Liver Histomorphology Research Articles

Effect of Bacillus velezensis T23 solid-state fermentation product on growth, gut and liver health, and gut microbiota of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Nowadays, the fermented products of probiotics have been playing a significant role in aquaculture and become an emerging research interest. This study evaluated the 0, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/kg solid state fermentation product of Bacillus velezensis T23 supplemented diets (39 % crude protein and 10 % crude fat) on the growth, lipid metabolism, liver and intestinal health, and gut microbiota of Cyprinus carpio (2.51 ± 0.01 g) by physio-biochemical, histomorphological and gut microbiome methods. The results showed that in the 0.4 T23 group, the weight gain was significantly increased (p < 0.05), compared to the control. In the 0.3 and 0.4 T23 groups, the expressions of lipogenesis-related genes (fas, acc, srebp and pparγ) were significantly down-regulated, while the expressions of lipolysis-related (pparα, lpl, fabp1 and apo-po) genes were up-regulated. Furthermore, the levels of serum ALT and AST were decreased notably (p < 0.05), whereas T-AOC and SOD activity were increased significantly in the 0.3 and 0.4 T23 groups, compared with the control. Pro-inflammatory genes (nf-kb, tnf-α, and il-1β) were downregulated in 0.3 and 0.4 T23 groups (p < 0.05). Anti-inflammatory related genes (il-10 and tgf-β) were upregulated in 0.3 T23 groups. This result had been supported by liver histomorphology that T23 diets had decreased the levels of liver health biomarkers and intestinal injury and improve the hepatic antioxidant capacity. Dietary supplementation of T23 at a level of 0.3 g/kg increased α-diversity and the relative abundance of Fusobacteriota (phylum) and Cetobacterium (genus). The ratio of “(Fusobacteriota+Firmicutes+Bacteroidota)/Proteobacteria” in 0.3 and 0.4 T23 groups was significantly increased, compared with the control group. Hence, this study clarified that the addition of solid state fermentation product of B. velezensis T23 to the diet (0.3 and 0.4 g/kg) of common carp improves inflammatory response, liver and gut health, and modulates the intestinal microbiota of carp positively.

Antioxidant and Hepato-protective effects of Ginger in Comparison with Atorvastatin in Hyperlipidemic Albino mice.

Objective: This study was aimed to observe the effects of high fat diet on lipid levels and histomorphology of liver and detecting the preventive effects of ginger and atorvastatin on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemia in albino mice. Also the comparison between the two protective agents was observed.Methodology: This experimental study was conducted at Department of Anatomy and Pathology, LUMHS Jamshoro and Sindh Agriculture University Tando Jam for six months. This research comprised of 60 adult male mice, divided into four groups (each having 15 animals). Group A, normal control was given standard chow while Groups B, C and D were given high fat diet (cheese) along with chow for eight weeks followed by administration of ginger (15mg/30gm) to Group C and atorvastatin (0.3mg/30gms) to Group D for another eight weeks. Animals of Group B, hyperlipidemic control were left untreated. Weight of animals was measured weekly. Samples for serological and histological changes were taken before and after the induction of high fat diet and at the end of experiment.Results: The research revealed deranged lipid profile with increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and Alanine transaminases, decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and distorted hepatic architecture after high fat diet which were significantly improved by the administration of ginger in Group C animals and to a lesser extent by atorvastatin in Group D.Conclusion: Ginger only or concurrently with drug therapy proved to be effective hypolipidemic, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective agent, reducing the vulnerability to chronic co-morbidities. Keywords: Atorvastatin; Ginger rhizome; Hepatic ballooning; Lipid profile; Liver; Steatosis.

