Work History Research Articles

The older population is more cognitively able than in the past and age-related deficits in cognition are diminishing over time

Increased lifespan in the population was historically driven by reductions in infant mortality but is now driven by reduced mortality in older adults. Research is beginning to show reduced incidence of many age-related diseases, but there have been some mixed trends observed in assessment of cognitive ability in healthy ageing research. Across three studies, time-based trends in older adults’ cognition were assessed. In a meta-analysis of literature largely studying different waves of longitudinal data, Study 1 showed cognitive improvement in later-recruited waves of older adults compared to earlier-recruited waves. In a second meta-analysis of studies comparing young and older adults’ cognition, Study 2 showed that age-related cognitive deficits were becoming smaller over time. Finally, in an analysis of historic data from a single laboratory, Study 3 confirmed the findings of Study 2 and demonstrated that time-based reductions in age-related cognitive deficits were largely driven by improvement in cognition over time in older groups, whilst young adults’ cognition remained relatively flat across time. It is argued that later tested groups of older adults are benefiting from environmental advantages to cognition (e.g., education, healthcare, nutrition) that might previously have mainly applied to young adult groups in research. These results have implications for cognitive ageing research which will likely yield smaller age differences than historic work. It is also argued that definitions of cognitive impairment related to dementia diagnosis may need to be periodically revised.

Abstract 27: Chronotype, Life’s Essential 8, and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study in UK Biobank

Introduction: Individuals with evening chronotype often experience circadian misalignment, which may disrupt health behaviors and circadian regulation of cardiometabolic functions such as blood pressure and heart rate. However, the association of chronotype with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the interplay with other CVD risk factors are not fully understood. Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that individuals with an evening chronotype, compared to those with a morning chronotype, have a poorer cardiovascular health as measured by the Life’s Essential 8 (LE8), and consequently an increased CVD risk. We further explored if the associations differed by sex. Methods: We conducted a prospective study in the UK Biobank among 477,878 adults aged 39-74 years and free of CVD at baseline in 2006-2010. Chronotype was self-reported using a single representative question from the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire. The LE8 score was calculated based on 8 modifiable CVD risk factors, and ranged from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating better cardiovascular health. Incident CVD was defined as first myocardial infarction (MI) or stroke leading to hospitalization or death, identified via validated algorithms that mapped national medical records and death certificates to ICD-10 codes until May 2022. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the association between chronotype and CVD risk. Models were adjusted for demographics, shift work, and family history of CVD. We applied causal mediation framework to decompose the total chronotype-CVD effect into estimated natural direct effect (i.e., independent of LE8) and natural indirect effect (i.e., mediated by LE8; NIE). Results: Participants with a “definite evening” chronotype were 75% more likely to have a low LE8 score (<50) compared to “intermediate” type (prevalence ratio 95% CI: 1.67, 1.84). This association was notably stronger among women ( P -interaction: 0.0001). Over 12.7 years of follow-up, there were 27,346 documented incident CVD events (17,180 MI; 11,329 stroke). The hazard ratio (HR) for total CVD was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.06) for the “definite morning” and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.10, 1.20) for “definite evening” compared with “intermediate” chronotype ( P -trend: 0.06). This association was stronger in women ( P -interaction: 0.05), and similar for MI and stroke. The NIE of the chronotype-CVD association comparing “definite evening” to “intermediate” was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.13), equivalent to 95% of the association being mediated by LE8. Conclusions: Evening chronotype was associated with a modest increase in CVD risk, compared to intermediate chronotype, which appeared to be mainly explained by overall poor cardiovascular health. Our results suggest potential benefits of targeted interventions in evening chronotype for CVD prevention. Ongoing work is exploring potential effect modification by night shift work.

Prevalence and correlates of workplace violence: descriptive results from the National Transgender Discrimination Survey

ObjectiveTo describe the lifetime prevalence of workplace harassment, physical violence and sexual assault against transgender and non-binary workers targeted due to their gender identity and to identify correlates of this...

