Histological Type Of Adenocarcinoma Research Articles

Association of E-Cadherin Expression with Histological Type and Grade of Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Objectives: To determine the immune expression of E-Cadherin in gastric adenocarcinomas and its association with tumor histological type and grade to evaluate its prognostic significance. Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences Islamabad, from December 2017 to January 2021. Eighty-one patients from both genders, aged 21 to 83 years, undergoing gastric biopsies and Gastrectomy specimens to diagnose gastric adenocarcinoma were included in our study. Immunohistochemical processing was performed and the results were interpreted by the consultant pathologist for the expression of E-cadherin on gastric adenocarcinoma. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 17. Results: There was a significant statistical association between loss of E-Cadherin with histological type of adenocarcinoma (p = 0.000). In total 81 cases, there were 53 (65%) cases of intestinal type adenocarcinoma and 28 (35%) cases of diffuse type adenocarcinoma. Of the 28 cases with diffuse type gastric Adenocarcinoma, 10 cases showed complete loss of E-Cadherin. This complete loss of Cadherin was also seen in four out of 53 cases of intestinal adenocarcinoma, all of which were poorly differentiated intestinal type of adenocarcinomas. Total cases of well differentiated type of adenocarcinoma were nine; all of these showed high expression of E-Cadherin. Conclusion: There is a strong association of E-Cadherin expression with the histological type and grade of gastric adenocarcinoma according to Lauren’s classification. As the grade of the adenocarcinoma gets higher there is more loss of E-Cadherin expression which proves its prognostic significance. It was also established that gastric adenocarcinoma is a disease of elderly with male predominance.

Associations between pathological features and risk of metachronous colorectal cancer.

Survivors of colorectal cancer (CRC) are at risk of developing another primary colorectal cancer - metachronous CRC. Understanding which pathological features of the first tumour are associated with risk of metachronous CRC might help tailor existing surveillance guidelines. Population-based CRC cases were recruited from the United States, Canada and Australia between 1997 and 2012 and followed prospectively until 2022 by the Colon Cancer Family Registry. Metachronous CRC was defined as a new primary CRC diagnosed at least 1 year after the initial CRC. Those with the genetic cancer predisposition Lynch syndrome or MUTYH mutation carriers were excluded. Cox regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations. Of 6085 CRC cases, 138 (2.3%) were diagnosed with a metachronous CRC over a median follow-up time of 12 years (incidence: 2.0 per 1000 person-years). CRC cases with a synchronous CRC were 3.4-fold more likely to develop a metachronous CRC (adjusted HR: 3.36, 95% CI: 1.89-5.98) than those without a synchronous tumour. CRC cases with MMR-deficient tumours had a 72% increased risk of metachronous CRC (adjusted HR: 1.72, 95% CI: 1.11-2.64) compared to those with MMR-proficient tumours. Compared to cases who had an adenocarcinoma histologic type, those with an undifferentiated histologic type were 77% less likely to develop a metachronous CRC (adjusted HR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06-0.94). Existing surveillance guidelines for CRC survivors could be updated to include increased surveillance for those whose first CRC was diagnosed with a synchronous CRC or was MMR-deficient.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy with the central shielding technique for patients with uterine cervical cancer

Abstract We aimed to examine outcomes and toxicities of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with the central shielding (CS) technique for patients with uterine cervical cancer. This retrospective study included 54 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics IB-IVA cancer. Whole pelvic radiotherapy or extended-field radiotherapy were performed at the dose of 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions with helical tomotherapy (HT). Six patients had para-aortic lymph node metastases. The CS technique with HT was utilized after a total dose of 28.8–41.4 Gy to reduce doses to the rectum and bladder. The prescribed dose of intracavitary brachytherapy was mainly 18–24 Gy in three or four fractions at point A. Concurrent chemotherapy was used for 47 patients (87%). Median follow-up time was 56 months. Seventeen patients (31%) developed recurrence. The recurrence of the cervix was observed in two patients (4%). The 5-year rates of the locoregional control, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival were 79, 66 and 82%, respectively. Among several factors evaluated, histological type of adenocarcinoma was only a significantly worse prognostic factor for PFS by multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 4.9 [95% confidence interval, 1.3–18], P = 0.018). Grade 2 or higher late toxicities were observed in nine patients (17%). Two patients (4%) each had grade 3 proctitis and grade 3 ileus, respectively. No grade 4 toxicity or treatment-related death was observed. The results suggest that IMRT with the CS technique allows a high local control without increasing the risk of complications for cervical cancer patients.

