Histological Studies Research Articles

Comparative analysis of in vivo bio-integration of three hyaluronic acid-based fillers for 26 weeks: a histological study.

Stabilized hyaluronic acid (HA), produced through diverse cross-linking technology and formulated as an injectable gel, has found widespread utilization in aesthetic industry. Cross-linked HA essentially constitutes a gel particle composition formed by numerous viscoelastic particulates. Various product formulations yield HA gels with distinct properties, including particle size, viscoelasticity, and interaction forces between particles. While previous studies have primarily concentrated on the biological safety and macroscopic expression of fillers, limited research exists on the internal mechanisms governing their macro-performance. This study selected three common dermal fillers for analysis, establishing an animal model to assess their in vivo interaction with surrounding tissues and explore their internal mechanisms. The findings revealed that particle size plays a crucial role in tissue integration.

Therapeutic potential of Aloe vera-coated curcumin encapsulated nanoparticles in an Alzheimer-induced mice model: behavioural, biochemical and histopathological evidence

Objective The main purpose of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of Aloe vera-coated curcumin encapsulated nanoparticles in mitigating Alzheimer’s disease progression in mice, by examining behavioural changes, biochemical markers, and histopathological alterations, thus elucidating its potential as a treatment strategy. Methods The green synthesis method was used to synthesise this nanoformulation, which was then characterised using a variety of techniques, including percentage encapsulation efficacy, UV-visible spectroscopy, DLS, FT-IR, FESEM, and EDX. Several in-vivo assessments, including behavioural evaluations, dose optimisation studies, oxidative stress marker estimation, and histological studies, were conducted to determine the potential therapeutic impact of nanoformulation on the Alzheimer-induced mice model. Results The synthesised nanoparticles show a mean diameter of 76.12 nm ±1.23, a PDI of 0.313 ± 0.02, a zeta potential of 6.27 ± 0.65 mV, and the percentage encapsulation efficiency between 90% and 95% indicating good stability of synthesised nanoformulation. With the help of Morris water maze, Y-maze, and novel object recognition assay, the learning capacity and memory were assessed, and the results show that the synthesised nanoformulation significantly decreased the transfer latency to reach baited arm or to the hidden platform within 7 days. Conclusion The formulation demonstrated significant biochemical benefits and remarkable cognitive advantages, establishing it as a prospective therapeutic intervention option that is both safe and effective.

Anticoccidial and Antioxidant Activities of an Ethanolic Extract of Teucrium polium Leaves on Eimeria papillate-Infected Mice

Eimeria spp. are responsible for the economic loss of both domestic and wild animals due to coccidiosis, the most common parasitic disease. The resistance to currently available drugs used to treat coccidiosis has been proven. Medicinal plants that contain physiologically active phytochemicals have been widely used in traditional medicine. Teucrium polium leaf extract (TPLE) has been shown to exhibit pharmacological, antioxidant, and anticoccidial properties in different experiments. Here, our investigation focused on how T. polium leaf extract affected the way that Eimeria papillate caused intestinal injury in mice. Thirty-five male Swiss albino mice were divided into seven groups, as follows: group I: untreated and uninfected (negative control); group II: uninfected, treated group with TPLE (150 mg/kg b.w); and group III: infected untreated (positive control). Groups III–VII were orally administered 103 sporulated E. papillata oocysts. A total of 60 min after infection, groups IV–VI were treated for five successive days with 50, 150, and 250 mg/kg b.w TPLE, respectively, while group VII was treated with amprolium (120 mg/kg b.w.). The mice had been euthanized on the fifth day post-infection, and the jejunum tissues were prepared for histology and oxidative stress studies. A total of 150 mg/kg of TPLE was the most effective dosage, significantly decreasing oocyst output by about 80.5%, accompanied by a significant reduction in the number of developmental parasitic phases in jejunal sections. In addition, the decrease in the number of goblet cells in the jejuna of mice raised after treatment. Also, TPLE greatly diminished the body weight loss of infected mice. Moreover, our research proved that TPLE reduced oxidative damage due to E. papillata infection via decreasing intestinal malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels and increasing reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) levels. These results demonstrated that TPLE had potent anticoccidial properties. TPE’s efficacy as a natural antioxidant has also been demonstrated in reducing oxidative stress and enhancing antioxidant systems to mitigate biochemical and histological changes in the jejunum caused by E. papillata.