Hepatotoxicity induced by subacute exposure of Mancozeb and Arsenic in Wistar rats: Mitigating effect of quercetin and catechin

BackgroundWidespread use of Mancozeb (MZ) fungicide in endemic areas having high levels of arsenic (As+3) in the groundwater is likely to cause toxicosis in humans and animals. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the hepatotoxic effect of MZ and As+3 interaction in Wistar rats and mitigating potential of quercetin and catechin on such toxicity. MethodsSixty adult rats were randomly divided into 10 groups of 6 animals each. Group I served as control and group II was exposed to MZ (800 mg kg-1, PO). Groups III, IV, and V were provided drinking water containing As+3 at the rate of 10, 50 and 100 µg L-1, respectively. Groups VI, VII, and VIII were given drinking water containing As+3 at 10, 50 and 100 µg L-1, respectively, along with MZ. Groups IX and X received drinking water contaminated with 100 µg L-1, As+3 and MZ along with quercetin or catechin (50 mg kg-1 each), respectively. ResultsSignificant (p <0.05) alterations in hepatic biomarkers in blood, liver antioxidant status and hepatic histoarchitecture were observed in animals treated with individual toxicants in a dose-dependent manner, however, such toxicity-induced changes were more severe in co-exposed rats. The administration of quercetin or catechin significantly mitigated the dual toxicant administration-driven changes in biochemical markers of hepatic damage, hepatic antioxidant profile and liver histomorphology. ConclusionsBoth quercetin and catechin proved beneficial in reducing toxicant-induced oxidation-mediated hepatic damage as demonstrated by alleviation in altered levels of determinants of hepatic biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in addition to restoration of toxicant-induced histological alterations of hepatic tissue.

Supplementing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae with dietary beta-glucan could improve their growth, survival, immune function, intestinal and liver histomorphology

Abstract Β-glucan exerts a positive impact and consider as a functional feed additives to enhance fish growth, immunity, control disease outbreaks and pathogen infections by increasing functional, immune and decreasing harmful responses. The present study aimed to determine the most effective dietary level of beta-glucan (βG) to improve Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) fry growth performance, feed utilization, and hematological indicators. Seven isonitrogenous (32% crude protein) and isocaloric diets (18 MJ/kg) were formulated. All diets were identical except for the variation in βG levels.The basal experimental diet (control diet) had no βG added. Diets 2–7 each contained βG at levels of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 mg/kg diet, respectively. A total of 840 fish with an average body weight of 0.2±0.01 g were allocated into the seven experimental treatments (in triplicate). The trial lasted for 120 days, Nile tilapia fry growth performance and feed utilization were significantly (P≤0.05) higher in all treatments receiving βG diets than in the control diet. The fish fed with ßG0.1 diet showed the highest significant growth induces and the best FCR values. The survival (S%) of the fish also showed a significant increase in the βG diets up to ßG0.8 levels, when compared to the other experimental diet groups. All hematological parameters increased (P≤0.05) in fish fed with a diet supplemented up to ßG0.8 compared to the control group. Histological examination of the intestine and liver in the control group revealed histopathological alterations in the villi. On the other hand, the groups treated with βG had longer and structurally normal villi. The most well-preserved intestinal tissue and the tallest villi were observed in ßG0.1, followed by ßG0.050 and ßG0.8 groups. In the liver, the control group exhibited fatty degeneration, necrosis and pyknosis whereas the ßG0.1 group displayed the most preserved hepatic tissue, followed by ßG0.8 and ßG0.2 groups. The results indicate that according to FBW-based broken-line model analysis, the optimal dietary level of βG for Nile tilapia fry to exhibit superior growth and diet utilization efficiency associated with the best FCR for Nile tilapia should be 0.12% βG /kg diet. To increase the immunity of fish and improve the properties of hematological and histopathological indices, the dose can be increased to 0.8% βG without any adverse effects.

IRG1/Itaconate inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of CD69+CD103+CD8+ tissue-resident memory T cells in autoimmune hepatitis by regulating the JAK3/STAT3/P53 signalling pathway.