Post-chemotherapy response of paclitaxel and carboplatin regimens in advanced stage cervical cancer types of histopathology squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma

Background: Cervical cancer incidence in South Borneo was placed 10th in Indonesia. South Borneo Department of Health revealed 1,930 patients diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2019. The main therapy for advanced cervical cancer was radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and combination. This study aims to demonstrate that paclitaxel plus carboplatin regimens have a better post-chemotherapy response in patients with advanced cervical cancer squamous cell carcinoma than adenocarcinoma. Methods: This study used an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional approach. The sample size was taken during the period during which this study was conducted from January 2015 to December 2020 and was taken by total sampling and divided into 2 groups consisting of patients with advanced cervical cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma histological types. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 for Windows. Results: A total of 202 individuals made up the study's sample, including 54 (26.8%) adenocarcinomas, 148 (73.2%) patients with advanced cervical cancer, and patients with various histological kinds of squamous cell carcinoma. About 107 (52.9%) patients provided complete responses, whereas up to 95 (47.1%) patients provided incomplete responses. Conclusion: Squamous cell carcinoma, the histological type of cervical cancer, responds to treatment better than adenocarcinoma.

Gastric-Type Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix Associated with Poor Response to Definitive Radiotherapy.

We aimed to evaluate the response to definitive radiotherapy (RT) for cervical cancer based on histological subtypes and investigate prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma (AC). Of the 396 patients treated with definitive RT between January, 2010 and July, 2020, 327 patients met the inclusion criteria, including 275 with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 52 with AC restaged based on the 2018 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system. Patient characteristics, response to RT, and prognoses of SCC and AC were evaluated. The complete response (CR) rates were 92.4% and 53.8% for SCC and AC, respectively (p < 0.05). Three-year overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) rates of SCC were significantly higher than those of AC (88.6% vs. 74.1%, p < 0.05 and 76.3% vs. 59.3%, p < 0.05, respectively). Among the AC population, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine prognostic factors associated with non-complete response (CR). In the multivariate analysis, gastric-type adenocarcinoma (GAS) was associated with non-CR in AC (adjusted odds ratio, 12.2; 95% confidence interval 1.0−145.6; p < 0.05). The 3-year PFS rate in patients with GAS was significantly lower than that in patients with other histological types of AC (44.4% vs. 66.7%, p < 0.05). Definitive RT for cervical cancer was significantly less effective for AC than for SCC. GAS was the only independent prognostic factor associated with non-CR in AC.

Incidence and risk factors for the development of cerebral metastasis in cervical cancer patients.

ObjectiveCerebral metastasis (CM) in cervical cancer (CC) cases, although rare, results in high lethality rates. The present study aimed to assess CM incidence in a Brazilian reference CC center and evaluate the risk factors for CM development. Retrospective observational study of patients diagnosed with CC between 2010 and 2017.MethodsCumulative CM incidence and incidence density were evaluated. Characteristics associated to CM development risks were identified using crude (cOR) or adjusted (aOR) odds ratios.ResultsA total of 3,397 patients were included in this study. Patient age ranged from 18 to 101 years, with a mean age of 48.8±14.0. After a mean follow-up time of 3.2±2.1 years, 51 CM cases were identified, resulting in a cumulative incidence of 1.5% (95% confidence intervals [CI]=1.12–1.97) and an incidence density at the end of the 6th year of 27.4 per 1,000 women/year. Advanced clinical stage (aOR=3.15; 95% CI=1.16–8.58; p=0.025), the presence of previous lung metastasis (aOR=4.04; 95% CI=1.82–8.94; p=0.001) and the adenocarcinoma (aOR=2.90; 95% CI=1.46–5.76; p=0.002), adenosquamous carcinoma (aOR=7.33; 95% CI=2.87–18.73; p<0.001), undifferentiated carcinoma (aOR=14.37; 95% CI=3.77–54.76; p<0.001) and neuroendocrine carcinoma (aOR=21.31; 95% CI=6.65–68.37, p<0.001) histological types were associated with a higher risk for CM development. CM risk was higher in the first years of follow-up, with no cases observed after the 6th year.ConclusionCC patients in advanced clinical stages, displaying previous lung metastasis and non-squamous histological types are at high risk of developing CM.