Histologic Evaluation of Early Papilla Healing after Augmentation with Injectable Hyaluronic Acid—A Proof of Concept

Objectives: This human histological study’s purpose was to histologically evaluate papillae’s healing after hyaluronic acid (HA) gel augmentation at three healing time points after one injection with hyaDENT BG®. Methods: Fifteen papillae from two patients with stage III, grade B periodontitis have been selected for this study. Every week for three weeks, five papillae were injected once with HA gel, and during the fourth week, the papillae were surgically removed as part of step 3 of the periodontal treatment. The histological analysis was performed on fifteen papillae, with five papillae corresponding to every timepoint of healing (weeks 1, 2, and 3). The primary outcome was considered to be the newly formed collagen fibers. The presence of residual HA, the integrity of epithelium or the presence of erosions/ulcerations, the presence and characteristics of inflammatory infiltrate, the presence of granulomatous reactions, and interstitial edema were considered to be secondary outcomes. Results: From the first to the third week, newly formed connective tissue begins to appear, while the observed HA pools (vesicles) content decreases. The density of inflammatory infiltrate was higher in the first week after injection, decreasing considerably by week 3; however, it was still visible throughout the healing time points. A granulomatous reaction was present in only three samples, while no signs of ulceration or necrosis could be observed; however, epithelial erosions could be observed on some samples after the first week. Conclusions: Papila augmentation with hyaluronic acid promotes new collagen formation from the second week of healing despite some foreign body granulomatous reactions.

Enhanced kidney damage induced by increasing nonylphenol doses: impact on autophagy-related proteins and proinflammatory cytokines in rats

Nonylphenol (NP) is an organic pollutant and endocrine disruptor chemical that has harmful effects on the environment and living organisms. This study looked at whether kidney tissues subjected to increasing doses of nonylphenol generated alterations in histopathologic, pro-inflammatory, and autophagic markers. Fifty rats were divided into five groups of ten each: group I: healthy group, II: control (corn oil), group III: 25 μl/kg NP, group IV: 50 μl/kg NP, group V: 75 μl/kg NP. The kidney tissue samples were obtained for histopathological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analyses. The histological deteriorations observed in all NP groups included tubular epithelial cell degeneration, inflammation areas, and hemorrhage. The immunohistochemical investigations showed that NP significantly elevated the autophagy markers (Beclin-1, LC3A/B, p62), pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), HIF-1α, and eNOS in group III, IV and V compared with group I and II. The biochemical analysis also revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) increased in correlation with the NP doses, but only IL-1β reached statistical significance in NP treated rats kidney tissue. The biochemical findings have been confirmed by the histological studies. The damage to renal tissue caused by NP exposure may worsen it by increasing inflammatory and autophagic markers.

Evaluating the influence of vitamin E and selenium on the uterine health of adult female goats: a histological study

Evaluating the influence of vitamin E and selenium on the uterine health of adult female goats: a histological study

Diagnosis of metastatic melanoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and primary melanoma by using the skin and mucousa imprints