To investigate the protective role of immune response gene 1 (IRG1) and exogenous itaconate in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Wild-type and IRG1-/- AIH mouse models were established, and samples of liver tissue and ocular blood were collected from each group of mice to assess the effects of IRG1/itaconate on the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The levels of liver enzymes and related inflammatory factors were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Liver histomorphology was detected through hematoxylin and eosin staining and then scored for liver injury, and the infiltration levels of tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells and related molecules in the liver tissue were detected through immunofluorescence staining in vitro. RNA sequencing and gene enrichment analysis were conducted to identify the corresponding molecules and pathways, and lentiviral transfection was used to generate TRM cell lines with IRG1, Jak3, Stat3, and p53 knockdown. Real-time quantitative PCR and western blot were performed to detect the expression levels of relevant mRNAs and proteins in the liver tissue and cells. The percentage of apoptotic cells was determined using flow cytometry. IRG1/itaconate effectively reduced the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the pathological damage to liver tissue, thereby maintaining normal liver function. At the same time, IRG1/itaconate inhibited the JAK3/STAT3 signaling pathway, regulated the expression of related downstream proteins, and inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of CD69+CD103+CD8+ TRM cells. For the first time, P53 was found to act as a downstream molecule of the JAK3/STAT3 pathway and was regulated by IRG1/itaconate to promote the apoptosis of CD8+ TRM cells. IRG1/itaconate can alleviate concanavalin A-induced autoimmune hepatitis in mice by inhibiting the proliferation and promoting the apoptosis of CD69+CD103+CD8+ TRM cells via the JAK3/STAT3/P53 pathway.

Terminalia arjuna Bark Powder as a Potential Immunomodulator in Labeo rohita: Enhanced Hematological, Adaptive, and Humoral Responses against Bacterial Pathogens and Concordant Liver Histomorphology.

This study investigated the dietary immunomodulatory effects of Terminalia arjuna bark powder (TABP) in Labeo rohita, a freshwater fish model. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets containing graded levels of TABP (0, 1, 10, and 15 g/kg were fed to fish for 90 days, followed by a 10 day challenge with pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila and Edwardsiella tarda. An integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach assessed the impact of TABP on hematological, adaptive, and humoral immune parameters, along with liver histomorphology. Dietary TABP at 10 g/kg significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) hematological indices (hemoglobin, red blood cell count, hematocrit), specific immune parameters (lysosomal enzyme activity, phagocytosis, respiratory burst), and non-specific immune parameters (serum lysozyme, alternative complement activity), and exhibited improvements in liver architecture consistent with the enhanced immune response. Broken line regression analysis showed 11.5 g/kg to be an optimum dose. However, at 15 g/kg, a compromised trend was observed in some parameters. These findings suggest an optimal dosage range for TABP's immunomodulatory effects. The study highlights the potential of TABP as a natural immunomodulator in fish aquaculture. The improved immune response and concomitant liver health observed in Labeo rohita opens avenues for further research on TABP's applicability in animal health, using fish as a model organism. Additionally, the IBR approach proved effective in evaluating TABP's immunomodulatory properties, paving the way for similar studies on other natural products in aquaculture.

The effect of red algae on the stomach, liver histomorphology, and some growth factors of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus during replacing in diet

The effect of red algae on the stomach, liver histomorphology, and some growth factors of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus during replacing in diet

Effects of compound plant extracts on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and histomorphology of liver and intestine of rice field eel (Monopterus albus)

AbstractCompound plant extracts (CPE) are beneficial for aquatic animals on growth performance and antioxidant capacity. A 56‐day experiment was conducted to investigate its positive effect on rice field eel. The fish were fed a commercial diet and supplementing CPE (mainly containing eucommia polysaccharides, reducing sugar) at 0, 0.8, 1.6, 2.4, and 3.2 g/kg. Results showed that dietary CPE significantly increased weight gain and specific growth rate (p &lt; 0.05). Liver lipid content in 1.6 and 3.2 g/kg groups was significantly lower than in 0.8 and 2.4 g/kg groups (p &lt; 0.05). Muscle lipid content in 0.8, 2.4, and 3.2 g/kg CPE groups was significantly lower than in control (p &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, intestinal digestive enzymatic activities in the 3.2 g/kg CPE group were the highest in comparison to all other groups (p &lt; 0.05). Dietary CPE enhanced the antioxidant activities of serum and intestine (p &lt; 0.05). Compared with the control, intestinal fold thickness in CPE groups was significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, dietary CPE reduced the degree of liver steatosis and the number of lipid droplet vacuoles. This study indicated that dietary CPE was beneficial to growth performance, antioxidant capacity, liver, and intestinal histology. Supplementation with 1.6–3.2 g/kg CPE is optimal for this eel species.