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Acute Respiratory Failure Because of Non–small-Cell Lung Cancer Involvement in the ICU

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Acute Respiratory Failure Because of Non–small-Cell Lung Cancer Involvement in the ICU

Polyposis and Oncologic Outcomes in Young-onset Sporadic Colorectal Cancer.

AimThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of the presence of polyposis in sporadic early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) on clinicopathological and oncological outcomes.MethodsThe retrospective study included patients with sporadic colorectal cancer aged 16 to 50 years who underwent curative resection at the general surgery clinics in two healthcare centers between 2013 and 2019. Patients were divided into two groups: polyposis and nonpolyposis. Clinicopathological characteristics and oncological outcomes were compared between the two groups.ResultsA total of 127 patients were included, of whom 60.6% were men. There were 25 (19.68%) patients in the polyposis group and 102 (80.31%) patients in the nonpolyposis group. Seventy-one (69.6%) of the nonpolyposis group and 23 (92.0%) of the polyposis group had adenocarcinoma histological types. The total number of patients with mucinous tumor and signet ring cell carcinoma in the nonpolyposis and polyposis groups was 31 (30.4%) and 2 (8.0%), respectively (p = 0.042). Five-year overall survival (OS) was 60 and 72% in the nonpolyposis and polyposis groups, respectively, and no significant difference was found (p = 0.332). In univariate analysis, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor stage (pT) ≥3–4, lymph node positivity, presence of mucinous tumor and signet ring cell carcinoma, lymphovascular invasion, and advanced tumor-lymph nodesmetastasis (TNM) stage (III–IV) were found to be significant negative prognostic factors for OS, whereas none of these parameters were found to be prognostic factors in multivariate analysis. The presence of polyposis was not a significant factor on both univariate and multivariate analyses.ConclusionAlthough the sporadic EOCRC cases developing on the basis of polyposis can have slightly better oncological outcomes, these outcomes are mostly similar to those of cases with nonpolyposis.How to cite this articleAday U, Kafadar MT, Oğuz A, et al. Polyposis and Oncologic Outcomes in Young-onset Sporadic Colorectal Cancer. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2021;11(1):6–10.

Pathological Indicators for Reporting Gastric Malignancies in a Hospital in Yazd

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the most common cancers and is one of the most frequent causes of cancer death worldwide. In recent years, there has been a great deal of emphasis on the use of pathology reporting standards. Therefore, the aim of this study was how to report the pathological indicators of gastric malignancies in samples sent to the Pathology Department of Shahid Sadoughi hospital in Yazd in Iran in 2016-2018. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 174 patients. Study variables including age and gender, type of biopsy, the extent of gastric tissue involvement, exact anatomical location, tumor size, histological grading, invasion of surrounding tissues, and lymph node metastasis were extracted from patients’ records. Data were analyzed by SPSS 22. Frequency and percentage were reported using descriptive statistics and Chi-square/Fisher’s exact test for qualitative variables and independent sample t-test for quantitative variables. Finally, graphs were drawn using Excel 2010. Results: Out of 174 participants, 63.8% were females (n = 111). Most reports were related to the histology of adenocarcinoma (n = 136, P=78.20), tumor size (n = 89, P=51.15), and anatomical exact location (n = 90, P=51.70), respectively. Regarding the exact anatomical location of 90 patients, most reports were related to the antrum (n = 38, P=42.23). The highest prevalence of histological type of adenocarcinoma was related to poorly differentiated cases (n = 57, P=41.94). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the method of reporting pathological indicators in gastric malignancies in the studied cases was somewhat appropriate.

