Histogram Of Oriented Gradient Feature Extraction Research Articles

A novel low-resource consumption and high-speed hardware implementation of HOG feature extraction on FPGA for human detection

In today’s increasingly complex traffic environment, pedestrian detection has become increasingly important. The Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) algorithm has been proven to be highly efficient in pedestrian detection. This paper proposes a low-resource consumption, high-speed hardware implementation for HOG algorithm. In the case of a slight sacrifice in accuracy, it increases computational speed and reduces resource consumption. Experimental results demonstrate that the implementation achieves a speed of 0.933 pixels per clock cycle and consumes 4117 look-up tables and 4.5 Kbits of block RAMs while its accuracy decreases by 1.2% on the INRIA dataset and by 0.11% on the MIT dataset.

Application of histogram of oriented gradient features and support vector machine models in stage lighting control in drama

SummaryThe lighting control of the theatrical stage is directly related to the presentation effect of the program and the audience's experience. With the development of intelligent control technology, the control of lighting effects has been continuously improved. However, the existing stage lighting control lacks intelligence, resulting in poor control effect and weak energy‐saving performance. Based on this, a human contour image classification model using support vector machines (SVM) based on histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) feature extraction method is constructed to achieve stage lighting control. The results show that the revised HOG feature extraction approach achieves recognition performance of 99.6% when the ratio is 0.8. The HOG‐SVM model proposed in the study has the best recognition performance, reaching 99.6%. This indicates that the stage lighting control system based on HOG‐SVM feature extraction constructed in the research can meet the actual needs of stage program performance, which can be applied to stage lighting control to effectively reduce energy consumption.

Performance Analysis of Naive Bayes Variation Method in Spice Image Classification Using Histogram of Gradient Oriented (HOG) Feature Extraction

Indonesia has a lot of natural wealth of spices. The diversity of spices is an inseparable aspect of Indonesian history. Spices and seasonings are biological resources that have long played an important role in human life. Indonesian spices have almost the same color and shape. The purpose of this study was to analyze the performance of the Naïve Bayes variation method in classifying spices using a Histogram Of Oriented Gradient (HOG) feature extraction. Based on 3 tests, the performance of the four Naïve Bayes variation methods carried out in this study, it can be seen that testing 5 types of spices using the Gaussian Naïve Bayes method obtained the best performance with an accuracy of 0.946, a precision of 0.95, a recall of 0.945, f1 score of 0.947, f beta score of 0.946, and Jaccard score of 0.90. Where as using the Complement Naïve Bayes method gets the lowest performance. From the results of this study it can be concluded that by utilizing HOG feature extraction and the Naïve Bayes variation method, maximum classification results are obtained in classifying spices. To obtain more accurate classification results, consider using other methods and other feature extraction

Comparison of Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN), and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) for Classifying Corn Leaf Disease based on Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) Feature Extraction

Image classification involves categorizing an image's pixels into specific classes based on their unique characteristics. It has diverse applications in everyday life. One such application is the classification of diseases on corn leaves. Corn is a widely consumed staple food in Indonesia, and healthy corn plants are crucial for meeting market demands. Currently, disease identification in corn plants relies on manual checks, which are time-consuming and less effective. This research aims to automate disease identification on corn leaves using the Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) with K=2, and Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) algorithms. The classification process utilizes the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) feature extraction method with a dataset of corn leaf images. The classification results achieved an accuracy of 71.44%, AUC of 79.16%, precision of 70.08%, recall of 71.44%, and f1 score of 67.11%. The highest accuracy was obtained by combining HOG feature extraction with the SGD algorithm.

