Histopathological Comparison Research Articles

Construction and drug screening of Co-culture system using extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma organoids and tumor-associated macrophages

Patient-derived organoids (PDOs) have been proposed as a novel in vitro tumor model that can be applied to tumor research and drug screening. However, current tumor organoid models lack components of the tumor microenvironment, particularly tumor-associated macrophages(TAMs).We collected peripheral blood and tumor samples from 6 patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(eCCA). Monocytes were induced into TAMs by cytokine and conditioned medium, and then co-cultured with tumor organoids. Our comprehensive analysis and comparison of histopathology and genomics results confirmed that this co-culture model can better capture intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity retain the specific mutations of the original tumor. Drug sensitivity data in vitro revealed that gemcitabine and cisplatin are effective drugs for cholangiocarcinoma, but TAMs in the tumor microenvironment promote organoids growth and chemotherapy resistance. In conclusion, our organoid model of cholangiocarcinoma co-cultured with TAMs can not only shorten the model construction cycle, but also preserve the heterogeneity of original tumors to improve the accuracy of drug screening, and can also be applied to the researches of TAMs and tumors.

Assessing IgG4-related ophthalmic disease and its mimics: a comparison of ACR/EULAR, organ-specific and revised comprehensive diagnostic criteria

AimsDiagnosis of IgG4-related ophthalmic disease (IgG4-ROD) rests on the correlation of clinical features, serological testing and histopathology, using internationally accepted diagnostic criteria for objective interpretation; however, several mimickers of IgG4-RD...

Discovery of a new long COVID mouse model via systemic histopathological comparison of SARS-CoV-2 intranasal and inhalation infection

Intranasal infection is commonly used to establish a SARS-CoV-2 mouse model due to its non-invasive procedures and a minimal effect from the operation itself. However, mice intranasally infected with SARS-CoV-2 have a high mortality rate, which limits the utility of this model for exploring therapeutic strategies and the sequelae of non-fatal COVID-19 cases. To resolve these limitations, an aerosolised viral administration method has been suggested. However, an in-depth pathological analysis comparing the two models is lacking. Here, we show that inhalation and intranasal SARS-CoV-2 (106 PFU) infection models established in K18-hACE2 mice develop unique pathological features in both the respiratory and central nervous systems, which could be directly attributed to the infection method. While the inhalation-infection model exhibited relatively milder pathological parameters, it closely mimicked the prevalent chest CT pattern observed in COVID-19 patients with focal, peripheral lesions and fibrotic scarring in the recuperating lung. We also found the evidence of direct neuron-invasion from the olfactory receptor neurons to the olfactory bulb in the intranasal model and showed the trigeminal nerve as an alternative route of transmission to the brain in inhalation infected mice. Even after viral clearance confirmed at 14 days post-infection, mild lesions were still found in the brain of inhalation-infected mice. These findings suggest that the inhalation-infection model has advantages over the intranasal-infection model in closely mimicking the pathological features of non-fatal symptoms of COVID-19, demonstrating its potential to study the sequelae and possible interventions for long COVID.

Utilizing Feline Lentiviral Infection to Establish a Translational Model for COVID-19 in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are a significant population globally. Research delineating our understanding of coinfections in PLWH is critical to care for those navigating infection with other pathogens. The recent COVID-19 pandemic underscored the urgent need for studying the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections in therapy-controlled and uncontrolled immunodeficiency viral infections. This study established the utility of a feline model for the in vivo study of coinfections. Domestic cats are naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 and Feline Immunodeficiency Virus, a lentivirus molecularly and pathogenically similar to HIV. In this study, comparisons are made between FIV-positive and FIV-negative cats inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 (B.1.617.2.) in an experimental setting. Of the FIV+ cats, three received Zidovudine (AZT) therapy in the weeks leading up to SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, and two did not. SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was quantified, histopathologic comparisons of respiratory tissues were made, and T-cell populations were analyzed for immune phenotype shifts between groups. CD4+ T lymphocyte responses varied, with FIV+-untreated cats having the poorest CD4+ response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. While all cats had significant pulmonary inflammation, key histopathologic features of the disease differed between groups. Additionally, viral genomic analysis was performed, and results were analyzed for the presence of emerging, absent, amplified, or reduced mutations in SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA after passage through the feline model. Positive selection is noted, especially in FIV+ cats untreated with AZT, and mutations with potential relevance were identified; one FIV+-untreated cat had persistent, increasing SARS-CoV-2 RNA in plasma five days post-infection. These findings and others support the utility of the feline model for studying coinfection in people with HIV and highlight the importance of antiretroviral therapy in clearing SARS-CoV-2 coinfections to minimize transmission and emergence of mutations that may have deleterious effects.