Synchronous bone metastasis in lung cancer: retrospective study of a single center of 15,716 patients from Tianjin, China

BackgroundThis study aimed to describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, and prognosis of lung cancer patients with synchronous bone metastasis (SBM) and to analyze the prognostic factors of the lung cancer patients with SBM.MethodsA total of 15,716 lung cancer patients who were diagnosed between 2009 to 2018 in the Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, patients with SBM were checked. Both the demographic and clinical characteristics were included as follows: age, gender, marital status, history of smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of tumor, Karnofsky score, lymph node metastasis, histological type. Besides, laboratory data such as alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, carcinoembryonic antigen, squamous cell carcinoma antigen, cytokeratin-19 fragment, and neuron specific enolase were also included. The log-rank test and multivariate Cox regression analysis were employed to reveal the potential prognostic predictors. A further analysis using the Kaplan–Meier was employed to demonstrate the difference on the prognosis of LC patients between adenocarcinoma and non-adenocarcinoma.ResultsAmong the included patients, 2738 patients (17.42%) were diagnosed with SBM. A total of 938 patients (34.3%) with SBM were successfully followed and the median survival was 11.53 months (95%CI: 10.57–12.49 months), and the 1-, 2-, and 5-year overall survival rate was 51, 17, and 8%, respectively. Multivariable Cox regression results showed history of smoking and high level of NSE were associated with the poor prognosis, while adenocarcinoma histological type was associated with better survival.ConclusionThe prevalence of SBM in lung cancer is relatively high with poor survival. The lung cancer patients with SBM showed diverse prognosis. Among all the pathological types, the division of adenocarcinoma suggested different prognosis of the lung cancer patients with SBM. The present study emphasized the importance of pathological diagnosis on prognostic determinants in lung cancer patients with SBM.

POLG Gene Variants in Cervical Cancer Patients and Their Associations with Clinical and Pathomorphological Tumor Characteristics.

Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide. Human papillomaviruses are known to be the main, but not the only risk factor, of this cancer type. Despite all the knowledge on this cancer type, it is still a challenge to predict the course of the disease, and therefore, minimally invasive biomarkers are needed. This study aimed to analyze single-nucleotide variants in the POLG gene and assess the associations with tumor phenotype and patient outcome. A total of 172 cervical cancer patients were included in this study. Clinical and tumor data were gathered from medical records retrospectively. Single nucleotide variations were determined using TaqMan probes with Real-Time PCR. Significant associations between POLG rs3087374 and cervical cancer patients’ tumor histological type, stage, and tumor size were determined. The CA genotype and A allele of rs3087374 increased the probability of adenocarcinoma histological tumor type, IIIA stage, and T3 tumor size compared to CC genotype and C allele, respectively. Furthermore, patients with AA genotype in rs2072267 had longer metastasis-free survival than those with the GG genotype. Our data suggest that mitochondrial polymerase gamma encoded by nuclear POLG gene is important for specific tumor phenotype formation and patient outcome in cervical cancer.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and risk of lung cancer: A systematic review

IntroductionAlpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an inherited genetic disorder associated with a risk of developing lung and liver disease. Several studies have examined its possible association with an increased risk of lung cancer. Materials and MethodsSystematic review of the scientific literature on studies analyzing the risk of LC associated with AATD, as well as its impact on the histological type and survival. The information was located in the Medline (PubMed), Cochrane, and EMBASE databases. ResultsSix studies including a total of 4 038 patients with LC met the inclusion criteria. Most studies included seem to indicate that AATD increases the risk of developing LC, particularly of the squamous and adenocarcinoma types. This risk increases with exposure to tobacco smoke and the diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Only one study analyzed the survival of LC patients without finding differences between AATD and non-AATD patients. ConclusionsThese results suggest that AATD may increase the risk of developing LC, particularly of the squamous and adenocarcinoma histological types, but no impact on patient survival has been demonstrated. However, the low quality of the included studies makes it necessary to carry out more studies with a larger sample size and preferably of a prospective nature to confirm these results.

