Histological Features Of Liver Research Articles

Radioprotective Effects of Melatonin on Gamma Radiation- Induced Tissue Damage in Rats


 
 Background & Objective: Gamma rays are widely used in medicine despite their harmful effects on health. Our study evaluated the protective effects of melatonin on kidney, heart, and liver tissues.
 
 Materials & Methods: Seventy-two adult male Wistar rats were categorized into nine groups. Groups 2 and 3 only received whole-body γ-ray irradiation (WBI) (2.0 Gy), no melatonin, interval time (IT) 8hr and 24hr. Groups 4 and 5 received WBI (8.0 Gy, no melatonin, 8hr and 24hr). Groups 6 and 7 received melatonin at 60 minutes (min) before WBI(2.0 Gy). Groups 8 and 9 received melatonin before WBI(8.0 Gy). All the rats were sacrificed 8 or 24 h after the experiments for laboratory and histopathological analysis. Serum levels of Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN), Creatinine (Cr), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Potassium (K), Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT), Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase(SGOT), Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase(SGPT), Alkaline Phosphatase(ALP), c-reactive protein(CRP), Troponine(TPO) and histological features of liver, heart and kidney tissues were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed by One-Way ANOVA.
 
 Results: Our data did not indicate significant differences in BUN, Cr, K, and CRP between groups with or without melatonin treatment (P>0.05); but differences were significant for LDH, GGT, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TPO (P<0.05). The results showed that radiation-induced histopathological effects on the liver, heart, and kidneys were mitigated in the groups six to nine.
 
 Conclusion: The existence of significant differences in serum levels of LDH, GGT, SGOT, SGPT, ALP, and TPO in groups(6 to 9) and amelioration of the histopathological effects of irradiation on the liver, heart, and kidneys in the groups six to nine showed that the melatonin(100 mg/kg) is able to protect the body in gamma-radiation(2.0 Gy and 8.0 Gy).
 

Analysis of clinical features and prognosis of acute severe autoimmune hepatitis

Objective: To analyze the clinical features and prognosis of acute severe autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Methods: A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of patients with acute severe AIH admitted to our hospital from 2008 to 2019 was divided into acute AIH (A-AIH) and chronic acute AIH (AC-AIH) according to the presence or absence of liver diseases. Patients' general condition, liver biochemistry, immunology, histological features of liver, hormonal therapies prognosis and related factors were analyzed. Results: A total of 41 cases [39 females, age (54.24 ± 10.55) years] were collected. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and total bilirubin (TBil) were significantly increased, and the international normalized ratio (INR) was > 1.5. Acute lobular inflammation was the feature of acute and severe AIH in the histology of liver. The serum IgG level was (28.36 ± 8.35) g / L. The positive rate of antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA) was 82.9%, and 17.1%, respectively. Over 70% of acute severe AIHs were AC-AIH. The duration of onset of AC-AIH was > 8 weeks, while most A-AIHs < 8 weeks, and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant (P = 0.001). The mortality rate within 30 days after hormonal treatment was 19.5%. There were statistically significant differences in TBil, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) score and leukocyte count between the death and survival group. Conclusion: The mortality rate in acute severe AIH is high, and most of them have the basis of chronic liver disease. Serum IgG level, autoantibodies and acute lobular inflammation are important factors for diagnosis. The prognosis of hormonal therapy is related to the patients' condition and course of disease.

The Role of Vitamin C in Amelioration of Hepatorenal Toxicity of Cefotaxime in Adult Albino Rats (Histological Study)

AIM: Antibiotics have a great risk property, for this reason, the present work aimed to study the toxic effect of cefotaxime on histological examination of liver and kidney tissues as well as to detect the protecting role of Vitamin C. METHODS: Thirty-two male adult albino rats were divided into four groups each with (eight animals) as following: Group (1): As control group and they injected with normal saline. Group (2): They were injected with 200 mg/kg B.W. of cefotaxime. Group (3): They were injected with Vitamin C in dose 100 mg/kg B.W. 1 h before they inject with 200 mg/kg B.W. of cefotaxime. Group (4): It was given Vitamin C in dose of 100 mg/kg B.W. Animals in all groups were injected intraperitoneally as single daily dose for 14 consecutive days. RESULTS: Results of cefotaxime treated group revealed that a significant liver tissue changes as hepatocytic vacuolation, necrosis, cholestasis with sinusoidal congestion, and dilatation also induced a histopathological change in the kidney including tubular epithelial degeneration, cast formation in renal tubules, inflammatory cells infiltration in the interstitium, and few glomeruli showed eosinophilic material deposition at the wall of bowman capsule. Adding Vitamin C to third group induces amelioration in the histological features of liver and kidney seen in Group (2) while group of Vitamin C only showed a histological picture similar to control group. CONCLUSION: From this study, we can conclude that Vitamin C has important hepato-renal protective effect.