Insights into the combined toxicity and mechanisms of BDE-47 and PFOA in marine blue mussel: An integrated study at the physiochemical and molecular levels

The coexistence of multiple emerging contaminants imposes a substantial burden on the ecophysiological functions in organisms. The combined toxicity and underlying mechanism requires in-depth understanding. Here, marine blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis L.) was selected and exposed to 2,2′,4,4′-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) individually and in combination at environmental related concentrations to elucidate differences in stress responses and potential toxicological mechanisms. Characterization and comparison of accumulation, biomarkers, histopathology, transcriptomics and metabolomics were performed. Co-exposure resulted in differential accumulation patterns, exacerbated histopathological alterations, and different responses in oxidative stress and biomarkers for xenobiotic transportation. Moreover, the identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differential metabolites (DEMs) in mussels were found to be annotated to different metabolic pathways. Correlation analyses further indicated that DEGs and DEMs were significantly correlated with the above biomarkers. BDE-47 and PFOA altered the genes and metabolites related to amino acid metabolism, energy and purine metabolism, ABC transporters, and glutathione metabolism to varying degrees, subsequently inducing accumulation differences and combined toxicity. Furthermore, the present work highlighted the pivotal role of Nrf2-keap1 detoxification pathway in the acclimation of M. galloprovincialis to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress induced by BDE-47 and PFOA. This study enabled more comprehensive understanding of combined toxic mechanism of multi emerging contaminants pollution.

Histopathological comparison of colorectal neoplasia or polyps development between young adults and older adults: Our experience of 735 consecutive cases and 1269 polyps.

In recent decades, there has been an increase in early-onset colorectal cancer, the need to screen individuals younger than 50 years of age, and the presence of histopathological differences remains unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the occurrence of polyps in both young adults and older individuals and to examine their potential correlation with colorectal cancer. In this retrospective study conducted between July 1, 2018, and October 5, 2022, in the Pathology Laboratory, we designed a study based on the histopathological features of colorectal polyps evaluated by an experienced gastrointestinal pathologist based on the WHO 2019 classification. We evaluated 735 consecutive patients who underwent colonoscopic polypectomy between July 2018 and October 2022. The prevalence of cases under the age of 50 was 13.9%, and adults over the age of 50 was 86.1%. A total of 1269 polyps were detected, 1215 (95.7%) were epithelial polyps and 145 (11.9%) were epithelial polyps under the age of 50. One hundred four conventional adenomas and four intramucosal carcinomas were detected in cases younger than 50 years. The patients in the low-risk adenoma group was 57%, and the rate of patients in the high-risk adenoma group was 14.9%. Overall, polyps were most common in the sigmoid colon and there was a statistically significant difference between detecting tubular adenomas in the sigmoid colon (P=0.04). Our current results confirm the detection of sporadic colorectal adenomas and advanced neoplasia in young adults.It is important to establish professional community guidelines for surveillance colonoscopy in these age groups.

Validation of large animal models in mechanical valve research: a histologic comparison.

Mechanical valves still require life-long anticoagulation. Preclinical animal testing is a crucial step in the assessment of valves; however, the chosen animal model should be carefully considered, and a well-controlled animal model of mechanical valve thrombosis has not been established yet. In this study, a histopathologic comparison was performed to evaluate the representativity of pigs and sheep as large animal models in bileaflet mechanical valve thrombosis research. 10 pigs and 8 sheep were implanted with a bileaflet mechanical valve in pulmonary position. During follow-up, no anticoagulative therapy was administered. Pigs were sacrificed between 14 and 38 days for explantation and assessment of the valve. Sheep were sacrificed between 71 and 155 days. Thrombus samples were processed and (immuno)histochemical stainings were applied. A pathologist evaluated the samples morphologically and semiquantitatively and compared these samples to available slides from 3 human patients who underwent redo surgery for acute bileaflet mechanical valve thrombosis, caused by insufficient anticoagulation. All pigs showed macroscopically evident thrombi on the mechanical valve surface at sacrifice. In contrast, none of the sheep showed any sign of thrombus formation. Histology showed a high fibrin content in thrombi of both human and porcine cases (3/3 vs 8/10). Porcine thrombi showed more cellular organization (0/3 vs 6/10), more calcification (0/3 vs 9/10) and more endothelialization (0/3 vs 6/10). Inflammatory cells were present in all samples and were considered physiological. Contrary to sheep, pigs develop thrombi on their mechanical valves in the short-term if no anticoagulation is administered. Histologic comparison of human and porcine thrombi shows comparable findings. The pig model might serve interestingly for further research on valve thrombosis, if it shows not to be an overly aggressive model.