ETYMOLOGY OF SOME TURKIC WORDS IN THE WORK SHEZHIRE-I TERAKIME

The study of monuments of historical writing in the linguistic aspect is of great importance for linguistics. The research article analyzes the etymology of the words qaryndas, elshi, eñbek and baila- verb found in the work «Shezhire-i terakime». The use of these words in ancient Turkic written monuments, medieval heritage and modern Turkic languages is described. The main goal of the study was to determine the etymology of Turkish words. Hypothetical opinions of Altaic and Turkic scientists are given during the research. The work of Abulgazy Bahadur Khan “Shezhire-i terakime” is a medieval work written in the Chagatai language. Its lexical layer consists of Turkic, Mongolian, Arabic, and Persian words. Also, the mixed use of Oghuz, Kipchak, Karluk-Uighur elements in the language of the work indicates that the Chagatai language was a common written language for the Turkic peoples. Therefore, the lexical-semantic study of the historical work, which we took as an object, and the determination of the etymology of Turkic words in it speaks of the relevance of the study. To differentiate theoretical conclusions, the article uses the method of analysis, the method of semantic analysis, the descriptive method, and the historical- comparative method.

Description of nomadic turkic tribes of eastern Desht-i Qipcha-q in Muslim Writings of the First Half of the 13th century: on the Problem of Historiographical Continuity

The historical work of the first half of the 13th century “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt wa Lawāmi‘ ul-Riwāyāt” (“A Collection of Anekdotes and Brilliant Stories”), written by Sayyīd al-Dīn Muḥammad ‘Awfī, includes a significant section on the history of the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchāq. Despite the fact that this monument is well known to researchers, this section from “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt...” has never been fully translated into Russian. It was published in the first volume of “Turkestan in the Era of the Mongol invasion” by V.V. Barthold on the basis of several handwritten lists. The purpose of this study is, on the one hand, to acquaint researchers with the content of this section from the work of Muḥammad ‘Awfī, and on the other hand, to highlight its historiographical connection with earlier monuments of Muslim historiography. The conducted research once again demonstrated the fact that the basis for the section “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt...”, dedicated to the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchāq, was the work of the first half of the XII century. “Kitāb Ṭabā’i‘ al-Ḥayawān” (“On the Nature of Animals”) by an outstanding Muslim scientist - Sharaf al-Zamān Ṭāhir al-Marwazī. For his part, Muḥammad ‘Awfī did not fully cite the story of an earlier author: the part of the text “Ṭabā’i‘ al-Ḥayawān”, where it was about the tribal union of the Qïrqïz, attracted his greatest attention. Other nomadic Turkic tribes in “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt...” are described in much less detail, sometimes with obvious mistakes and distortions, which were made either by Muḥammad ‘Awfī himself, or by the copyist of his work, when transmitting toponyms and ethnonyms borrowed from the text of “Ṭabā’i‘ al-Ḥayawān”. Thus, the evolution of the narrative about the nomadic Turkic tribes of Desht-i Qipchāq in Muslim historiography of the 12th - early 13th centuries is quite clearly traced when comparing these two sections from “Ṭabā’i‘ alḤayawān” by al-Marwazī and “Jawāmi‘ ul-Hikāyāt...” by Muḥammad ‘Awfī.

Elongated particulate burden in an individual who died of mesothelioma and had an occupational history as a talc “mucker”

Introduction Tissue from a 77-year-old man diagnosed with mesothelioma was referred with a request for identification of the presence of fibrous structures in tissue samples. The individual’s work history including working as a “mucker” at a specific “industrial” talc mine. Methods Ferruginous bodies in the tissue digests as well as asbestos fibers were found. A bulk sample of a talc containing product from that mine was also analyzed. Discussions/Conclusions The correlation between the unique asbestos mineral/fibrous content of the talc to which he was exposed and findings of the same type of asbestos found in his lung is discussed. The type of asbestos found (tremolite) is a “non-commercial” type of asbestos that has been identified in some talc deposits. Tremolite, like all forms of asbestos is a causative agent for mesothelioma-the disease from which this individual suffered.

Evaluation of the effect of ergonomic educational intervention on working condition correction and reduction of musculoskeletal disorders in office workers

Introduction: The growing trend of office workers and the use of computers in these workstations has caused an increase in the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among them. Most of the studies have emphasized the need for interventions to improve the ergonomics of office workstations. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of ergonomic training intervention on improving working conditions and reducing musculoskeletal disorders in office workers. Materials and Methods: The present research is a descriptive-analytical and correlational study. The statistical population of the study is all the employees of the administrative staff of Shuttle Company, according to the criteria for entering and exiting the study, 130 people participated in this study. After the initial evaluation of the work situation, the ergonomic training intervention program was presented to the employees of the company to reduce the musculoskeletal injury factors for two months. The physical condition was evaluated before and after the training. Data collection tools included the Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders Evaluation Questionnaire (NMQ) and the ROSA posture evaluation method. The data was analyzed by SPSS software; descriptive statistics and Student's t-test were used for statistical analysis. Results: The results of the study showed that the relationship between musculoskeletal disorders in different age groups is not significant in most body organs and only this relationship has been confirmed in the neck and upper back area. However, the relationship between skeletal and muscular disorders and employees' work history is not significant in most body parts, and only this relationship has been confirmed in the neck and upper back area. Finally, the ergonomic training of the studied subjects has had a significant impact on their calculated risk level (using the ROSA method). Conclusion: Although most companies have equipment with the necessary ergonomics, employees do not know how to use them correctly. Due to the lack of knowledge of some managers and employees about the importance of ergonomics, it is better to provide these people with the necessary training in this field in addition to creating a work environment by the principles of ergonomics.