Histological Changes in the Liver and Biochemical Parameters of Chickens Treated with Lead Acetate II

Background: Lead is one of the heavy metals that is persists in the environment and has destructive effects on various human tissues. We investigated the effects of lead on the histological features of liver and its enzymatic functions. Methods: Forty chickens were purchased and randomly divided into four groups. In addition to the normal feed, each group received different doses of lead acetate II in the feed. After preparing microscopic slides, the level of liver enzymes was measured. Results: It was demonstrated that the level of liver enzymes increases and devastating effects on the liver structures occurred. Conclusion: In according to the adverse effects of lead on the liver and due to the increase use of this harmful agent in the different parts and its increase in the air, especially in Iran, there is a need for considering a comprehensive plan for preventing of more outbreak of this agents and inhibiting the toxic effects of it on the birds.

Enhancement of Lipid Metabolism and Hepatic Stability in Fat-Induced Obese Mice by Fermented Cucurbita moschata Extract.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potentials of fermented Cucurbita moschata extract (FCME) in the treatment of obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to 6 groups and treated for 8 weeks by feeding the normal diet (ND) and high fat diet (HFD) with and without FCME. Changes in body weight gain and consumption of feed and water were recorded. Major organs, adipose tissues, and blood samples were collected after the experimental period. The serum lipid profile, histological features of liver and adipose tissues, and mRNA expression of different adipogenic/lipogenic genes from liver tissue were evaluated. The supplementation of FCME in HFD significantly prevented HFD-induced increment of bodyweight. The adipose tissue mass, liver enzymes, and plasma lipids were also reduced significantly (p < 0.05) by the consumption of FCME. The mRNA expressions of adipogenic/lipogenic genes (PPARγ, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, C/EBPγ, and SREBP-1C) in FCME-treated obese mice were considerably (p < 0.05) suppressed. FCME showed its antiobesity potential by suppressing the body weight gain and by modulating the plasma lipids and liver enzymes through the regulation of adipogenic/lipogenic transcriptional factors. Fermented Cucurbita moschata could be an opportunistic agent in controlling obesity and fatty liver changes.

Biodistribution of polyacrylic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles is associated with proinflammatory activation and liver toxicity.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) have physical and chemical properties that render them useful for several new biomedical applications. Still, so far, in vivo safety studies of IONs with coatings of biomedical interest are still scarce. The aim of this study, therefore, was to clarify the acute biological effects of polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated IONs, by determining their biodistribution and their potential proinflammatory and toxic effects in CD-1 mice. The biodistribution of PAA-coated IONs in several organs (liver, spleen, kidneys, brain, heart, testes and lungs), the plasma cytokines, chemokine and aminotransferases levels, white blood cell count, oxidative stress parameters, adenosine triphosphate and histologic features of liver, spleen and kidneys were evaluated 24 h after a single acute (8, 20 or 50 mg kg(-1) ) intravenous administration of PAA-coated IONs in magnetite form. The obtained results showed that these IONs accumulate mainly in the liver and spleen and, to a lesser extent, in the lungs. Although our data showed that PAA-coated IONs do not cause severe organ damage, an inflammatory process was triggered in vivo, as evidenced by as evidenced by increased neutrophils and large lymphocytes in the differential blood count. Moreover, an accumulation of iron in macrophages of the liver and spleen was observed and hepatic lipid peroxidation was elicited, showing that the IONs are able to induce oxidative stress. The effects of these nanoparticles need to be further investigated regarding the mechanisms involved and the long-term consequences of intravenous administration of PAA-coated IONs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Relationship Between Changes in Serum Levels of Keratin 18 and Changes in Liver Histology in Children and Adults With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Cross-sectional studies have associated serum levels of the keratin 18 (K18) fragment with histologic features of liver in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the relationship between changes in serum levels of K18 and changes in liver histology in adults and children with NAFLD. We measured levels of K18 in stored serum samples collected at baseline and various time points from 231 adults with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and 152 children with NAFLD who participated in 2 separate prospective randomized clinical trials. Liver biopsy specimens collected at baseline and week 96 were reviewed centrally. There were greater decreases in serum levels of K18 in adults with histologic improvement at week 96 than in those without histologic improvement at week 16 (decrease, 193 ± 293 vs 139 ± 467 U/L; P < .001), week 48 (decrease, 232 ± 360 vs 113 ± 425 U/L; P < .001), or week 96 (decrease, 269 ± 368 vs 97 ± 400 U/L; P < .001). There were greater decreases in serum levels of K18 in children with histologic improvements than in those without histologic improvements at week 48 (decrease, 197 ± 467 vs 47 ± 350 U/L; P = .005) and week 96 (decrease, 206 ± 432 vs 2 ± 474 U/L; P < .001). However, reductions in serum levels of K18 were not better than reductions in levels of alanine aminotransferase in identifying adults with histologic improvement (area under the receiver operator characteristic [AUROC], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63-0.80; vs AUROC, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.61-0.79; P = .34) or children (AUROC, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.63-0.81; vs AUROC, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70-0.87; P = .42). Decreases in serum levels of K18 are associated strongly with improved liver histologies in adults or children with NAFLD. However, reductions in K18 do not perform better than those in alanine aminotransferase level in identifying histologic changes in NAFLD.