BACKGROUND: Determination of the cytogenetic origin and morphological type of metastatic or primary tumor determines the prescription of therapy and affects the efficiency of patient’s treatment. Currently, a number of publications evaluate the potential of cytological diagnostics of melanoma. AIM: To evaluate the significance of diagnosing metastatic melanoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsy and primary melanoma by using the skin and mucosa imprints. METHODS: In a retrospective study, a comparative analysis of cytological melanoma samples, in comparison with clinical and anamnestic information and the results of histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic studies, was carried out. Information about 109 patients from the cancer registry of the Altai Regional Oncology Dispensary (Barnaul, Russia) for 2022 was used in the study. Traditional and liquid-based methods for preparing samples were used. The samples were stained using Pappenheim and Papanicolaou methods. In some observations, cytological material was used for molecular genetic studies. Using the cancer registry data of the dispensary, the results of histological and of molecular genetic studies, and a final conclusion was given about each patient. RESULTS: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was carried out in 80 patients. Tumor smears were obtained from 29 patients. The cytological diagnose “melanoma” was consistent with the data of histological and immunohistochemical studies (p 0.001) for all 109 patients. Melanoma was diagnosed for the first time in 66 (60.5%) patients. In other cases, the process of progression was noted within the period from one year to 20 years. Epidermal melanoma was noted in 101 (92.7%) cases, including 9 patients with acral melanoma, and 2 cases with localization on the vulva. Melanomas of mucosa were found in 5 cases (4.5%): in the rectum and anal canal, vagina, and in 2 cases on the hard palate. Non-epidermal (uveal) melanomas metastases were diagnosed in liver by fine-needle aspiration biopsy in 3 patients (2.8%). Based on the cellular composition, epithelioid cell melanoma was determined in 81 (74.3%) patients, mixed cell in 14 (12.8%) cases, spindle cell in 9 (8.2%), pigmentless in 2 (1.8%) cases and nevoid melanoma in 1 (0.9%) case. The mutation status was determined in 96 patients (88.1%). Of these, in 8 patients it was determined using cytological material. In epidermal melanomas, mutations in codon 600 of exon 15 of the BRAF gene were found in 43 (44.8%) patients, including 2 cases of acral melanoma. Mutations V600K, V600E/Ec were found in one patient each. In mucousal melanomas: Q61R mutation was found in exon 3 of the NRAS gene (vaginal melanoma), G12C mutation was identified in exon 2 of the NRAS gene (anal canal melanoma). In uveal melanomas, the assessed mutations were absent (it is necessary to determine mutation is GNAQ11 and BAP1 genes). CONCLUSION: Cytological diagnosis of melanoma by fine-needle aspiration biopsies and imprints from the tumor mass is a highly informative method that allows diagnosing melanoma and verifying the tumor subtype. The obtained results indicate tumor heterogeneity and differences in mutational status depending on the location of melanomas. The molecular classification of melanoma is important when choosing individualized therapy.

Histomorphometric Study of the Tunics of Ductus Arteriosus in Human Fetal Cadavers Using the ImageJ Software.

The ductus arteriosus (DA) connects the left pulmonary artery with theaorta during fetal life. Although it connects two elastic arteries, histological studies have shown that it is a muscular artery. There are very few studies on the histomorphometry of human fetal cadaveric DA. There are few studies on the changes in the tunics of the DA at various stages of fetal development. The present study aimed to observe the histomorphometric features ofDA and its histological variations according to the gestational age of the fetus. The study sample was DA dissected from 34 fetal cadavers of different gestational ages and stained with standardhematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E). We studied the structure of DA under a light microscope. We used ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland) to measure the thickness of all three layers of the DA wall. The thickness of the DA wall was directly proportional to the gestational age of the fetus. In each trimester, we observed distinct histological changes in the tunics. The formation of multiple intimal mounds and the increase in intimal thickness observed during the last trimester are responsible for the closure of the ductus after birth. Elastosis is associated with patent DA. The disappearance of elastosis at a later gestational age ensures the closure of the ductus.