Reduplication in old Armenian and its functional implementations (experience of comparative diachronic analysis)

The reduplication in the Indo-European languages has been studied quite thoroughly both in connection with the issues of the origin and development of the language, and with the issues of assessing their functional content. Regarding the latter, scientists are more inclined to believe that this is due to the reproduction of child’s or imperfect speech. The article examines the reduplicates in the Armenian language, which is central to the territory of settlement of the Indo-Europeans. Using the example of the translation of the Bible, the authors show that only in Armenian the reduplicates had a stylistic significance, fixed a high style. This conclusion is drawn on the basis of the fact that the synonyms of reduplicates in Armenian in the era of the Bible translation (V century AD) were used in folklore and historical works, that is, the translator used the reduplicates consciously, emphasizing the high importance of the Holy Scriptures. This is also indicated by comparisons of Armenian examples with reduplicates with corresponding examples from the original source and translations of the Bible into Latin, English, Old Bulgarian and German. This testifies to the fact that by the V century AD the Armenian language was not only finally formed, but also contained style awareness.

CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF THE JEWS IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHIC PROCESS OF SOUTHERN UKRAINE AT THE END OF THE 19TH - BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY

The purpose of this article is to study the process of conceptualizing the history of Jews in the historiographical process of southern Ukraine at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. The use of these principles is complemented by a number of special historical methods, in particular: search-specific, cognitive, prosopographic, historical-geographical, problem-chronological, historical-statistical, historical-systemic, structural-functional, comparative and descriptive. Within the framework of the basic methodological principles, such scientific principles as analysis, synthesis, analogy, abstraction and others were applied in the work, which made it possible to fully disclose the chosen topic in a consistent, logical and complete form. To establish the peculiarities of historical views, the works of historians are traditionally an irreplaceable source. They have all the characteristics of a historiographical source: subjectivity, specificity of the author’s style, determined by the circumstances of the time and place of writing and publication, etc. Another group of sources are reviews of these works by contemporaries, which allow them to be included in the historiographical context. Memoir sources, and these are primarily the well-known memories of S. M. Dubnov, in which an introspection of his residence in Odessa is separately carried out, allow one to delve deeper into the circumstances that led to the genesis of the conceptual views of Jewish historians on the past of their people. At the end of the 19th – at the beginning of the 20th century, in the territory of southern Ukraine, the works of several Jewish historians were published. The purpose of these works was to outline the main conceptual foundations of Jewish history. Although these works were not perfect from the point of view of modern historiography, they laid the foundation for the formation of Judaism as a scientific discipline in Eastern Europe, and, in particular, in Ukraine. The appearance of these works was determined by the general development of national movements in the world at that time, in particular, the movement of the Jewish people for self-assertion in the unfavorable conditions of the Russian-imperial policy. The main merit of the authors was that they gave Jewish history and historiography a secular, analytical, and scientific context. The process of conceptualization led to a clearer formulation of the conceptual apparatus, goal and tasks of Jewish historiography and brought it to the level of Judaica as a scientific discipline.

Effectiveness of Pharmacist-Led Nurse Education on Enoxaparin Injection Technique in Baghdad Teaching Hospital, Iraq

Background: Proper injecting technique ensures maximum effectiveness and minimizes the incidence of enoxaparin-related local side effects. Objective: To develop a pharmacist-led educational program and evaluate its benefit in improving the nurses' enoxaparin injecting technique for hospitalized patients. Methods: A pre-post study design was conducted from March to July 2023, involving nurses working the day shift at Baghdad Teaching Hospital. Nurses were given an interactive education through a brief lecture with open discussion and training on the correct enoxaparin injecting technique. A clinical pharmacist observed and recorded the enoxaparin injecting technique for each nurse twice: once at the start of the study and again after the nurse's enrollment in the educational program. Results: At the baseline level, only 12.5% of the participating nurses had a good technique for injecting enoxaparin. The nurse's gender, level of education, work history, or workplace did not significantly affect her poor enoxaparin injection technique. After enrolling nurses in the pharmacist-led educational program, the number of nurses with a good enoxaparin injection technique significantly increased from 12.5% to 59%. Conclusions: Effectiveness was improved considerably by the currently developed interactive pharmacist-led nurse education.