Compares the effectiveness of the bagging method in classifying spices using the histogram of oriented gradient feature extraction technique

Spice classification is a crucial task in the food industry to ensure food safety and quality. This study focuses on the classification of spices using the Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HoG) feature extraction method and bagging method. The objective of this research is to compare the performance of three different models of bagging method, including Bootstrap Aggregating (Bagging), Random Forests, and Extra Tree Classifier, in classifying spices. The evaluation metrics used in this research are Precision, Recall, F1-Score, F2-Score, Jaccard Score, and Accuracy. The results show that the Random Forest model achieved the best performance, with precision, recall, F1-score, F2-Score, Jaccard, and Accuracy values of 0.861, 0.8633, 0.8587, 0.8607, 0.7694, and 0.8733 respectively. On the other hand, the Extra Tree Classifier had the lowest performance with precision, recall, F1-score, F2-Score, Jaccard, and Accuracy values of 0.7034, 0.7958, 0.7037, 0.7047, 0.5635, and 0.72 respectively. Overall, the results indicate a fairly good success rate in classifying spices using the HoG feature extraction method and bagging method. However, further evaluation is needed to improve the accuracy of the classification results, such as increasing the number of training data or considering the use of other feature extraction methods. The findings of this research may have significant implications for the food industry in ensuring the quality and safety of food products.

Degraded character recognition from old Kannada documents

This paper addresses preparation of a dataset of Kannada characters which are degraded and robust recognition of such characters. The proposed recognition algorithm extracts the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) features of block sizes 4x4 and 8x8 followed by principal component analysis (PCA) feature reduction. Various classifiers are experimented with and fine K-nearest neighbor classifier performs best. The performance of proposed model is evaluated using 5-fold cross validation method and receiver operating characteristic curve. The dataset devised is of size 10440 characters having 156 classes (distinct characters). These characters are from 75 pages of not well preserved old books. A comparison of proposed model with other features like Haar wavelet and Geometrical features suggests that proposed model is superior. It is observed that the PCA reduced features followed by fine K-nearest neighbor classifier resulted in the best accuracy with acceptance rate of 98.6% and 97.9% for block sizes of 4x4 and 8x8 respectively. The experimental results show that HOG feature extraction has a high recognition rate and the system is robust even with extensively degraded characters.

Klasifikasi Hewan Mamalia Berdasarkan Bentuk Wajah Menggunakan Fitur Histogram of Oriented dan Metode Support Vector Machine

Mammals have several characteristics that can be distinguished, such as footprints, voice, and face shape. Mammals can be recognized. To classify the face shape of mammals, the Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) methods can be used. This study uses the LHI-Animal-Faces dataset which is taken as many as 15 species of mammals, where each type of mammal is selected 60 images and resized to 150x150 pixels. The image is converted into a grayscale image for the HOG feature extraction process. Furthermore, the classification process uses SVM. The kernels used are Linear, Polynomial, and Gaussian kernels. The testing process uses K-Fold Cross Validation. The folds used are 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, and 10-fold. The performance of the HOG feature and the SVM method that gives the best results is the Linear kernel using 10-fold with an accuracy value of 96.55%, precision of 77.92%, and recall of 74.11%. The sequence of kernels that give the best results in this test is the Linear kernel, Polynomial kernel, and Gaussian kernel.

Image Recognition and Simulation Based on Distributed Artificial Intelligence

This paper studies the traditional target classification and recognition algorithm based on Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) feature extraction and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification and applies this algorithm to distributed artificial intelligence image recognition. Due to the huge number of images, the general detection speed cannot meet the requirements. We have improved the HOG feature extraction algorithm. Using principal component analysis (PCA) to perform dimensionality reduction operations on HOG features and doing distributed artificial intelligence image recognition experiments, the results show that the image detection efficiency is slightly improved, and the detection speed is also improved. This article analyzes the reason for these changes because PCA mainly uses the useful feature information in HOG features. The parallelization processing of HOG features on graphics processing unit (GPU) is studied. GPU is used for high parallel and high-density calculations, and the calculation of HOG features is very complicated. Using GPU for parallelization of HOG features can make the calculation speed of HOG features improved. We use image experiments for the parallelized HOG feature algorithm. Experimental simulations show that the speed of distributed artificial intelligence image recognition is greatly improved. By analyzing the existing digital image recognition methods, an improved BP neural network algorithm is proposed. Under the premise of ensuring accuracy, the recognition speed of digital images is accelerated, the time required for recognition is reduced, real-time performance is guaranteed, and the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified.