Comparison of the infrapatellar and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy material as a source of mesenchymal stromal cells for regenerative medicine in traumatology

Objective. The use of infrapatellar fat pad (IPFP) as the source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), show an age-independent proliferation and differentiation potential. In addition, the pronounced chondrogenic potential of IPFP-ASCs makes them promising candidates for research for use in other methodsof regenerative therapy. Methods. A direct immunohistochemical study was carried out in serial paraffin sections of the biopsy material of Hoffa`s fat pad and subcutaneus fat tissue, using monoclonal antibodies. The minimum criteria established by the International Society for Cell Therapy to ensure the identity of MSCs use CD73 and CD105 as positive markers and CD34, CD31, CD45 as a negative. Results. According to the results of histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric and statistical studies, it was found that in the biopsy of both tissues the relative number of cells with an immunoprofile CD105+, CD73+, CD34–, CD31–, CD45– in the standard field of view (×200) was: 7.25 (5.42; 8.89 ) %, and 11.11 (8.46; 13.45) %, no statistically significant difference was found between comparison groups (р > 0,05). Conclusion. The therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells of subcutaneous adipose tissue has been proven, thus the identification of similar cells in the biopsy material and relatively similar density in the Hoffa body makesit an important source of adipose-derived stem cells that can be used for regenerative engineering tissue.

Spirothiazolidine-Derivative on Silver Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes: Evaluation of Antibacterial, Anti-Fungal, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant and Gastroprotective Activities

This study aims to develop innovative heterocyclic nanocomposites incorporating silver nanoparticles (SNPs) for potential therapeutic applications targeting infections, gastric ulceration, inflammation, and oxidative damage. By synthesizing new derivatives of spiro-thiazolidine-carbonitrile (Py-ST-X) and incorporating them into Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we have prepared Ag@Py-ST-X and Ag@Py-ST-X@CNT nanocomposites, respectively. The physical properties of these materials were studied using XRD, TEM, SEM, and Zeta potential techniques. In our investigation involving rats with gastric ulcers, we observed noteworthy inhibitory effects on gastric acid enzyme activity, specifically H+/K+ATPase, by Ag@Py-ST-NO2 and Ag@Py-ST-Br nanocomposites, demonstrating reductions of 25 and 34%, respectively, compared to untreated ulcers. Nanotubulation of these compounds further improved their inhibitory efficacy to 29 and 45%, respectively. Additionally, these nanoparticles showed the most potent myeloperoxidase (MPO)-inhibitory activity, demonstrating 36 and 49% inhibition, respectively, with nanotubulated versions reaching 44 and 53%. Moreover, Ag@Py-ST-NO2@CNT and Ag@Py-ST-Br@CNT nanotubes showed significant antioxidant activity, reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by 35 and 51%, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels by 49 and 71%, respectively. These therapeutic effects were confirmed by reductions in gastric surface area (GSA) by 44% and 52%, a decrease in ulcer index (UI) from 80% to 44 and 38%, and an increase in curative index (CI) from 19 to 55 and 62% following administration of Ag@Py-ST-NO2@CNT and Ag@Py-ST-Br@CNT, respectively. Histological studies support these findings, suggesting the potential of these nanocomposites as promising candidates for treating various disorders.

Characterisation of phenotypic patterns in equine exercise-associated myopathies.

Equine exercise-associated myopathies are prevalent, clinically heterogeneous, generally idiopathic disorders characterised by episodes of myofibre damage that occur in association with exercise. Episodes are intermittent and vary within and between affected horses and across breeds. The aetiopathogenesis is often unclear; there might be multiple causes. Poor phenotypic characterisation hinders genetic and other disease analyses. The aim of this study was to characterise phenotypic patterns across exercise-associated myopathies in horses. Historical cross-sectional study, with subsequent masked case-control validation study. Historical clinical and histological features from muscle samples (n = 109) were used for k-means clustering and validated using principal components analysis and hierarchical clustering. For further validation, a blinded histological study (69 horses) was conducted comparing two phenotypic groups with selected controls and horses with histopathological features characterised by myofibrillar disruption. We identified two distinct broad phenotypes: a non-classic exercise-associated myopathy syndrome (EAMS) subtype was associated with practitioner-described signs of apparent muscle pain (p < 0.001), reluctance to move (10.85, p = 0.001), abnormal gait (p < 0.001), ataxia (p = 0.001) and paresis (p = 0.001); while a non-specific classic RER subtype was not uniquely associated with any particular variables. No histological differences were identified between subtypes in the validation study, and no identifying histopathological features for other equine myopathies identified in either subtype. Lack of an independent validation population; small sample size of smaller identified subtypes; lack of positive control myofibrillar myopathy cases; case descriptions derived from multiple independent and unblinded practitioners. This is the first study using computational clustering methods to identify phenotypic patterns in equine exercise-associated myopathies, and suggests that differences in patterns of presenting clinical signs support multiple disease subtypes, with EAMS a novel subtype not previously described. Routine muscle histopathology was not helpful in sub-categorising the phenotypes in our population.

