Adductor Muscle Research Articles

3D Kinematics of Male and Female Soccer Players for a Variety of Game-Specific Skills.

Soccer is played by a variety of individuals with varying abilities. The complicated lower limb movements involved within the game often lead to knee and ankle injuries, with anterior cruciate ligament injuries being the most severe with regard to rehabilitation time and ongoing health risks. This research explores the biomechanical kinematics of male and female soccer players on synthetic grass to determine whether trends in lower limb biomechanics over a variety of movements could explain injury risk. Both male and female players (n = 10) aged between 19 and 24 years performed running-based and stationary-start movements. Biomechanical measurements at the hip, knee, and ankle were recorded. Observations showed that specific differences in joint angles were largely dependent on the movements performed; however, for male players, on average, across all movements, 84.6% and 72.6% of the variation in joint angles could be explained by internal/external rotation at the hip and knee, respectively. For female players, internal/external knee rotation, as well as hip abduction and adduction, accounted for 83.6% and 80.2% of the variation in joint angles, respectively, across all the tested movements. This highlights the importance of hip mechanics and knee alignment for players when performing a variety of movements.

Clinical examination tests for adductor- and pubic-related groin pain in athletes with longstanding groin pain: Inter-examiner reliability and prevalence of positive tests

ObjectivesEvaluate the inter-examiner reliability of pain provocation tests for hip adductors (palpation, stretch and resistance) and for pubic symphysis (palpation) in athletes with longstanding groin pain, and to determine the prevalence of positive tests. DesignInter-examiner reliability. SettingOrthopaedic and sports medicine hospital. ParticipantsMale athletes with longstanding groin pain. Main outcome measuresInter-examiner reliability, absolute/positive/negative agreement, and the mean prevalence of positive tests for athletes classified with adductor- and pubic-related groin pain were calculated. ResultsWe included 44 male athletes with longstanding groin pain (61 symptomatic sides). The mean age was 29 years (±6) and 70% were soccer players. Inter-examiner reliability was slight to moderate for adductor palpation (Cohen's Kappa statistic(κ)) = 0.02–0.54) and pubic palpation (κ = 0.37–0.45); moderate for the adductor stretch test (κ = 0.50), and fair to substantial for adductor resistance tests (κ = 0.22–0.74). Palpation pain was most prevalent at the adductor longus origin (94%) in athletes classified with adductor-related groin pain. ConclusionThe inter-examiner reliability of palpation tests varied from slight to moderate. The adductor stretch test had a moderate reliability, and adductor resistance tests a fair to substantial reliability. Adductor longus origin is the main site for palpation pain. Adductor palpation tests not related to the adductor longus have limited inter-examiner reliability. The adductor stretch test did not assist in classifying adductor-related groin pain.

Effect of starvation on physiological and survival traits of Mimachlamys varia (Linneaus, 1758)

In order to better understand Mimachlamys varia (Linneaus, 1758) response to nutritional stress, a controlled-condition experiment was conducted. Two scallop batches (i.e. juveniles and adults) were completely food-deprived for 3 months. Changes in mass and energy content of tissues (adductor muscle, digestive gland, rest of the soft tissues), as well as stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of the adductor muscle were monitored weekly. Both batches exhibited a 3-phase response to starvation. For adults, phase 1, was characterized by a fast loss in mass, an δ15N-enrichment, a stable calorific power, and a low mortality, corresponding to a transitional stage associated with protein-storage consumption. Phase 2 (day 28–42) exhibited a stabilization of mass and δ15N values, coinciding with a digestive gland calorific power drop and an acceleration in mortality. This corresponds to a “protein sparing” stage where highly energetic fuel such as lipids, which are stored especially in the digestive gland in pectinids, are consumed in priority. Juveniles exhibited a distinct response characterized by a significant mass loss and an increase in calorific power during the first phase (day 0–28). This body weight decrease may involve the remobilization of low-caloric biochemical compounds (e.g. proteins) using the structure as internal fuel, thus limiting somatic maintenance costs. During the second month, body mass and calorific power stabilized, indicating a “protein sparing” stage. In a third phase for both age classes, mass decreased again together with a sharp increase in mortality: essential structure was ultimately remobilized. The survival rate of juveniles was higher than that of adults during the first two months of the experiment (97% and 64%, respectively). Although the time required for starvation to deplete of half the cohort is higher for juveniles than for mature individuals, increase in mortality rate after reaching the “Point of No Return”, (e.g. the beginning of the last phase) was higher in juveniles than in adults. These results highlight the potential impacts of starvation at the population level, beyond the direct impact on individual survival. For instance, individuals may not effectively contribute to reproduction during the spawning period if exposed to a prolonged winter starvation episode. In particular, since highly energetic compounds stored in the digestive gland are often used as fuel to initiate gametogenesis in pectinids. Similarly, decrease in somatic weight in juveniles may delay their sexual maturity and hence their ability to contribute to population reproductive potential.