Potential treatment of glutathione in bullfrogs with abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism revealed by hepatic lipid metabolism and serum metabolomics analysis.

With the continuous growth of bullfrog supply, it has become an important aquaculture species. Due to the lack of actionable industry standards and regulation, the misuse of anti-disease drugs and abnormal liver lipid metabolism in bullfrogs have become a major obstacle to the development of bullfrog aquaculture industry. Glutathione is a natural tripeptide that can be synthesized intracellularly, and its physiological functions mainly include the treatment of liver diseases, antioxidant, detoxification, anti-tumor, enhancement of immunity, and delaying aging. In this study, the therapeutic effect of glutathione on bullfrogs with abnormal liver lipid metabolism was revealed from hepatic lipid metabolism and serum metabolomics analysis. The survival rate, liver histomorphology, serum antioxidant enzyme activity, liver lipase activity and serum metabolomics, liver metabolomics were studied and analyzed by feeding the bullfrogs with abnormal lipid metabolism with glutathione for 20 days in the NC, FI and GSH groups. The results of the study showed that glutathione was able to repair the liver and improve the survival rate of bullfrogs with abnormal lipid metabolism; the activity of serum SOD enzymes was significantly increased; the activities of ACP and AKP were significantly decreased; the activities of HDL-C and T-CHO were significantly increased; and the activities of LDL-C, TBA, and TG were significantly decreased in the liver; the contents of metabolites, such as PC, PS, and PE were significantly up-regulated, and the levels of up-regulated Autophagy - other, Necroptosis and ErbB signaling pathway, and down-regulated Sphingolipid metabolism, D-Amino acid metabolism metabolic pathway, to some extent The metabolic pathways of Sphingolipid metabolism and D-Amino acid metabolism were down-regulated to alleviate the disorders of glycerophospholipid and amino acid metabolism to a certain extent, thus alleviating the abnormalities of liver lipid metabolism. The results showed that glutathione could effectively treat the liver lipid metabolism disorder of bullfrogs, promote the growth and development of bullfrogs, repair the liver function, reduce the inflammation, and promote the healthy and green development of bullfrog industry.

Source diversity of Artemia enrichment boosts goldfish (Carassius auratus) performance, β-carotene content, pigmentation, immune-physiological and transcriptomic responses

This study aimed to assess the impact of spirulina and/or canthaxanthin-enriched Artemia on the goldfish (Carassius auratus) growth, pigmentation, blood analysis, immunity, intestine and liver histomorphology, and expression of somatolactin (SL) and growth hormone (GH) genes. Artemia was enriched with spirulina and/or canthaxanthin for 24 h. Goldfish (N = 225, 1.10 ± 0.02 g) were tested in five experimental treatments, three replicates each: (T1) fish fed a commercial diet; (T2) fish fed a commercial diet and un-enriched Artemia (UEA); (T3) fish fed a commercial diet and spirulina-enriched Artemia (SEA); (T4) fish fed a commercial diet and canthaxanthin-enriched Artemia (CEA); and (T5) fish fed a commercial diet and spirulina and canthaxanthin-enriched Artemia (SCA) for 90 days. The results showed that the use of spirulina and/or canthaxanthin increased performance, β-carotene content and polyunsaturated fatty acids of Artemia. For goldfish, T5 showed the highest growth performance, β-carotene concentration and the lowest chromatic deformity. T5 also showed improved hematology profile, serum biochemical, and immunological parameters. Histomorphology of the intestine revealed an increase in villi length and goblet cells number in the anterior and middle intestine, with normal liver structure in T5. SL and GH gene expression in the liver and brain differed significantly among treatments with a significant increase in enriched Artemia treatments compared to T1 and T2. In conclusion, the use of spirulina and/or canthaxanthin improved performance of Artemia. Feeding goldfish spirulina and/or canthaxanthin-enriched Artemia improved performance, β-carotene content, pigmentation, health status and immune-physiological response.