Administration of Citrullus colocynthis Linnaeus Extracts for the Treatment of Hypothyroid Obesity and Study of Thyroid Histology and Related Biochemical Indicators in Mice

Administration of Citrullus colocynthis Linnaeus Extracts for the Treatment of Hypothyroid Obesity and Study of Thyroid Histology and Related Biochemical Indicators in Mice

Melanin-Based Nanoparticles for Lymph Node Tattooing: Experimental, Histopathological and Ultrastructural Study.

In breast cancer, Targeted Axillary Dissection (TAD) allows for the selective excision of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) during primary tumor surgery. TAD consists of the resection of labelled SLNs prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Numerous clinical and preclinical studies have explored the use of carbon-based colloids for SLN tattooing prior to NACT. However, carbon vectors show varying degrees of inflammatory reactions and, in about one fifth of cases, carbon particles migrate via the lymphatic pathway to other nodes, causing the SLN to mismatch the tattooed node. To overcome these limitations, in this study, we explored the use of melanin as a staining endogenous pigment. We synthesized and characterized melanin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (Mel-NPs) and used them to tattoo lymph nodes in pig animal models given the similarity in the size of the human and pig nodes. Mel-NPs tattooed lymph nodes showed high identification rates, reaching 83.3% positive identification 16 weeks after tattooing. We did not observe any reduction in the identification as time increased, implying that the colloid is stable in the lymph node tissue. In addition, we performed histological and ultrastructural studies to characterize the biological behavior of the tag. We observed foreign-body-like granulomatous inflammatory responses associated with Mel-NPs, characterized by the formation of multinucleated giant cells. In addition, electron microscopy studies showed that uptake is mainly performed by macrophages, and that macrophages undergo cellular damage associated with particle uptake.

The effect of preoperative hormonal stimulation on the urethral plate; A histologic and histochemical study

Preoperative hormone stimulation (PHS) is used to increase the glans size and may improve the cosmetic appearance after hypospadias surgery. The exact effect of PHS on different penile tissues remains unclear and controversial. Previous studies showed that PHS increased vessel density in the foreskin. However, the effect of PHS on the urethral has never been studied before. In this study we examine the PHS effects on the urethral plate. Specimens of the urethral plate and the underlying tissue were excised to correct severe chordee in 16 children with proximal and perineal hypospadias with severe chordee in 2 groups. Group A consisted of 8 children received PHS prior to surgery. Group B included 8 children with proximal and perineal hypospadias with severe chordee who did not receive PHS and served as a control group. Specimens were examined blindly using hematoxylin-eosin and elastic van-Gieson stain as well as factor 8 and SMA antibodies. The median age of Group A was 13 (range 10-20) months. The median age of Group B (without prior PHS) was 17 (range 14-29) months (p=0,03). The median vessel-density in group A (82 vessels per mm2) was significantly higher than in Group B (65 per mm2), (p<0.05). The median vessel diameter was also significantly higher in Group A (13μm) than in Group B (11μm), (p<0.05). The median epithelial layer thickness in Group A was 110μm and in Group B 98μm, but showed no statistical significance (p=0,16). There was no significant change in dartos fascia layer thickness or androgen receptor expression. There was no visual change in the organization of elastic fibers. This study is the first study to document the effect of PHS on the urethral plate in hypospadias with severe chordee. PHS significantly increased the median vessel-density as well as median vessel diameter as compared to a matching control group. The findings of the study may justify PHS administration before the first operation to improve the vascularity and may reduce the severity of chordee.