Sex differences in factors of pelvis and lower-limb joint kinematics influencing dynamic knee valgus during single-leg squat.

Dynamic knee valgus (DKV) during dynamic activity is associated with patellofemoral pain, one of the most common sports disorders, especially in females. No studies have examined the factors that can lead to DKV in females as compared to males while addressing the influence of factors on each other. To identify factors of pelvis and lower joints kinematics affecting DKV during single-leg squat (SLS) in females compared to males with multiple regression analysis. Forty-four healthy young people (24 females, 20 males) performed SLS, and pelvis, hip, knee, and ankle 3D kinematics were recorded. The 2D knee frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) was adopted as the DKV measurement. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between FPPA and the kinematics of each joint and segment. Hip adduction and pelvic contralateral rotation were explanatory factors for FPPA in females. Hip adduction, hip internal rotation, and knee external rotation were explanatory factors in males. The lower limb or pelvic motion factors affecting DKV during SLS differ between the sexes, with pelvic contralateral rotation being extracted only in women, possibly due to differences in pelvic width.

Comparing the Effects of 8-week Exercise Programs in the Sagittal and Frontal Planes on the Postural Sway of Elderly Men

Background and Aims Exercises are mostly used to control balance and reduce the risk of falling in the elderly. However, the effect of exercise in the frontal plane has been less studied. Therefore, this study aims to compare the effect of 8 week exercises in the sagittal and frontal planes on the postural sway of elderly men. Methods In this quasi-experimental study, 24 elderly males (Mean age: 67.21±1.56 years) were divided into two intervention groups of sagittal-plane and frontal-plane exercises. The exercises were performed for 8 weeks. The center of pressure (CoP) parameters in two groups before and after the intervention were evaluated using a foot scanner system. Finally, the ANCOVA was used for data analysis. P≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The results showed a significant decrease in CoP perturbations in the Y-axis at the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and lateral-medial directions in the frontal plane group compared to the sagittal group (P<0.05). Moreover, there was a significant decrease in the CoP area after perturbations at the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and lateral-medial directions in the frontal group compared to the sagittal group (P<0.05). Conclusion It seems that exercises in the frontal plane can reduce postural sway in elderly men compared to sagittal-plane exercises. Therefore, it is recommended to emphasize the exercises of the hip abductor and adductor muscles in the frontal plane in designing exercise protocols for elderly men.

Predicting the occurrence of in-season groin pain in male high school soccer players: a cohort study.

[Purpose] This study investigated whether pre-season HAGOS (Japanese Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Scores) and eccentric muscle strength of the hip muscles predict in-season groin pain incidences in high school soccer players. [Participants and Methods] This study had a cohort design. The participants were male high school players under 18 years playing in the Japan Soccer League, which is an elite-level soccer league of that age category in Japan. The HAGOS and the strength of hip abductor and adductor muscles in eccentric contraction were measured before the season, and hip and groin pain incidences were recorded during the season. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors derived from the pre-season HAGOS and hip muscle strength tests, presumably pertaining to the development of in-season groin pain. [Results] The eccentric adductor muscle strength of the dominant leg and the HAGOS were selected as factors associated with groin pain during the season. [Conclusion] Low pre-season HAGOS and weak dominant-leg eccentric adductor muscle strength were suggested as factors to predict in-season groin pain occurrence in male high school soccer players.

Immediate effect of augmented feedback on jumping performance of the athletes with dynamic knee valgus

It is well established that jump-landing-related biomechanical deficiencies, such as dynamic knee valgus (DKV), can be improved by using various forms of feedback; However, the effectiveness of these interventions synchronously on athletes’ jumping performance remains unknown. Twenty-one recreational athletes with DKV performed countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop vertical jump (DVJ) tasks before and after feedback intervention while the kinematic, force plate, and electromyography data of the lower extremity were synchronously captured. The athletes’ jumping performance was calculated by using the reactive strength index-modified (RSImod). The athletes at the post-intervention exhibited significantly less hip adduction and more tibial internal rotation during both CMJ and DVJ tasks and maximum knee flexion just during DVJ task. Moreover, athletes exhibited increased time to take-off and consequently decreased RSImod during DVJ task, but no difference was observed in CMJ task. Feedback immediately improved DKV without disturbing the athletes’ jumping height during both tasks; But athletes exhibited increased time to take-off and consequently decreased RSImod only during DVJ task, which suggests that the results may differ according to the nature of jumping task. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of landing-related biomechanical deficiencies improvement on athletes’ jumping performance must be investigated in the long-term as a new movement pattern.

The Effects of Neuromuscular Training on Sand Versus Hard Surfaces on Physical Fitness in Young Male Tennis Players.