Effect of express soymeal and full fat soymeal addition in diet of Hubbard broiler chicks on biochemical blood analysis and liver histomorphology

Effect of express soymeal and full fat soymeal addition in diet of Hubbard broiler chicks on biochemical blood analysis and liver histomorphology

Dietary inclusion of Pediococcus acidilactici probiotic promoted the growth indices, hemato-biochemical indices, enzymatic profile, intestinal and liver histomorphology, and resistance of Nile Tilapia against Aspergillus flavus

This study investigated the effect of probiotic Pediococcus acidilactici CNCM I-4622 on the water quality, growth indices, hematological parameters, biochemical profile, innate immunity (lysozyme (LYZ) and immunoglobulin M (IgM)), and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX)) and digestive enzymes activity, with reference to the intestinal and liver histology of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), as well as disease resistance against Aspergillus flavus. A field trial was carried out for 56 days in which Nile tilapia fingerlings (4.0 ± 0.3 g) were randomly distributed into three replicate concrete ponds which were subdivided into four treatment groups, receiving P. acidilactici CNCM I-4622 at 0 (T0), 2.0 (T1), 2.5 (T2), and 3.0 (T3) g/kg diet, respectively. The obtained results revealed a significant amelioration in growth, feed utilization, body composition, and blood profiles, including erythrocytes and leukocyte counts, hemoglobin, and hematocrit concentration in the probiotics-treated groups compared to the control group. Dietary P. acidilactici at 2.5 and 3 g/kg diets enhanced the digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and protease) relative to the control group (p < 0.05). Biochemical parameters (total protein and albumin levels, and globulin) were notably increased, meanwhile, total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly decreased in T3 supplemented group with a marked decrease in the levels of AST and ALT. Nevertheless, the serum activity of SOD, CAT, and GPX enzymes as well as LYZ and IgM were increased by P. acidilactici at 2.5 and 3 g/kg relative to the control group (p < 0.05). Also, a markedly increased length of the intestinal villi was prominent in treated fish with P. acidilactici at 2.5 and 3 g/kg. Feeding P. acidilactici at 3 g/kg significantly decreased the cumulative mortalities after the A. flavus challenge. In conclusion, our results presented the beneficial effects of P. acidilactici as a potent probiotic on growth indices, feed utilization, antioxidant properties, gut and liver health, and fungal resistance of Nile tilapia.

Effect of indomethacin on embryo implantation and histomorphology of uterus, ovary, kidney, and liver of rats

BackgroundThis study aimed to determine the effects of Indomethacin (IMC) treatment on embryo implantation and histomorphology of uterus, ovary, and other vital organs and its effective dosage in establishing embryo implantation dysfunction model in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Materials and MethodsThe experiments were performed on 24 (6 × 4 groups) adult female SD rats aged 12 weeks old. G1 was the control group and received a normal diet with normal saline. However, on pregnancy days 3 (Pd3) and 4 (Pd4), G2, G3, and G4 were given normal saline and subcutaneously administered IMC twice daily at different doses of 4.33, 4.66 and 5.00 mg/kg body weight, respectively. The rats were euthanized on day 8 of pregnancy (Pd8). The uterus was excised and examined for signs of pregnancy, followed by tissue samples from liver, kidney, and ovary (for histomorphological examination using haematoxylin and eosin stain). ResultsAll IMC treatment doses disrupted the implantation process and caused a significant reduction in embryo development. Analysis for histopathological changes revealed that IMC doses above 4.33 mg/kg body weight caused more adverse reproductive health effects in rats. Vasoconstriction and micro vascularization were detected in the liver, while degenerative Bowman's capsules and inflammatory cells were observed in kidney sections from IMC-treated rats. ConclusionIMC therapy interfered with implantation and embryo development in rats, resulting in significant uterine vasoconstriction and atrophy, 4.33 mg/kg bwt dose appeared to be optimum to establish embryo implantation dysfunction in SD rats.