Chronic pyogenic spondylitis in patients with spinal gout: a case series and literature review

Background. Spinal gout is a rare and poorly described group of noninfectious inflammatory spinal lesions characterized by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals in the epidural space, paravertebral soft tissues, and by facet joints damage. There is no systematized data on the course of infectious spondylitis and spinal gout in the literature. The aim of the study — to present long-term outcomes of surgical treatment of chronic pyogenic spondylitis in patients with spinal gout and systematize the literature data on the issue. Methods. The clinical part of the study included 6 consecutively operated patients in the period from 2018 to 2021. The diagnosis of spinal gout and chronic pyogenic spondylitis was verified according to the results of histologic and bacteriologic studies of surgical material. Catamnesis accounted for at least 12 months. We studied the peculiarities of clinical and laboratory, radiological and histologic manifestations of the disease. Literature data systematization was carried out in the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY from 2013 to 2023. Inclusion criteria: level of evidence II B-IV, catamnesis more or equal to 6 months, information on diagnostic and treatment measures. Results. The average age of the patients was 55±9 years. The duration of the diagnostic pause was 8±5 years. Multisegmented lesions of the lumbar (n = 6) spine prevailed. According to the classification of Pola E. et al. (2017) the following types of spondylitis were identified: B.3 (n = 1), C.1 (n = 1), C.3 (n = 2) and C.4 (n = 2). The clinical manifestation was dominated by chronic back pain with an intensity of 6,1±1,4 VAS scores. Neurologic disorders of the lower extremities and pelvic (ASIA scale) corresponded to types B (n = 1) and C (n = 4). The type of surgery: three-column reconstruction through combined approach in 2 cases and isolated anterior column reconstruction in 2 cases, 360° fusion in 1 case, and debridement of the epidural space and anterior column through posterior approach in 1 case. The follow-up results show the absence of recurrence of spondylitis in 4 cases, in 2 patients there were postoperative complications that required revision, after which no recurrence of spondylitis was noted. We selected 17 publications for literature review. Conclusion. The combination of chronic pyogenic spondylitis and spinal gout is a rare and poorly described pathology in the literature. Long therapeutic pause, chronic character of vertebrogenic pain syndrome in combination with increased uric acid level and formation of tophi of vertebral localization are distinctive features of the disease. Neurologic disorders with the combination of spondylitis and gout result from stenosis of the spinal canal due to two factors — epidural abscesses and tophi. Achieving local control of the combined pathology is possible with a combination of surgical intervention and long-term administration of hypouricemic drugs.

An atlas of brain-bone sympathetic neural circuits in mice.

There is clear evidence that the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) mediates bone metabolism. Histological studies show abundant SNS innervation of the periosteum and bone marrow-these nerves consist of noradrenergic fibers that immunostain for tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta hydroxylase, or neuropeptide Y. Nonetheless, the brain sites that send efferent SNS outflow to bone have not yet been characterized. Using pseudorabies (PRV) viral transneuronal tracing, we report, for the first time, the identification of central SNS outflow sites that innervate bone. We find that the central SNS outflow to bone originates from 87 brain nuclei, sub-nuclei and regions of six brain divisions, namely the midbrain and pons, hypothalamus, hindbrain medulla, forebrain, cerebral cortex, and thalamus. We also find that certain sites, such as the raphe magnus (RMg) of the medulla and periaqueductal gray (PAG) of the midbrain, display greater degrees of PRV152 infection, suggesting that there is considerable site-specific variation in the levels of central SNS outflow to bone. This comprehensive compendium illustrating the central coding and control of SNS efferent signals to bone should allow for a greater understanding of the neural regulation of bone metabolism, and importantly and of clinical relevance, mechanisms for central bone pain.