Single-trial EEG emotion recognition using Granger Causality/Transfer Entropy analysis

BackgroundEmotion recognition has been studied for decades, but the classification accuracy needs to be improved. New methodIn this study, a novel emotional classification approach is proposed by combining the Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) method with the Granger Causality (GC) or Transfer Entropy (TE) methods. HOG extracts local valid information from the GC/TE relationship matrices and then the Support Vector Machine (SVM) is employed to classify the emotional states of stress and calm. ResultsCompared with previous studies, the classification accuracy has been greatly improved. The results of this study show that the classification based on GC or TE with HOG offers an average accuracy 88.93 % and 95.21 %, respectively. The achieved accuracy is about 12 % higher than that achieved without using HOG feature extraction. Comparison with existing method(s)Numerous efforts have been devoted to classify emotional states by extracting EEG characteristics on a single channel basis, the method developed in this study utilizes information interaction between brain channels as a feature to classify emotional states. Furthermore, this study combines HOG and relation matrices for the first time and uses image processing to extract EEG features. ConclusionOur results demonstrate the feasibility of combining TE with HOG for emotion recognition with improved classification accuracy by taking advantage of both network and gradient features. More specific features can be selected to improve classification accuracy by taking advantage of information exchanges between EEG channels directly or the extracted property of the relationship matrix based on information interactions.

The Development of a Practical Artificial Intelligence Tool for Diagnosing and Evaluating Autism Spectrum Disorder: Multicenter Study.

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with an unknown etiology. Early diagnosis and intervention are key to improving outcomes for patients with ASD. Structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) has been widely used in clinics to facilitate the diagnosis of brain diseases such as brain tumors. However, sMRI is less frequently used to investigate neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as ASD, owing to the subtle, if any, anatomical changes of the brain.ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the possibility of identifying structural patterns in the brain of patients with ASD as potential biomarkers in the diagnosis and evaluation of ASD in clinics.MethodsWe developed a novel 2-level histogram-based morphometry (HBM) classification framework in which an algorithm based on a 3D version of the histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) was used to extract features from sMRI data. We applied this framework to distinguish patients with ASD from healthy controls using 4 datasets from the second edition of the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange, including the ETH Zürich (ETH), NYU Langone Medical Center: Sample 1, Oregon Health and Science University, and Stanford University (SU) sites. We used a stratified 10-fold cross-validation method to evaluate the model performance, and we applied the Naive Bayes approach to identify the predictive ASD-related brain regions based on classification contributions of each HOG feature.ResultsOn the basis of the 3D HOG feature extraction method, our proposed HBM framework achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of >0.75 in each dataset, with the highest AUC of 0.849 in the ETH site. We compared the 3D HOG algorithm with the original 2D HOG algorithm, which showed an accuracy improvement of >4% in each dataset, with the highest improvement of 14% (6/42) in the SU site. A comparison of the 3D HOG algorithm with the scale-invariant feature transform algorithm showed an AUC improvement of >18% in each dataset. Furthermore, we identified ASD-related brain regions based on the sMRI images. Some of these regions (eg, frontal gyrus, temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, postcentral gyrus, precuneus, caudate, and hippocampus) are known to be implicated in ASD in prior neuroimaging literature. We also identified less well-known regions that may play unrecognized roles in ASD and be worth further investigation.ConclusionsOur research suggested that it is possible to identify neuroimaging biomarkers that can distinguish patients with ASD from healthy controls based on the more cost-effective sMRI images of the brain. We also demonstrated the potential of applying data-driven artificial intelligence technology in the clinical setting of neurological and psychiatric disorders, which usually harbor subtle anatomical changes in the brain that are often invisible to the human eye.

Hardware implementation of real-time pedestrian detection system

Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG) descriptor and support vector machine (SVM) classifier have been considered as a very efficient and robust tools used in the development of pedestrian detection systems. However, the enormous calculations make it difficult to meet real-time requirement specifically for advanced driver assistance system applications. The latter requires higher frame rate and resolution. In the present work, efficient pipelined architecture founded on cell-based scanning and simultaneous linear SVM classification is highlighted. The proposed real-time pedestrian detection architecture performs without external memories, and only 3 × 3 pixels are processed using two line buffers. Indeed, intermediate results will contribute directly to build the cell histograms. Consequently, it allows to reduce the required memory and to speed up the HOG feature extraction procedure. The implementation results on a heterogeneous platform show that the proposed architecture achieves an efficient pedestrian detection for full-HD video recordings (1080 × 1920 pixels) at 60 fps with reduced hardware resource consumption. Using the same hardware resources at 444 MHz, the proposed system turns out to handle a HD video at 180 fps.