Karta z dziejów dziewiętnastowiecznych stosunków polsko-ukraińskich: Włodzimierz Wysocki dla Wołodymyra Antonowycza – słowa uznania Polaka dla Ukraińca

This publication presents for the first time Włodzimierz Wysocki’s poetry dedicated to Volodymyr Antonovych, along with a discussion of the poem’s creation and content. A toast by Włodzimierz Wysocki, a Polish poet-positivist and a proponent of the “Ukrainian school” of Polish Romanticism, living in Kyiv, celebrates the 25th anniversary of the scientific work of the prominent Ukrainian historian and University of Kyiv professor, Volodymyr Antonovych, and presents the author’s concerns. It attempts to uncover the roots of these suspicious relations, establish mutual understanding, and eliminate hatred. Thus, Wysocki’s work forms a significant chapter in the history of Polish-Ukrainian relations.

A catalogue of Indian Gelechiidae Stainton, 1854 (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea).

We present an annotated catalogue of the Lepidoptera family Gelechiidae of India, comprising 351 species in 80 genera, encompassing seven subfamilies. The Indian fauna represents 7.47% of global gelechiid species diversity (i.e., 4,700 species in 500 genera). Among the seven subfamilies, Dichomeridinae is the best represented (122 species in four genera), followed by Gelechiinae (76 species in 38 genera), Anacampsinae (70 species in 16 genera), Thiotrichinae (49 species in five genera), Anomologinae (26 species in nine genera), Apatetrinae (seven species in seven genera), and Physoptilinae(single species). Information on type locality, type repository, synonyms, geographical distribution, hosts, natural enemies, and references to illustrations are provided. We also reviewed the history of descriptive work on the Gelechiidae of India, and resolved ambiguities regarding the current status of some species.

Relationship between thyroid function changes with work-/night-shifts and history of thyroid pathology among health personnel

The study aim was to analyze the relationship between functional thyroid pathology and the exposure to work shifts / night shifts, and describe the most prevalent thyroid disorders based on the type of shift. Cross-sectional study performed in the emergency department of a hospital in Almeria (Spain). Relationships between thyroxine and thyrotropin levels (TSH) and work shifts, professional category and history of thyroid pathology were analyzed. The study included 133 workers; 80.5% female, average age was 46.11 years (38 - 65), and 52% were part of the nursing staff; thyroid disorders were more frequent in female participants. Most participants (81.2%) had rotating shifts schedules and 11.3% night shifts (12.1% female and 7.7% male). Thyroid alterations were found in 27% of the participants (usually elevated TSH levels and normal thyroxine levels), particularly in those doing night shifts (61.1%). TSH alterations were more frequent in individuals doing night shifts than in rotating shifts (53.3 vs 13.0%; p<0.001). Individuals working night shifts had mean TSH values in the normal range, although significantly higher than the individuals in the rest of the shifts; thyroxine levels were found to be similar. No thyroid disorders were found in day shift participants. Night shift and a history of thyroid pathology were independent predictors of thyroid disorders. Night shift schedules and history of thyroid disorders are more frequent in female, both related to the presence of thyroid disorders, indicating the need to include the evaluation of these disorders in health surveillance programs and analyze gender differences.

CLASS AND CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS ACCORDING TO E. P. THOMPSON

ABSTRACTIn this article, I extract a theory of class from E. P. Thompson's historical works of the 1960s and 1970s, focusing especially on his 1963 magnum opus The Making of the English Working Class, the articles later collected in the 1991 volume Customs in Common: Studies in Traditional Popular Culture, and the essays “The Peculiarities of the English” and “Eighteenth‐Century English Society: Class Struggle without Class?” In the first section, I argue, following Ellen Meiksins Wood, that Thompson developed a genuinely historical materialist theory of class formation as a “structured process” that moves from class struggle to class consciousness, a theory that complicates the frequent description of Thompson as a “voluntarist.” In the second section, I take a more critical position toward Thompson's understanding of class, discussing a tension between this notion of class as structured process and his numerous invocations of class as a form of “lived experience” whose diversity and unpredictability exceed theorization. This tension aside, Thompson claims that, in the case of the nineteenth‐century English working class, to which he dedicated so much research, lived experience coincided with the more general structured process he posits. In the third section, therefore, I more fully elaborate on this specific process of class formation as Thompson portrays it, identifying and discussing three intertwined threads: (1) a movement from a past‐oriented defense of traditional institutions to a future‐oriented demand for reforms, (2) the development of oppositional, class‐specific pedagogical institutions and practices, and (3) the creation of a distinct class culture (which Thompson closely aligns with the achievement of class consciousness) that is aware both of itself and of its antagonism with other classes.