EFFECT OF LEAD ACETATE ON HISTOOGICAL FEATURES OF LIVER, SKELETAL MUSCLE AND TESTIS AND SERUM TESTOSTERON LEVEL OF LABORATORY ALBINO MICE Mus musculus.

Lead acetate as one of the environmental pollutants can threats the life of living creatures in many ways, it has a long half-life, accumulates mainly in the soft tissue and leads to adverse effects in these tissues. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of oral feeding of lead acetate on histological features of liver, kidney, testis and muscle of albino mice. Mice were treated with 0.05 mg/100 ml lead acetate (LA) for 10 days (group A) and for and for 20 days (group B) and for 30 days (group C). The histological section of liver of mice group A characterized by slightly blurred trabecular structure with foci of hepatitis which increased with cytoplasmic vacules in group B but in group C liver reveal necrosis, heamorrhage, hepatitis with dysplasia. Testis revealed foci of spermatic hypoplasia in group A, areas of fibrosis and spermatic arrest revealed in group B and C with mild degree of maturation in last group. Skeletal muscle fibers not changed in group A but characterized with focal mononuclear cell infiltration and myositis in group B but necrosis and skeletal muscle atrophy with increase perimuscular adipose tissue and fibrosis revealed in fibers of group C.

EFFECT OF LEAD ACETATE ON HISTOOGICAL FEATURES OF LIVER, SKELETAL MUSCLE AND TESTIS AND SERUM TESTOSTERON LEVEL OF LABORATORY ALBINO MICE Mus musculus.

Lead acetate as one of the environmental pollutants can threats the life of living creatures in many ways, it has a long half-life, accumulates mainly in the soft tissue and leads to adverse effects in these tissues. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of oral feeding of lead acetate on histological features of liver, kidney, testis and muscle of albino mice. Mice were treated with 0.05 mg/100 ml lead acetate (LA) for 10 days (group A) and for and for 20 days (group B) and for 30 days (group C). The histological section of liver of mice group A characterized by slightly blurred trabecular structure with foci of hepatitis which increased with cytoplasmic vacules in group B but in group C liver reveal necrosis, heamorrhage, hepatitis with dysplasia. Testis revealed foci of spermatic hypoplasia in group A, areas of fibrosis and spermatic arrest revealed in group B and C with mild degree of maturation in last group. Skeletal muscle fibers not changed in group A but characterized with focal mononuclear cell infiltration and myositis in group B but necrosis and skeletal muscle atrophy with increase perimuscular adipose tissue and fibrosis revealed in fibers of group C.