Significance of the number of high-risk factors in patients with cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of high-risk factors on the survival of patients with cervical cancer treated with surgery followed by adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. MethodsFrom 2000 to 2014, medical records of 897 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB–IIA disease treated with surgery were retrospectively reviewed. Among them, 483 patients with high-risk factors, including pelvic lymph node metastasis, parametrial invasion, or resection margin involvement, were analyzed. ResultsThe median follow-up time was 57 months (range, 6–205 months). For patients with single and multiple high-risk factors, the 5-year DFS rates were 80.4% and 65.7%, respectively (p < 0.001), and 5-year OS rates were 87.3% and 75.1%, respectively (p = 0.001). Distant metastasis was the most common pattern of recurrence (86.1%). Furthermore, distant metastasis-free survival significantly differed with the number of high-risk factors present (single 82.7% vs. multiple 68.8%, p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, while parametrial invasion and resection margin involvement showed no association, the adenocarcinoma histology, pelvic lymph node metastasis, higher metastatic lymph node ratio, and multiple high-risk factors were independent prognosticators associated with poor DFS and OS. ConclusionsPatients with early-stage cervical cancer having multiple high-risk factors, adenocarcinoma histologic type, and pelvic lymph node metastasis accompanied by a higher lymph node ratio after surgery are more likely to have occult distant metastasis. Further, consolidation with systemic chemotherapy after adjuvant therapy might be considered to improve the survival outcome in this patient population.

Correction for Magnetic Field Inhomogeneities and Normalization of Voxel Values Are Needed to Better Reveal the Potential of MR Radiomic Features in Lung Cancer.

Purpose: To design and validate a preprocessing procedure dedicated to T2-weighted MR images of lung cancers so as to improve the ability of radiomic features to distinguish between adenocarcinoma and other histological types.Materials and Methods: A discovery set of 52 patients with advanced lung cancer who underwent T2-weighted MR imaging at 3 Tesla in a single center study from August 2017 to May 2019 was used. Findings were then validated using a validation set of 19 additional patients included from May to October 2019. Tumor type was obtained from the pathology report after trans-thoracic needle biopsy, metastatic lymph node or metastasis samples, or surgical excisions. MR images were preprocessed using N4ITK bias field correction and by normalizing voxel intensities with fat as a reference region. Segmentation and extraction of radiomic features were performed with LIFEx software on the raw images, on the N4ITK-corrected images and on the fully preprocessed images. Two analyses were conducted where radiomic features were extracted: (1) from the whole tumor volume (3D analysis); (2) from all slices encompassing the tumor (2D analysis). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to identify features that could distinguish between adenocarcinoma and other histological types. Sham experiments were also designed to control the number of false positive findings.Results: There were 31 (12) adenocarcinomas and 21 (7) other histological types in the discovery (validation) set. In 2D, preprocessing increased the number of discriminant radiomic features from 8 without preprocessing to 22 with preprocessing. 2D analysis yielded more features able to identify adenocarcinoma than 3D analysis (12 discriminant radiomic features after preprocessing in 3D). Preprocessing did not increase false positive findings as no discriminant features were identified in any of the sham experiments. The greatest sensitivity of the 2D analysis applied to preprocessed data was confirmed in the validation set.Conclusion: Correction for magnetic field inhomogeneities and normalization of voxel values are essential to reveal the full potential of radiomic features to identify the tumor histological type from MR T2-weighted images, with classification performance similar to those reported in PET/CT and in multiphase CT in lung cancers.

Yaşlı metastatik mide kanserli hastalarda tek başına oral kapesitabin ile platin kombinasyonlarının karşılaştırılması