Growth Performance and Histomorphology of Intestine, Skin, Gills and Liver of Juvenile Colossoma macropomum Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of the Essential Oil of Nectandra grandiflora

The present study evaluated different levels of the essential oil of Nectandra grandiflora (EONG) in the diet of juvenile Colossoma macropomum. The juveniles (0.75 ± 0.05 g) were fed four experimental diets with differing levels of EONG (0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.50 mL/kg). After 20 days, the weight, daily weight gain, specific growth rate, and daily feed consumption per fish were highest for the fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg, while after 30 days, only the weight and daily feed consumption per fish for that diet remained highest. The viscerosomatic index was highest for the fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg while the hepatosomatic index was higher for the groups that received dietary EONG for 30 days. The juveniles fed 1.5 mL EONG/kg showed a proliferative response of the mucous cells in the gills, but the proliferation of these lysozyme- and immunoglobulin-secreting mucosal cells was higher for the skin of the fish of all EONG levels, compared to that of the control fish. The fish fed 0.5 mL EONG/kg had the greatest height and width of intestinal villi. The two highest levels of dietary EONG supplementation (0.75 and 1.50 mL/kg) reduced the hepatocyte dimensions but did not modify the centrolobular vein area. Dietary supplementation with 0.5 mL EONG/kg improved the growth, gut health, and immune response of juvenile C. macropomum.

Exercise changes the intrahepatic immune cell profile and inhibits the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a mouse model.

NASH is an increasingly common cause of chronic liver disease and can progress to cirrhosis and HCC. Although exercise suppresses inflammation during acute hepatitis, its impact on the progression of chronic liver disease remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of exercise on disease progression and intrahepatic immune cell composition in a mouse model of NASH. Mice were assigned to 4 groups: 2 control groups (normal diet) and 2 NASH groups (western diet and low-dose carbon tetrachloride injection). One of each group remained sedentary and one was exercised on a treadmill for 12 weeks (60min/d, 5 times/wk). All mice were then analyzed for liver histomorphology, steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis; liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle expression of genes related to metabolism and inflammation; and intrahepatic immune cell composition. Compared with the normal diet mice, NASH mice exhibited enhanced liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis; upregulated expression of liver lipogenesis-related and inflammation-related genes; and increased frequencies of intrahepatic F4/80 int CD11b hi bone marrow-derived macrophages and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) + CD8 + T cells. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and the frequencies of bone marrow-derived macrophages and PD-1 + CD8 + T cells correlated positively with liver steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Exercise was shown to reduce NASH-induced hepatic steatosis, liver inflammation, and fibrosis; induce alterations in metabolism-related genes and inflammatory cytokines in the liver; and suppress accumulation of liver bone marrow-derived macrophages and PD-1 + CD8 + T cells. In addition, we showed that exercise induced increased expression of IL-15 in muscle and its deficiency exacerbated the pathology of NASH. Exercise alters the intrahepatic immune cell profile and protects against disease progression in a mouse model of NASH.

