 Methods
 
 An exploratory study on Biak’s war tourism has been undertaken using a qualitative method which focused on ethnographic approach. The study adopted a perspective that tried to find out the underlying potentials of Biak’s war tourism which offered the historical battle fields in the war zone. In the study, some observations were made which includes mapping of battle fields, and bulks of war remnants—both secured and taken care of or left in situ. The researcher also made some in-depth interviews with the Japanese pilgrims to identify the motives of their visit, and with some local people which serve as curators, caretakers, or keepers of war remnant and descendants of local people who inherit the historical stories of what happened in the area.
 
 
 Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
 
 The result of the study suggested that the flow of Japanese pilgrim visits to Biak were unable to assure sustainable visit in terms of war tourism. That’s because the pilgrims were people who had close connection and was associated with the soldiers killed in the battle zone. They certainly had a deep intention of visiting the battle zone for sentimental reasons, and coupled with the wish to perform cultural ritual for respecting their beloved ancestor. As time passed, the descendants of the war casualties aged themselves and their younger generation does not have the same sentimental feeling with their elders towards the casualties of Biak War and therefore they had lower interest in making the pilgrimage to the battle zone and this led to a drastic decline of the battle zone visits. Meanwhile, potential tourists not associated with the war or the war zone do not come in a significantly big number. Yet, Biak still has the potentials to develop the tourism with a different approach and more aggressive marketing efforts which can grow potential travellers’ interest in tourism in general and Biak’s war tourism in particular. Both tangible (such as war remnants) and intangible (such as the rituals, festival, history) cultural heritages of the war zone can be smartly developed along with development of thanatourism and dark tourism naturally invented from the said historical war zone. Above all, owing to the special geographical location, Biak can be developed into a Pacific War Trail.

Dynamical Systems Theory Compared to Game Theory: The Case of the Salamis’s Battle

In this paper, we present an innovative non–linear, discrete, dynamical system trying to model the historic battle of Salamis between Greeks and Persians. September 2020 marks the anniversary of the 2500 years that have passed since this famous naval battle which took place in late September 480 B.C. The suggested model describes very well the most effective strategic behavior between two participants during a battle (or in a war). Moreover, we compare the results of the Dynamical Systems analysis to Game Theory, considering this conflict as a “war game”.