Comparison of the Effect of Yoga and Aerobic Exercise on Nurses' Burnout: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: There is evidence of yoga and aerobic exercises as an effective therapy for nurse burnout; however, these methods have yet to be compared. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of yoga and aerobic exercises on burnout among nurses. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial with a pre-test and post-test design. The study was conducted in two medical and educational hospitals in the south of Iran (February 2019 to April 2019). A total of 81 female nurses were randomized to yoga (n = 27), aerobics (n = 27), and control (n = 27) groups. In this study, 24 sessions of yoga and aerobic practices were run. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was filled out before the intervention, immediately after, and one month later. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software 16.0. Shapiro test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test, chi-square test, Friedman test, and Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis test were used to analyze the data. Results: A total of 71 participants remained and continued the study, and 56% were married. The participants’ mean age and mean work history were 35.78 ± 3.94 and 11.65 ± 5.10 years, respectively. The mean of overtime work in the month was 35.67 ± 23.85 hours. There were no significant differences between the three groups before intervention (T0) and one month after intervention (T2), although the mean scores of the aerobic and yoga groups were reduced, compared to the control group. Immediately after intervention (T1), a significant difference was observed in emotional exhaustion (P = 0.007, Df = 2, Kruskal-Wallis x2 = 10.016, size effect = 0.95 - 2.26). The mean score of emotional exhaustion in the yoga group (23.13 ± 4.13) was reduced compared to the aerobic (36.00 ± 5.65) and control (38.44 ± 10.96) groups. Conclusions: Both yoga and aerobics reduced burnout, compared to the control group. Yoga was better than aerobics in the emotional exhaustion dimension. Although further research is needed to compare these two interventions, using each of them can reduce the burnout of nurses. Nursing managers can use yoga as an effective method to reduce job burnout. For future research, it is suggested to use other yoga techniques with longer intervention time and long-term follow-up.

Research on energy-saving control of agricultural hybrid tractors integrating working condition prediction.

To address the issues of tractors using too much fuel and not being energy efficient, a predictive control strategy based on Pontryagin's minimum principle integrating working condition prediction is proposed for agricultural hybrid tractors. The Dongfanghong 1804 tractor is being used for research. Firstly, the main parameters of the hybrid drive system are determined and modeled. Secondly, based on the adaptive cubic exponential forecasting method, the working condition information for a period of time in the future is predicted through historical working condition information. Furthermore, combining the predicted working conditions information, the goal is to minimize the total energy consumption cost of the entire machine. Motor power and diesel engine power are control variables. The battery state of charge is a state variable. Subsequently, a predictive control strategy based on Pontryagin's minimum principle integrating working condition prediction is proposed. Finally, the simulation test is carried out based on the MATLAB simulation platform. Research indicates: under plowing conditions, compared with the power following control strategy, the proposed predictive control strategy can effectively manage the performance of the diesel engine and motor, ensuring they operate at their most efficient level. The total energy consumption costs of the power following control and predictive control strategies are 37.17 China Yuan (CNY) and 33.67 CNY, respectively. The cost of energy used is decreased by 9. 42%, which helps make tractor field plowing more efficient and economical.

Relationship Between Mental Workload and Cognitive Function in the Academic Staff of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran, 2022

Background: Academic staff have different roles which may impose a high mental workolad on them and affect their cognitive function. This study was designed to assess different subscales of mental worklaod and cognitive function in university academic staff. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on 86 faculty members of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences. Stratified sampling was used to select participants from different schools. The participants were divided into basic sciences and clinical faculty members. Mental workload was assessed by National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). Cognitive function was assessed by Stroop test. Data were analyzed by SPSS 26 using Shapiro-Wilks test, Student’s T-test, Mann Whitney U test, univariate ANOVA, and Kruskal-Wallis test. The level of significance was 0.05. Results: Mean age and work history of the participants was 43.6±8.6 yr. and 11.7±9.1 yr., respectively. Mental workload, especially two aspects of mental demand and performance, was high and it was significantly higher in the participants from school of medicine and among those with executive/administrative responsibilities. From subscales of mental workload, physical demand was significantly higher among clinical than basic sciences faculty members (p&lt;0.05). Among different aspects of cognitive function, only numbers of congruent errors were significantly higher among clinical faculties. Mental workload and cognitive function were not significantly correlated. Conclusion: This study showed a high level of mental workload in university academic staff, especially in clinical faculty members, but this high mental workload did not affect their cognitive function.