Dietary coriander (Coriandrum sativum L) oil improves growth, nutrient utilization, antioxidant status, tissue histomorphology and reduces omega-3 fatty acid production in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) is recently emerging as an antimicrobial growth promoter in aquafeed formulations. To assess the effect of coriander seed oil in the feed of Nile tilapia five iso-nitrogenous (crude protein 40%) and iso-lipidic (crude lipid 7%) diets were prepared with graded levels of coriander oil i. e., 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/Kg referred as C0, C5, C10, C15 and C20, respectively. The fish were fed with the experimental diets twice daily for a period of 60 days in triplicate. After the feeding experiment, there observed a linear pattern in weight gain with the dietary coriander oil levels. The expression of hepatic insulin like growth factor 1 gene increased significantly in coriander oil supplemented groups in dose dependent manner in hepatic tissues of tilapia. The viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic index decreased significantly in the coriander oil treated groups. The crude protein contents increased significantly in the experimental groups; however, it did not vary significantly in between the groups. The crude lipid contents increased significantly in the last three groups (C10, C15 and C20) compared to C0 and C5. The serum glucose content decreased significantly in the last three groups i.e., C10, C15 and C20 coriander fed groups compared to C0. Whereas, the HDL level increased significantly in the 20 g/Kg treatment group compared to rest of the groups. Catalase activity increased significantly in the liver tissue of coriander oil treated groups compared to control. The liver histomorphology showed signs of storage of carbohydrate or lipid reserves in the form of vacuoles in the control group. However, in the coriander supplemented groups there was a reduction in hepatic vacuolar structures. The appearance of intestinal villi was enriched in coriander oil supplemented groups via branching. The Δ6/Δ5 desaturase increased significantly in the experimental groups compared to control. The Δ4 desaturase and elongase decreased significantly beyond 6.3% and 11.7% of coriander oil in the diet, respectively. There observed a significant increase in the percentage of saturated fatty acids in dose dependent manner. However, the unsaturated fatty acids including omega-3 fatty acids decreased significantly with an increase dose of coriander oil in feed of Nile tilapia. It can be concluded from the above study that coriander essential oil can be used for better growth performance, intestinal nutrient absorption, antioxidant activity and decreasing hyperglycemia in Nile tilapia. However, higher inclusion level (above 5 g/Kg) led to decrease in the wholebody omega-3 fatty acid production.

Evidence of enteritis, hepatic steatosis and jaundice in juvenile pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) fed high levels of soybean meal

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of replacing dietary fishmeal with increasing levels of soybean meal (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% corresponding to 0, 11, 22, 33 and 44% inclusion in the formulated diet) on the intestine and liver histomorphology of juvenile pirarucu Arapaima gigas (233 ± 12 g; mean ± SD) fed for 120 days. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed diets with higher soybean levels (45 and 60%) presented clinical signs such as appetite loss, cachexia and jaundice. In addition, fish fed on 45% and 60% soybean meal had histomorphological alterations in the middle and posterior portions of the intestinal mucosa (enteritis) and high liver lipid deposition (steatosis). Therefore, 45% or 60% of soybean meal is not recommended; however, a replacement of fishmeal by soybean meal of up to 30% (22% inclusion) can be used in diets to feed juvenile pirarucu for long periods.

Effect of guarana on lipid metabolism in obese rats: a study based on lipidomics

This study investigated the effect of guarana on plasma lipid metabolites in obese rats and analyzed its mechanism in the treatment of dyslipidemia in obesity. High-fat diet was used to establish obese rat models, and the therapeutic effect of guarana on obese rats was evaluated by measuring body weight, white fat, liver weight, and lipid content, as well as observing liver histomorphology. Lipid metabolites in plasma of rats in each group were detected by UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS lipidomics. The protein expressions of fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, triglyceride synthesis enzyme, carnitine palmitoyltransferase Ⅰ, and acetyl-coenzyme A acyltransferase 2 in rat liver were detected using Western blot. The results revealed that guarana significantly reduced body weight, white fat, and liver weight of obese rats due to high-fat diet, and alleviated dyslipidemia and liver steatosis. Lipidomics showed that some triglycerides and phospholipids were significantly elevated in the high-fat model group, and part of them was reduced after guarana treatment. Western blot found that guarana inhibited the expression of hepatic fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis-related proteins and increased the expression of fatty acid β-oxidation-related proteins. Abnormalities in triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism are the main characteristics of plasma lipid metabolism in obese rats induced by high-fat diet. Guarana may regulate partial triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism by inhibiting hepatic fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis and increasing fatty acid β-oxidation, thereby improving rat obesity and dyslipidemia.