Histopathological comparison of Sjögren-related features between paired labial and parotid salivary gland biopsies of sicca patients.

To compare focus score and other histopathological features between paired labial and parotid salivary gland biopsies in a diagnostic cohort of suspected Sjögren's disease (SjD) patients. Labial and parotid salivary gland biopsies were simultaneously obtained from patients with sicca complaints, suspected of having SjD. Biopsies were formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Sections were stained with haematoxylin & eosin, and for CD3, CD20, CD45, cytokeratin, CD21, Bcl6, activation-induced deaminase (AID) and IgA/IgG. Focus score and other histopathological features characteristic for SjD were analysed. Based on the expert opinion of three experienced rheumatologists, 36 patients were diagnosed as SjD and 63 as non-SjD sicca patients. When taking all patients together, absolute agreement of various histopathological features between labial and parotid biopsies was high and varied between 80% (focus score) and 93% [(pre-)lymphoepithelial lesions (LELs)]. More labial gland biopsies had a focus score ≥1 compared with their parotid counterpart. Accordingly, the area of infiltrate was larger in labial gland biopsies. When considering only SjD patients, labial glands contained significantly fewer B-lymphocytes and germinal centres/mm2, and less severe LELs compared with parotid glands. Labial and parotid glands from SjD patients contain similar histopathological key features, and thus both glands can be used for diagnosis and classification of SjD. However, parotid salivary glands reveal more evident B-lymphocyte-related features, while labial glands exhibit more inflammation, which may be partially unrelated to SjD.

Comparison of Colposcopy and Histopathology in Abnormal Cervix.

Cervicovaginal cancer (CVC) is the most common malignancy of the genital tract. Colposcopy is a diagnostic procedure that is used to examine the cervix and tissue samples of the urethra and vulva in a magnified view. The colposcopy and histological findings of unhealthy cervixes in a tertiary care hospital were compared. This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023 among women with a variety of gynecological complaints who visited the Department of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in a tertiary care facility. One hundred participants were included in this study. The data collected were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, Washington, United States). Participants had an average age of 35.22 ± 7.18 years, and white discharge was the most reported ailment (73%). Comparing the results of the colposcopy with the histological findings revealed a sensitivity of 91.5% and a specificity of 72.2%. The high sensitivity of colposcopy highlights the need to combine it with histological techniques to obtain better results.

Strain elastography is a useful tool in the evaluation of canine mammary neoplasms

The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of strain elastography in the assessment of mammary neoplasms. Twenty-three dogs and a total number of 57 mammary neoplasms were included in this study. The elasticity score and strain ratio were measured using elastography recordings for comparison of histopathology results in mammary neoplasms. The mean elasticity scores were 1.66±0.15 for the benign neoplasms and 3.33±0.16 for the malignant tumors (P0.05). There was no significant difference found in distinguishing malignant mixed tumors and malignant epithelial tumors (P>0.05). The results of this study showed that, strain elastography is a highly valuable tool in differential diagnosis of mammary neoplasms in bitches.

The effect of MSM in the treatment of ankle arthrosis: Is MSM as effective as methylprednisolone or hyaluronic acid?

Posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis (PTAO) causes severe ankle and adjacent joint morbidity. We aimed to compare the treatment efficacy of previously tried and still applied intra-articular injections and oral methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) at functional and histopathological level in PTAO animal model. Thirty-two adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (Group 1: Control, Group 2: 0.06 g/kg/day MSM, Group 3: 0.04 mg/µL methylprednisolone [MP], Group 4: 0.04 mg/µL hyaluronic acid [HA]). MSM was started orally between Day 0 to the end of 8 weeks. Intra-articular injections were applied to the right ankles of the subjects after surgery. All subjects were killed after radiological evaluation at the 8th week. Subsequently, functional (range of motion) and histopathological evaluation was performed. Radiological evaluation showed better results of the MP (p < 0.001) and MSM (p < 0.001) groups than the control group. Severity of osteoarthritis (OA) in the MP group was significantly less than in the HA group (p = 0.032). When the total Osteoarthritis Research Society International score was compared, the severity of OA was higher in the KS and HA groups than in the control group (p < 0.001). No significant statistical difference was found in the histopathological comparison of MSM and control group (p = 0.466). There was no difference between the groups in range of motion measurement according to the contralateral ankle joint. The radiological progression of OA was slowed in the MSM and MP groups, but significant histopathological worsening was found in the MP and HA applied groups. We suggest that the treatment methods used in daily practice need to be reviewed.

STAT expression and TFH1 cells in CVID granulomatosis and sarcoidosis: immunological and histopathological comparisons.

Granulomatous disease is a serious complication of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID-GD) that occurs in 8-22% of these patients and can mimic sarcoidosis, with which it shares certain clinical, biological, and radiological features. However, few studies to date have compared the two pathologies immunologically and histologically. Therefore, we analyzed the immunological-histological findings for different tissue samples from ten patients with CVID-GD and compared them to those of biopsy-proven sarcoidosis. Specifically, we wanted to know whether or not the signaling abnormalities observed in sarcoidosis granulomas are also present in CVID-GD. Morphological differences were found between CVID-GD histology and classical sarcoidosis: mainly, the former's notable lymphoid hyperplasia associated with granulomas not observed in the latter. All CVID-GD involved organs contained several follicular helper-T (TFH) cells within the granulomatosis, while those cells were inconstantly and more weakly expressed in sarcoidosis. Moreover, CVID and sarcoidosis granulomas expressed the phosphorylated-signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT)1 and pSTAT3 factors, regardless of the organ studied and without any significant difference between entities. Our results suggest that the macrophage-activation mechanism in CVID resembles that of sarcoidosis, thereby suggesting that Janus kinase (JAK)-STAT-pathway blockade might be useful in currently difficult-to-treat CVID-GD.

A comparative study on histopathological features of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum from broiler chicken with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection

Avian colibacillosis is a high-prevalence chicken farm disease caused by avian pathogen-ic Escherichia coli (APEC). It is necessary to identify and look up to the bacterial activity to stave off a decline in chicken performance. This study aimed to identify and determine the pathogenetic activity of APEC within broiler chickens on the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum histopathology comparison. The samples were collected from a total of 40 broilers, obtained from a highest-colibacillosis historical chicken house, identified with bacterial isolation swab-technique, and analyzed with nonparametric statistical lesions scoring. The identification result showed 82.5% E. coli with a 62.5% APEC con-firmed. The histopathological feature showed a significant difference (p&lt;0.05), where the jejunum ap-peared to encounter the most significant damage compared to the duodenum and ileum. Thus, it is con-cluded that APEC field infection varies in characteristics and pathogenicity, which affects intestinal organs based on the histology changes, mainly in the jejunum part of the intestine.

MRI for nodal restaging after neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer with histopathologic comparison

BackgroundAfter neoadjuvant therapy, most of the lymph nodes (LNs) will shrink and disappear in patients with rectal cancer. However, LNs that are still detectable on MRI carry a risk of metastasis. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the European Society of Gastrointestinal and Abdominal Radiology (ESGAR) criterion (short-axis diameter ≥ 5 mm) in diagnosing malignant LNs in patients with rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy, and whether nodal morphological characteristics (including shape, border, signal homogeneity, and enhancement homogeneity) could improve the diagnostic efficiency for LNs ≥ 5 mm.MethodsThis retrospective study included 90 patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who underwent surgery after neoadjuvant therapy and performed preoperative MRI. Two radiologists independently measured the short-axis diameter of LNs and evaluated the morphological characteristics of LNs ≥ 5 mm in consensus. With a per node comparison with histopathology as the reference standard, a ROC curve was performed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the size criterion. For categorical variables, either a χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test was used.ResultsA total of 298 LNs were evaluated. The AUC for nodal size in determining nodal status was 0.81. With a size cutoff value of 5 mm, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy were 65.9%, 87.0%, 46.8%, 93.6% and 83.9%, respectively. No significant differences were observed in any of the morphological characteristics between benign and malignant LNs ≥ 5 mm (all P > 0.05).ConclusionsThe ESGAR criterion demonstrated moderate diagnostic performance in identifying malignant LNs in patients with rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy. It was effective in determining the status of LNs < 5 mm but not for LNs ≥ 5 mm, and the diagnostic efficiency could not be improved by considering nodal morphological characteristics.