Apollon Maikov and Fyodor Dostoevsky: the Unfulfilled Idea of Short Stories from Russian History

The article examines the creative history of short stories from the Russian history of Apollon Maikov on the basis of epistolary sources and archival materials. The idea of the work emerged in the author’s mind in a discussion with Fyodor Dostoevsky: in letters of 1867–1869 they reflected on Russia’s past and future, the work on the translation of the “Tale about Igor’s Campaign,” the need to create a textbook living history, the central event of which would be the spread of Christianity in Russia. In correspondence with Maikov, Dostoevsky outlined the concept of epics as a literary genre capable of expressing the essence of Russian history and “serving to revive the self-consciousness of the Russian people” and delineated the turning points of history that determined the future of the country. Maikov conceived another version of the description of Russia’s past — a cycle of ten to twelve historical short stories “for children and the people.” He recorded the plan of the work point by point in papers dating from 1868, and outlined it to Dostoevsky in an April letter for 1869. In separate short stories, he intended to reveal the deeds of Alexander Nevsky, Metropolitans Peter and Alexy, Dmitry Donskoy, Ioann III, Ivan the Terrible, Ermak, St. Sergius of Radonezh, Peter I, Catherine II, Suvorov, the events of 1812, the Crimean War and the liberation of the peasants. The author planned to tell the reader about the main events of Russian history and the patriots of Russia, to reveal the supreme destiny of its historical path, the prerequisites for the formation of the Russian national character, to highlight the idea of unity and integrity of all Russian territories. To realize the idea, Maikov processed chronicle legends, epics, folklore sources (for example, anecdotes about Peter I), the works of historians (I. D. Belyaev, K. P. Pobedonostsev, etc.). He thought out the plots in detail, worked through them repeatedly (which is confirmed by the preserved cycle plans for 1868 and 1881), but released from print only two short stories in 1869 (the second story includes four separate plots). Neither Dostoevsky nor Maikov succeeded in carrying out their plans for historical works. But their plans testify to a common understanding of the historical path of Russia — the path of preserving the Orthodox Christian truth in the struggle for identity and independence. Conscious of their moral duty to the fatherland, they considered it their duty to convey to readers the need to feel Russian and the right to be proud of the history of this great country.

The date of the foundation of the first permanent Ingush settlement in the area of modern Nazran

This work is devoted to the migration processes that took place in the XVII-XVIII centuries among the Ingush tribes, which eventually led to the foundation of the first permanent Ingush settlement in the area of the modern city of Nazran. The analysis of information from historical sources on this issue, as well as the main versions that exist today, is carried out. At the republican scientific and practical conference "historical determination of the date of formation of Nazran", held on July 15, 2000, it was decided to consider the date of foundation of Nazran as 1781. However, some researchers still express the opinion that Ingush settlements in the Nazran valley began to arise only at the beginning of the XIX century. The purpose of the article is to confirm the validity of the officially established date of the founding of Nazran on the basis of data from historical sources. And also to show that the development of the territory of the Nazran valley by Ingush tribes began in the XVII century. To achieve the purpose of the article, the author drew on a significant amount of scientific literature and archival data, comparing them with information from Ingush folklore. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that the issue of the foundation of Nazran is considered in the context of migration processes that took place among the Ingush tribes in the XVII-XIX centuries. Historical works on the history of the development of the territory of the Nazran Valley are summarized, comparing them with information from Ingush folklore. In the course of the research, the author comes to the following key conclusions: information from various sources related to this issue are consistent and complement each other; Ingush tribes began to develop the territory of the Nazran Valley in the XVII century, and the first permanent settlement in this territory appeared in 1780-1781. This happened after they concluded an agreement with the Kabardian and Kumyk princes.

Istoricheskij fakt kak iskusstvennyj konstrukt

The author of the article considers the problems of forming a historical fact in science as a gradually developing concept. Particular attention in this research is paid to the personality of a historian as a creator of his historical works. At the same time, the evolution and formation of this concept are considered on specific examples of the activity of a historian.