Protective mechanisms of a microbial oil against hypercholesterolemia: evidence from a zebrafish model.

A Western diet elevates the circulating lipoprotein and triglyceride levels which are the major risk factors in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. Consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids can stall the disease progression. Although these fatty acids can significantly impact the intestine under a hypercholesterolemic condition, the associated changes have not been studied in detail. Therefore, we investigated the alterations in the intestinal transcriptome along with the deviations in the plasma lipids and liver histomorphology of zebrafish offered DHA- and EPA-rich oil. Fish were allocated to 4 dietary treatments: a control group, a high cholesterol group and microbial oil groups with low (3.3%) and high (6.6%) inclusion levels. We quantified the total cholesterol, lipoprotein and triglyceride levels in the plasma. In addition, we assessed the liver histology, intestinal transcriptome and plasma lipidomic profiles of the study groups. The results suggested that higher levels of dietary microbial oil could control the CVD risk factor indices in zebrafish plasma. Furthermore, microbial oil-fed fish had fewer liver vacuoles and higher mRNA levels of genes involved in β-oxidation and HDL maturation. Analyses of the intestine transcriptome revealed that microbial oil supplementation could influence the expression of genes altered by a hypercholesterolemic diet. The plasma lipidomic profiles revealed that the higher level of microbial oil tested could elevate the long-chain poly-unsaturated fatty acid content of triglyceride species and lower the concentration of several lysophosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol molecules. Our study provides insights into the effectiveness of microbial oil against dyslipidemia in zebrafish.

Cypermethrin induced liver oxidative DNA damage via the JNK/c-Jun pathway

To clarify the adverse effect of cypermethrin(CYP) on the liver and explore the underlying role of the MAPK pathway. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were exposed to 0, 5, 10 and 20 mg/(kg·d) β-CYP by gavage for 31 days. Histomorphological and ultrastructural changes were evaluated by the hematoxylin &amp; eosin(HE) staining and transmission electron microscope(TEM). Levels of MDA and 8-OHdG were detected by ELISA. Expressions of p-JNK and γ-H2A. X were assessed by IHC and IF respectively. RT-PCR was performed to examine mRNA levels of GPx1, GPx4, SOD1, and SOD2 in rat testes. Western blot was conducted to determine protein expressions of GPx1, SOD2, CAT, γ-H2A. X, and the MAPK pathway-associated proteins in rat testes. After β-CYP exposure, the histomorphology and ultrastructures of rat livers were abnormally altered, as evidenced by hepatic sinusoidal dilation, hepatic plate space formation, mitochondrial crest fracture, etc. Moreover, β-CYP induced mRNA levels of GPx1, GPx4, SOD1 and SOD2, as well as protein expressions of GPx1 and SOD2 in the liver. Compared to the control, GPx1 and SOD2 protein expressions were decreased by 57.9% and 50.0%(P&lt;0.05), whereas the MDA level was increased by 56.2%(P&lt;0.05) in the high-dose group. Additionally, the JNK/c-Jun pathway, one of MAPK pathways, in the liver was activated by β-CYP, as shown by the increase of JNK and c-Jun phosphorylation, and protein expressions of p-JNK and p-c-Jun in the high-dose group were elevated by 47.7% and 46.5%(P&lt;0.05) in comparison to the control, but the ERK and p38 pathways were not affected after β-CYP exposure. Furthermore, β-CYP promoted 8-OHdG and γ-H2A. X expressions in the liver. Compared to the control, γ-H2A. X protein expression in the mid-and high-dose group was upregulated by 16.9% and 33.9%(P&lt;0.05), respectively. Cypermethrin had detrimental effects on the liver. CYP not only directly altered liver histomorphology and ultrastructures, but also caused oxidative stress, which activated the JNK/c-Jun pathway, finally inducing the DNA damage.