Effect of Lactoferrin versus Dexamethasone on Induced Acute Lung Injury in Adult Rat: A Histological Study

Abstract Introduction acute lung injury (ALI) is one of the most critical illnesses affecting the lung and is commonly associated with severe complications. management of ALI without major side effects remains a continuous challenge. Lactoferrin (LF) is an iron-binding glycoprotein having potential anti-inflammatory effects. Aim the study was conducted to compare the therapeutic role of lactoferrin (LF) versus dexamethasone (DEXA) on the microscopic structure of the lung in a model of lipopolysaccharide (LP) induced acute lung injury. Material and Methods thirty-five adult male albino rats weighing (180-200gm) were divided randomly into 4 groups. Group I (control group), Group II (LP group): rats received a single IP injection of Lipopolysaccharide (3mg/kg). Group III (LP+LF group): rats received LP as in group II followed one hour later by IP injection of lactoferrin (5mg/rat). Group IV (LP+DEXA group): rats received LP as in group II followed one hour later by IP injection of dexamethasone (5mg/kg). after 24 hours, lung specimens were proceeded for light microscopic examination, as well as Morphometrical and statistical analyses. Results H&amp;E-stained section of Group II showed marked inflammatory changes, interalveolar septa were significantly thickened and were heavily infiltrated with inflammatory cells and extravasated red blood cells were occasionally detected. Many alveoli appeared collapsed. The lining epithelium of bronchi appeared occasionally desquamated and peri-bronchial lymphoid aggregation were observed. An apparent increase in mucus production and significant increase in number of goblet cells were detected by PAS-stain. Orcein-stained section showed disruption of elastic fibers. immunohistochemical stain revealed a significantly increased reaction to iNOS antibodies. On the other hand, the lung structure in group III and group IV were much more improved, with group IV very similar to the control group. Conclusion Both lactoferrin and dexamethasone showed therapeutic and anti-inflammatory effects in LP induced ALI. These effects were more prominent in dexamethasone than lactoferrin as detected by microscopic, morphometric, and statistical studies.

The Potential Role of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes on Experimentally Induced Osteoarthritis of Knee Joint in Male Albino Rats. Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

Abstract Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disorder worldwide characterized by progressive loss of articular cartilage. This study was conducted to evaluate the role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) derived Exosomes as a promising therapy for treating osteoarthritis. Aim of the Work to study the healing potential of BMSCs derived exosomes on experimentally induced knee osteoarthritis. Materials and Methods Forty adult male albino rats, weighing 200-250 gm, were used in this study, five rats used as a source of BM-MSCs derived exosomes. The other thirty-five rats were randomly divided into three main groups Group I: The control group (20 rats) in which rats were subdivided into four subgroups. Subgroups IA and IB were sacrificed 2 and 6 weeks after the beginning of the experiment. Subgroup IC left for 2 weeks then were received intra-articular injection of 0.1ml Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) in right knee joint once weekly for 4 weeks Subgroup ID: left for 2 weeks then given intra-articular injection of purified exosome concentrate in the right knee joint once weekly for 4 weeks then the animals were sacrificed Group II:(15 rats) in which OA was induced by intra-articular injection of 2% formaldehyde solution in the right knee joints. The rats of group II were subdivided into two subgroups. Subgroups IIA and IIB were sacrificed 2 and 6 weeks after induction of OA respectively. Group III (5 rats), Osteoarthritis induced, as in group II and animals left for 2 weeks then treated by intra-articular injection of purified exosome concentrate in right knee joint once weekly for 4 weeks. The right joints from all groups were collected, decalcified and processed for histological studies. Morphometric and statistical measurements were done. Results Histological examination of the right knee joints of OA group (subgroups IIA and IIB) showed surface erosions, decrease cartilage thickness, chondrocytes with pyknotic nuclei and areas of chondrocytes loss with longitudinal clefts reaching the deep zone. Synovial membrane of group II showed increased thickness of the intima, mononuclear cellular infiltration with abundant collagen fibres deposition and dilated congested blood vessels in subintima, apparent increase in the number of iNOS positive intimal synovial cells. Meanwhile, group III showed smooth articular surface, with multiple colonies of chondrocytes and multiple cell nests, significant increase in the mean area percentage of PCNA positive chondrocytes in animals of group Ш when compared to all the other groups. Conclusion BMSCs derived exosomes improved OA induced damage of articular cartilage and synovial membrane. Therefore, it offers a cell-free treatment of OA and joint damage.

Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes on Healing of a Rabbit Model of Corneal Alkali Burn. Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

Abstract Introduction Corneal alkali burn is one of the most severe ophthalmic emergencies that requires prompt treatment. Recently, the attention of researchers has been attracted to the use of exosomes as a novel non-cell therapy for treatment of corneal alkali burn. Aim to evaluate the possible role of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-derived exosomes on healing of experimentally induced corneal alkali burn in rabbits by histological and immunohistochemical techniques. Materials and Methods Forty-five adult male New Zealand white rabbits were divided into three groups: group I (control group); group II in which corneal alkali burn was left for spontaneous healing, and group III (exosomes treated group): in which rabbits received a sub-conjunctival injection of 100 μg MSCs-exosomes after one hour from corneal alkali burn induction. Injection of exosomes was repeated every other day. All groups were further subdivided into two subgroups; subgroup A and B, where corneal specimens were collected after 7 days and 14 days, respectively. Characterization of exosomes was done using transmission electron microscope. Gross examination of the cornea was done at days 0, 1, 4,7,10 and 14. At the end of experiment, corneal specimens were collected and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin, Masson`s trichrome, periodic acid Schiff, transforming growth factor-beta and vascular endothelial growth factor immunohistochemical techniques. Histo-morphometric study and statistical analysis were also done. Results Administration of MSCs-derived exosomes in group III improved healing of corneal alkali burn by inhibiting angiogenesis and inflammation, enhancing corneal reepithelization, and providing better organization of newly formed stromal collagen fibers. Conclusion Sub-conjunctival injection of MSCs-derived exosomes could be effective in the healing of corneal alkali burn in adult rabbits.

Case report: segmental form of Hailey-Hailey disease

The article presents a clinical case of a rare segmental form of familial benign chronic pemphigus with a positive family history. Patient S., born in 2014, complained of unilateral eruptions in the area of the left retroauricular fold, left axilla, inguinal fold and labia majora on the left, plantar surface of the left foot. Eruptions were represented by erythematous foci, single blisters with serous contents, erosions, crusts. For the entire period, the patient was observed with the following diagnoses: microbial eczema, Sneddon-Wilkinson Disease, Inflammatory Linear Verrucose Epidermal Nevus. Due to the long-term relapsing course and ineffective therapy, additional examination methods were carried out – histological and genetic studies. Only after genetic testing, in which a heterozygous mutation of the ATP2C1 gene was revealed, and geneticist’s consultation, the final diagnosis was established – Hailey-Hailey Disease.It is known, that the segmental form is formed as a result of mosaicism, which can be of two types. The term "mosaicism" refers to the presence in an organism of two or more genetically heterogeneous cell populations formed from a genetically homogeneous zygote. The formation of type 1 mosaicism is based on a de novo postzygotic mutation at an early stage of embryogenesis. In turn, type 2 mosaicism develops as a result of a postzygotic mutation against the background of an already existing prezygotic mutation. Determining the type of mosaicism by genetic testing will make it possible to assess the prognosis of the disease and the chance of transmitting this disease to offspring.