Machine-learning models for analyzing TSOM images of nanostructures.

Through-focus scanning optical microscopy (TSOM) is an economical and nondestructive method for measuring three-dimensional nanostructures. After obtaining a TSOM image, a library-matching method is typically used to interpret optical intensity information and determine the dimensions of a measurement target. To further improve dimensional measurement accuracy, this paper proposes a machine learning method that extracts texture information from TSOM images. The method extracts feature vectors of TSOM images in terms of the Gray-level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Local Binary Pattern (LBP), and Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG). We tested models trained with these vectors in isolation, in pairs, and a combination of all three to test seven possible feature vectors. Once normalized, these feature vectors were then used to train and test three machine-learning regression models: random forest, GBDT, and AdaBoost. Compared with the results of the library-matching method, the measurement accuracy of the machine learning method is considerably higher. When detecting dimensional features that fall into a wide range of sizes, the AdaBoost model used with the combined LBP and HOG feature vectors performs better than the others. For detecting dimensional features within a narrower range of sizes, the AdaBoost model combined with HOG feature extraction algorithm performs better.

HOG-assisted deep feature learning for pedestrian gender recognition

Pedestrian gender recognition is a very challenging problem, since the viewpoint variations, illumination changes, occlusion, and poor quality are usually encountered in the pedestrian images. To address this problem, an effective HOG-assisted deep feature learning (HDFL) method is proposed in this paper. The key novelty lies in the design of HDFL network to effectively explore both deep-learned feature and weighted histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) feature for the pedestrian gender recognition. Specifically, the deep-learned and weighted HOG feature extraction branches are simultaneously performed on the input pedestrian image. A feature fusion process is subsequently conducted to obtain a more robust and discriminative feature, which is then fed to a softmax classifier for pedestrian gender recognition. Extensive experiments on multiple existing pedestrian image datasets have shown that the proposed HDFL method is able to effectively recognize the pedestrian gender, and consistently outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

Optimal Non-Invasive Fault Classification Model for Packaged Ceramic Tile Quality Monitoring Using MMW Imaging

Millimeter wave (MMW) frequency has emerged as an efficient tool for different stand-off imaging applications. In this paper, we have dealt with a novel MMW imaging application, i.e., non-invasive packaged goods quality estimation for industrial quality monitoring applications. An active MMW imaging radar operating at 60 GHz has been ingeniously designed for concealed fault estimation. Ceramic tiles covered with commonly used packaging cardboard were used as concealed targets for undercover fault classification. A comparison of computer vision-based state-of-the-art feature extraction techniques, viz, discrete Fourier transform (DFT), wavelet transform (WT), principal component analysis (PCA), gray level co-occurrence texture (GLCM), and histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) has been done with respect to their efficient and differentiable feature vector generation capability for undercover target fault classification. An extensive number of experiments were performed with different ceramic tile fault configurations, viz., vertical crack, horizontal crack, random crack, diagonal crack along with the non-faulty tiles. Further, an independent algorithm validation was done demonstrating classification accuracy: 80, 86.67, 73.33, and 93.33 % for DFT, WT, PCA, GLCM, and HOG feature-based artificial neural network (ANN) classifier models, respectively. Classification results show good capability for HOG feature extraction technique towards non-destructive quality inspection with appreciably low false alarm as compared to other techniques. Thereby, a robust and optimal image feature-based neural network classification model has been proposed for non-invasive, automatic fault monitoring for a financially and commercially competent industrial growth.

An Efficient Method of HOG Feature Extraction Using Selective Histogram Bin and PCA Feature Reduction

Histogram of Oriented Gradient (HOG) is a popular image feature for human detection. It presents high detection accuracy and therefore has been widely used in vision-based surveillance ...