Histological spectrum of liver in HIV – Autopsy study

Introduction: Liver abnormalities are common in HIV positive patients. They are usually part of generalized process and rarely produce significant liver failure. Aim: To evaluate histological spectrum of liver disease in HIV positive patients and to ascertain if any pathologic features are widespread among HIV infection. Material & methods: Autopsy data from year 1991 to 2003 consisting of 60 HIV positive patients were evaluated. Demographic profile, clinical and laboratory data were obtained from hospital records. Macroscopic findings of all organs at autopsy were noted. Histological features of liver were studied in detail using routine H & E., Ziehl-Neelson stain for acid fast bacilli and other special stains such as PAS and GMS for fungal infection were done whenever indicated. Results: Patients were in age group 19 to 55 years with mean age of 32.1 year; male to female ratio was 4:1. Evidence of tuberculosis either pulmonary or extrapulmonary was found in 35 (58.3%) cases. On histological examination of liver, tubercular granulomas were seen in 19 (31.6%) cases of disseminated tuberculosis. Granulomas were typical caseating epitheloid cell type in 14 (73.6%) and in 5 cases granulomas were not typical. Acid fast bacilli were demonstrated in 4 (6.6%) cases, all of which showed presence of granulomas. Other histological findings were sinusoidal and centrivenular congestion in 14 (23.3%), extensive fatty change 6 (10%), portal inflammation resembling chronic hepatitis 5 (8.3%), focal necrosis 2 (3.3%), Kupffer cell hyperplasia 1 (1.6%) and metastasis from known case of adenocarcinoma of pancreas 1 (1.6%). Associated hepatitis C and B infections were seen in 4 (6.6%) and 1 (1.6%) respectively. Opportunistic infection was seen in only 1 (1.6%) case with disseminated cryptococcosis involving liver. In remaining 6 (10%) liver histology was normal. Considering cause of death, 58.3% patients died due to disseminated tuberculosis. Patients with associated hepatitis B & C infection died due to liver cirrhosis and the remaining died of miscellaneous conditions, which were not related to HIV infection. Conclusion: Histopathological findings of the liver in HIV positive patients were mainly non specific. Tuberculosis was the commonest infection noted. There was no significant mortality observed specifically related to liver involvement in these patients.

Effects of malnutrition on development of experimental pressure sores.

Using food-deprived rabbits we investigated the effects of nutritional deficiency on the development of pressure sores. The body weight of these animals was decreased significantly from normal. Organ weights of liver, heart, spleen, kidney, and testis were significantly decreased from normal as well. Protein deficiency in these animals was indicated by serum tests, as well as by histologic features of liver and testis and ultrastructural findings on fibroblasts. We produced lesions in malnourished as well as normal rabbits by exposing their skin to a balloon-produced compressive force of 120 +/- 10 mmHg for 4 hours. Biopsies were taken 1, 2, and 3 days after the pressure application. Histologic findings at each time were as follows: At day one, the degree of ischemic skin destruction in the malnourished animals was more severe than that in the normal ones, and thrombi were occasionally seen in the malnourished cases. At day two, proliferation of fibroblasts and macrophage infiltration were evidenced in the normal animals, whereas signs of collagen fiber degeneration as well as microthrombi were seen in the malnourished ones. At three days, epidermal cells covered the lesions in the case of normal animals; however, massive necrosis of the epidermis was still recognized in the malnourished rabbits. Thus, the healing process of pressure sores was strongly suppressed in the malnourished animals. This suppression was attributed to the reduction in fibroblast proliferation, capillary formation, macrophage infiltration, and also to the low level of epidermal cell proliferation.

Liver, kidney and islet cell tumors in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats treated neonatally with streptozotocin.

We studied the oncogenic action of neonatal streptozotocin (STZ) treatment in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) for 12 months. Two-day-old male neonates were intraperitoneally injected with STZ of which doses were 37.5-75.0 mg/kg for SHR and 100.0-150.0 mg/kg for WKY. The 12-month survival rate was 16 of 22 (73%) in SHR and 10 of 14 (71%) in WKY, respectively. The incidence of tumors in STZ-treated SHR was 27% in liver, 14% in kidney and 5% in liver and kidney, being related to the dose of STZ given, namely, 25% in 37.5 mg/kg, 50% in 50.0 or 62.5 mg/kg and 75% in 75.0 mg/kg. In STZ-treated WKY which survived 12 months, all had tumors, namely, 70% in liver, 20% in kidney and 10% in liver and kidney. Histological features of liver and kidney tumors were characteristic of hepatoma and nephroblastoma, respectively. Islet cell tumor was evident in 4 of 10 (40%) in SHR treated with lower doses of STZ (less than or equal to 50 mg/kg) but not in SHR and WKY treated with higher doses (62.5-150.0 mg/kg). The present study indicates that neonatal STZ treatment has the oncogenic action on liver, kidney and pancreatic islet.