A Cross-Sectional Study Examined the use of Transvaginal Ultrasound in Assessing Endometrial Cancer in Postmenopausal Women

Aim: to determine how successfully transvaginal ultrasonography can be used to identify endometrial cancer in postmenopausal bleeding patients.. Methods: The Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar Radiology department performed this cross-sectional study from January 2015 to January 2016. TV-tested endometrial-thickness women were included. The endometrial cavity was examined colonially and sagittal from the internal Os to the fundus. D&amp;C transmitted biopsy samples to the hospital pathology lab for histopathology and TVS comparison. A preform had all this info. Spss 26 analyzed data. Results: The patients' average age was 64.82 + 07.84 years. On average, menopause lasted 10.45 07.73 years. When endometrial thickness was assessed with tvs, the average thickness was 05.564.26 mm; 45 (32.8%) of the ladies did not have an endometrial thickness of 04 mm. Histopathological examination of endometrial cancer revealed ninety four (66.5%) females with the disease and forty six (32.8%) without. The sensitivity, specificity, npv, ppv, and diagnostic accuracy of tvs were determined to be [93.1%], [86.5%], [91.4%], [94.6%], and [93.6%], respectively. Conclusion: According to the study's results, tvs is an effective diagnostic tool for ruling out postmenopausal hemorrhage and sparing patients from intrusive treatments. Keywords: Transvaginal ultrasonography, endometrial carcinoma, diagnosis, accuracy, positive-predictive-value, negative predictive value

Histopathological and Biomechanical Comparison of Patellar Tendon and Tensor Fascia Lata Autografts in Superior Capsular Reconstruction Surgery

Histopathological and Biomechanical Comparison of Patellar Tendon and Tensor Fascia Lata Autografts in Superior Capsular Reconstruction Surgery

Polymerization Properties of n-Butyl Cyanoacrylate Mixed with Ethiodized Oil in the Lymphatic System: In Vivo Investigation in a Rabbit Model

PurposeTo evaluate the polymerization properties of a mixture of n-butyl cyanoacrylate (nBCA) and ethiodized oil in the lymphatic system using an animal model. Materials and MethodsNineteen male Japanese White rabbits underwent 28 lymphatic embolization procedures under fluoroscopic guidance using manually injected mixtures of nBCA and ethiodized oil at ratios of 1:2 (nBCA density of 33%), 1:4 (20%), 1:6 (14%), and 1:8 (11%) via the popliteal lymph node. The time required for polymerization and the distance traveled by the mixture were evaluated and compared among the groups using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Histopathologic intergroup comparisons and time-course changes were also evaluated using embolized lymph nodes. ResultsAmong 23 successful procedures, the mean polymerization times were 14 ± 3, 88 ± 93, 331 ± 292, and 932 seconds ± 540 and the mean distances traveled were 13 ± 10, 31 ± 44, 85 ± 89, and 108 mm ± 35 in the 33% (n = 5), 20% (n = 6), 14% (n = 6), and 11% (n = 6) groups, respectively. The 11% group demonstrated a significantly longer polymerization time than the 33%, 20%, and 14% groups and distance traveled than the 33% group. Pathologically, the embolized lymph nodes showed inflammatory changes and massive necrosis regardless of the nBCA density. ConclusionsPolymerization times and distances traveled were increased when nBCA was diluted with increasing quantitites of ethiodized oil in this rabbit model of lymphatic embolization. These relationships should be considered when dilution is prescribed for clinical use.

Direct co-registration of [18F]FDG uptake and histopathology in surgically excised malignancies of the head and neck: a feasibility study.