Background: Gastric cancer is responsible for a considerable proportion of all cancer-related deaths. Elderly cancer patients are often ignored in prospective studies in which the efficacy of chemotherapy is evaluated, although more than half of all gastric cancer cases are over the age of 70 years. The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of capecitabine-based chemotherapies in geriatric patients with gastric cancer. Methods: A total of 81 patients over the age of 65 years who received chemotherapy for metastatic gastric cancer at two oncology centers between 2012 and 2017 were included in the study. The medical records of the patients were evaluated retrospectively, and the patients and their performance status were evaluated using the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system and the World Health Organisation scale, respectively. Results: The mean age was 74 years. The male gender and the adenocarcinoma histological type were seen in higher rates. Most of the patients underwent capecitabine-cisplatin chemotherapy, and the mean follow-up was 42 months. The median overall survival of the groups of patients receiving capecitabine-cisplatin, capecitabine-oxaliplatin and capecitabine was 8 months, 10.7 months and 8.9 months, respectively, indicating no statistically significant differences between the groups (p=0.467). The median overall survival of all patients was found to be 8.7. The progression-free survival between the different chemotherapy subgroups was not statistically significant (p=0.59). The most common side effect was found to be anemia. Grade 3–4 adverse effects were similar between the arms of the study (p=0.725). A statistically significant increase was found in the mortality risk with an increased number of metastatic sites in a multivariate analysis (p=0.001). No correlation was found between the chemotherapy protocols and mortality risk (p=0.472). Adverse effects such as stomatitis, nausea/vomiting, neuropathy, neutropenic fever and nephrotoxicity, independent of chemotherapy, were statistically and significantly associated with the mortality risk (p=0.045, p=0.047, p=0.036, p=0.02 and p=0.049, respectively). Conclusions: Our study results show that adverse effects such as stomatitis, nausea/vomiting, neutropenic fever, nephrotoxicity and neuropathy increase the mortality risk which suggest that particularly oral health care, the application of appropriate antiemetic treatments, the close follow-up of kidney function tests and adequate hydration, protective infection barrier measures and effective treatment of neuropathy associated with chronic diseases are as important as chemotherapy in geriatric cases.

LINC00511 is associated with the malignant status and promotes cell proliferation and motility in cervical cancer.

LINC00511 is a newly identified lncRNA that is up-regulated in many types of human cancers and may serve as an oncogenic lncRNA. However, there was no report about the role of LINC00511 in cervical cancer. Therefore, we investigated the clinical value of LINC00511 in cervical cancer patients via analyzing the correlation between LINC00511 expression and clinicopathological features. Moreover, we performed loss-of-function study to estimate the effect of LINC00511 on cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In our study, we found LINC00511 expression levels were increased in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines compared with adjacent normal tissues and normal cervical epithelial cell line, respectively. High LINC00511 expression was correlated with advanced clinical stage, large tumor size, histological type of adenocarcinoma, and present lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and poor overall survival in cervical cancer patients. The in vitro studies indicated that knockdown of LINC00511 inhibited cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In conclusion, LINC00511 acts as oncogenic lncRNA in cervical cancer, and may be a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for cervical cancer patients.

INVASIVE CERVICAL CANCER IN IBADAN: SOCIO-SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS, CLINICAL STAGE AT PRESENTATION, HISTOPATHOLOGY DISTRIBUTIONS AND HIV STATUS.

Background:Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection persistence is the necessary but not sufficient cause of invasive cervical cancer (ICC). The effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection have been well documented. The purpose of this study was to describe our experience on the clinico-pathological characteristics of patients with cervical cancer and HIV status at a tertiary Hospital in Nigeria.Materials and Methods:This was a descriptive study among ICC patients presenting for clinical staging and biopsy for histological diagnosis at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology outpatient theatre of our hospital between January 2009 and February 2011.Results:Sixteen (6.8%) of the 248 patients with histologically confirmed ICC in this study were HIV positive. The mean age of all the participants was 55.4 (SD±10.2) years with the HIV positive patients’ younger than the HIV-negative and those that declined HIV testing. Coitarche was at lower age (18 [SD±4.4] vs 22[SD±3.4] years vs 24.5[SD±4.4], respectively). The modal lifetime sexual partners were four, one and two, respectively. Clinically, more HIV positive patients, presented at advanced stage of ≥ 2B. Also, the adenocarcinoma histological variant was slightly more among the HIV positive patients.Conclusion:HIV seemed relatively common among ICC patients and they presented at lower ages, at more advanced stages, earlier coitarche and more lifetime sexual partners. The proportion of adenocarcinoma histological types was slightly higher among the HIV positive patients compared with seronegative patients and those with unknown HIV status. Larger studies to substantiate these findings and ICC-HIV causal relationship are required.