Recent technical advancements in PET imaging have improved sensitivity and spatial resolution. Consequently, clinical nuclear medicine will be confronted with PET images on a previously unfamiliar resolution. To better understand [18F]FDG distribution at submillimetric scale, a direct correlation of radionuclide-imaging and histopathology is required. A total of five patients diagnosed with a malignancy of the head and neck were injected with a clinical activity of [18F]FDG before undergoing surgical resection. The resected specimen was imaged using a preclinical high-resolution PET/CT, followed by slicing of the specimen. Multiple slices were rescanned using a micro-PET/CT device, and one of the slices was snap-frozen for frozen sections. Frozen sections were placed on an autoradiographic film, followed by haematoxylin and eosin staining to prepare them for histopathological assessment. The results from both autoradiography and histopathology were co-registered using an iterative co-registration algorithm, and regions of interest were identified to study radiotracer uptake. The co-registration between the autoradiographs and their corresponding histopathology was successful in all specimens. The use of this novel methodology allowed direct comparison of autoradiography and histopathology and enabled the visualisation of uncharted heterogeneity in [18F]FDG uptake in both benign and malignant tissue. We here describe a novel methodology enabling the direct co-registration of [18F]FDG autoradiography with the gold standard of histopathology in human malignant tissue. The future use of the current methodology could further increase our understanding of the distribution of radionuclides in surgically excised malignancies and hence, improve the integration of pathology and molecular imaging in a multiscale perspective. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05068687.

A histopathological comparison of formocresol, propolis, and growth factor as pulpotomy medicaments in primary teeth: An in vivo study

Pulpotomy is the most common pulp treatment of primary molars, where surgical amputation of infected coronal pulp results in preserving the vitality and function of radicular pulp. With introduction of newer materials, the emphasis has shifted towards regeneration, in this scenario; novel materials such as platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and propolis (PS) have been considered. This was a single-blind in vivo study; ninety human primary teeth from children aged between 5 and 10 years were divided into three equal groups in whom pulpotomy procedure was performed and they were recalled after 3- and 6-month interval for histological evaluation. Observations were subjected to statistical analysis using Pearson's Chi-square test. No statistically significant difference was found between the three materials with respect to inflammatory response, soft-tissue organization, and dentin bridge formation (P > 0.05). Majority of the samples in both growth factor and propolis exhibited dentin bridges at the interface of the exposed pulp, bringing or attempting to bridge the site exposed to the pulpotomy material. The ability of the material to evoke a foreign and inflammatory cell response in the pulpal tissue was not significant. The samples of both formocresol and growth factor group showed signs of pulpal necrosis which revealed the presence of a mild necrotic zone in one specimen at 3 months. One specimen from the propolis group showed mild areas of necrosis at the end of 6 months, where none of the specimens in the growth factor group showed areas of necrosis at the end of 6 months. The results of the present study showed a positive outcome for growth factor and propolis groups. Further clinical trials with a larger sample size and long-term review have to be conducted for the material to be used widely.

Study of thyroid lesions based on cytological and histopathological comparison

Thyroid swelling is one of the most common indications for surgical excision. Since most of the swellings are benign and with euthyroid status, these patients do not require surgical excision. Fine needle aspiration cytology is a rapid, efficient, inexpensive and safe diagnostic method in these cases. FNAC has some limitations, particularly limited to representatives of samples and exact typing of benign and malignant neoplastic lesions. Thus, FNAC alone may not give a confirmative diagnosis regarding few thyroid lesions. Hence, histopathological study has been the standard technique for the diagnosis of thyroid lesions. To study the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of thyroid swellings and to correlate with histopathology so as to avoid unnecessary surgeries for benign lesions.This was a prospective study done on 55 cases wherein Fine Needle Aspiration cytology was done followed by histopathology. The reports on both modalities were correlated and sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated. In the present study, females (72.7%) outnumbered males (27.2%). Non neoplastic lesions constituted 83.3% in our study. Among Non-neoplastic lesions, Nodular goiter was most commonly reported and constituted 49% cases. The sensitivity and specificity for thyroid FNAC are reasonably good. FNAC is a minimally invasive, low cost testing modality. It accurately diagnoses malignant thyroid lesions. It has good specificity and accuracy but is less sensitive in diagnosing definitive etiology. However, it is an important diagnostic test to guide the management of thyroid lesions.