Classifying Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer by Status of Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 and Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes on Tumor Cells.

Purpose: To explore the possible correlation between programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) status and clinical factors in non-small cell lung (NSCLC).Materials and Methods: A total of 126 surgical NSCLC samples with stage I to IIIA were retrospectively collected and analyzed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were used to detect PD-L1 protein expression. PD-L1 positivity on tumor cells was defined by positive tumor cell (TC) percentage using 5% cutoff value.Results: Thirty-seven patients (29.4%), thirty patients (23.8%), six patients (4.8%) and fifty-three patients (42%) were classified as type I (PD-L1+, TIL+), type II (PD-L1-, TIL-), type III (PD-L1+, TIL-) and type IV (PD-L1-, TIL+) tumor environments according to PD-L1/TIL status, respectively. Statistical differences could be observed in factors including gender (P<0.001), smoking status (P<0.001), age (P=0.002), histological types (P<0.001), EGFR mutation (P=0.008) and KRAS mutation (P=0.003) across the four type tumors. Type I tumors were associated with ever smoking, non-adenocarcinoma histological types and KRAS mutation. Type II tumors were associated with female gender, never-smoking, adenocarcinoma histological types and EGFR mutation. Type III tumors were associated with ever smoking and type IV tumors were associated with female gender and EGFR mutation.Conclusion: Clinical factors associated with NSCLC microenvironment types based on PD-L1/TIL differed a lot across different types. The findings of this study may help to facilitate the understanding of the relationship between tumor microenvironment and clinical factors, and also the selecting of patients for combination immunotherapies.

Prevalence of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in Turkish Population.

Aims:Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation analysis in non-small cell lung cancer is important for selecting patients who will receive treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and mutation patterns in the Turkish population.Methods:We retrospectively reviewed molecular pathology reports of 959 cases with lung cancer analysed for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations. We analysed all four epidermal growth factor receptor exon mutations using a real-time polymerase chain reaction platform.Results:In this study, the epidermal growth factor receptor mutation rate in the Turkish population was 16.7% (160 of 959). The epidermal growth factor receptor mutation frequency was significantly higher in women (37.1%, n=96) than in men (9.1%, n=64) (p<0.001). In addition, the epidermal growth factor receptor mutation rate was higher in the adenocarcinoma histologic type (p<0.001). Patients with mutations were older than those without mutations (p=0.003). The most frequent mutations were exon 19 deletions (48.8%, 78/160) and exon 21 L858R point mutations (38.1.1%, 61/160). We also detected compound mutation patterns in three cases (1.9%).Conclusion:The prevalence of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in the Turkish population was slightly higher than that in the Caucasian population and lower than that in the East Asian population. The results of this study may provide guidance in personalized therapy of non-small cell lung cancer in the Turkish population.

Immunohistochemical Expression of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) and p53 in Gastric Adenocarcinoma: A Pilot Study from North India

After the recent approval of Trastuzumab (anti-HER2 antibody) for the treatment of HER2 overexpressed Gastric Adenocarcinoma (GA), importance of HER2 testing is increasingly recognized. However, there is paucity of studies for HER2 overexpression in the Indian patients of GA. Similarly, study of p53 expression in the Indian patients of GA is infrequent. To study immunohistochemical expression of HER2 and p53 in GA biopsy samples. This was a cross-sectional observational study. The expression of HER2 and p53 by immunohistochemistry were analyzed in 50 cases of GA. The HER2 expression was scored as negative (0 and 1+), equivocal (2+), and overexpression (3+). The p53 expression was quantified as negative (0-9% tumour cells) and positive (≥10% tumour cells). The intensity of p53 expression was assessed as strong and weak. Mean age of the patients was 56.8±14.8 years. Male:female ratio was 2:1. Histological types of adenocarcinoma were intestinal (68%), diffuse (28%), and indeterminate (4%). HER2 overexpression and equivocal results were present in 10% cases, each. Overall, a positive expression of p53 was seen in 72% (strong and weak intensities: 66.7% and 33.3% cases, respectively). As compared to HER2 overexpression, a higher incidence of p53 expression was seen (10% vs.72%) in GA.