To examine the effects of a neuromuscular training program combining plyometric exercises with acceleration, deceleration, and change-of-direction drillsconducted on sand or hard surfaces on the fitness qualities of young male tennis players. Thirty-one young male players were allocated to a training group performing 12 training sessions on sand or hard surfaces, during a 6-week period. Tests included linear sprint (10-m acceleration with 5-m split times), change of direction (modified 5-0-5 test), vertical jumps (countermovement jump and the 10/5 repeated-jump test), isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, and dynamic balance (Y-balance test). Perceived training loads and muscle soreness were assessed during the intervention. Both training strategies were similarly effective in improving the analyzed fitness components. Group × time interaction effects were noticed, with countermovement jump (P = .032), repeated-jump test (P = .029), and reactive strength index (P = .008) favoring hardsurfaces and 5-m sprint (P = .009), dynamic balance (P < .05), adduction strength (P < .05), and abduction strength (P < .001) indices favoring sand. Furthermore, the sand group promoted greater perceived training loads and muscle soreness (P < .05) than the hard group across the intervention period. Neuromuscular training strategies characterized by a relatively low volume (∼35min), conducted on sand or hard surfaces, promoted similar improvements in the fitness qualities of young tennis players, with selected surface-interaction effects. Training on sand can cause transiently higher training loads and persistently higher muscle soreness, suggesting the need for an adequate familiarization period.

Examination of a practical method to quantitatively evaluate the rolling over movement in a clinical setting.

[Purpose] We investigated the utility of wearable inertial and magnetic sensing modules for analyzing neck and trunk movements during the rolling over movement. [Participants and Methods] The participants were instructed to roll over from the supine to the side-lying position with three sensor units attached to their forehead, xiphoid process of the sternum, and abdomen. Experiments were conducted on two prescribed patterns: one emphasizing hip joint flexion and adduction, and the other focusing on scapular protraction and horizontal shoulder joint adduction in two healthy participants (one male and one female). The flexion and rotation angles of the neck and trunk were calculated using conventional spreadsheet software with data obtained from the sensors. The obtained values were compared for agreement with those derived from a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis device. [Results] The cross-correlation coefficient for the flexion and rotation angles of the neck and trunk between the two measurement methods was approximately 0.85, and the root mean square (RMS) angle difference was approximately 5.0°. [Conclusion] Wearable inertial and magnetic sensors can be used to quantitatively evaluate neck and trunk movements during the rolling over movement.

Handheld dynamometry: Validity and reliability of measuring hip joint rate of torque development and peak torque.

Measuring rate of torque development (RTD) and peak torque (PT) for hip muscle performance presents challenges in clinical practice. This study investigated the construct validity of a handheld dynamometer (HHD) versus an isokinetic dynamometer (IKD), and intra-rater repeated reliability for RTD and PT and their relationship in hip joint movements. Thirty healthy individuals (mean age = 30 ± 8 years, 13 males) underwent two test sessions in a single day. RTD (0-50, 0-100, 0-150, 0-200ms) and PT normalised to body mass in maximal voluntary isometric contractions were measured using a HHD and an IKD in hip flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation. For validity between the devices, RTD0-50 exhibited the largest significant systematic bias in all hip movements (3.41-11.99 Nm·s-1 kg-1) and widest limits-of-agreement, while RTD0-200 had the lowest bias (-1.33-3.99 Nm·s-1 kg-1) and narrowest limits-of-agreement. For PT, agreement between dynamometers was observed for hip flexion (0.08 Nm·kg-1), abduction (-0.09 Nm·kg-1), internal (-0.01 Nm·kg-1), and external rotation (0.05 Nm·kg-1). For reliability, intra-rater intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) ranged from moderate to good in RTD0-50 and RTD0-100 (0.5-0.88), and good to excellent in RTD0-150 and RTD0-200 (0.87-0.95) in all movements. The HHD displayed excellent intra-rater, relative reliability values (ICC2,1) in all movements (0.85-0.95). Pearson's correlation revealed good linear correlation between PT and RTD0-150 and RTD0-200 in all movements (r = .7 to .87, p = < .001). Validity analysis demonstrated significant systematic bias and lack of agreement in RTD measures between the HHD and IKD. However, the HHD displays excellent to moderate intra-rater, relative reliability for RTD and PT measures in hip movements. Clinicians may use the HHD for hip muscle PT assessment but note, late phase RTD measures are more reliable, valid, and relate to PT than early phase RTD. Additionally, the correlation between RTD and PT at various time epochs was examined to better understand the relationship between these measures.

Безопасность субуретральной петлевой пластики трансобтураторным доступом у пациенток младше 45 лет

Introduction. Symptoms of stress urinary incontinence develop with age in every third woman. To date, suburethral sling surgery is the «gold standard» treatment for stress urinary incontinence. Sling operation is possible by various approaches, each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is believed that transobturator access is combined with the risks of damage of the obturator vessels, tendons of the adductor muscles of the thigh, branches of the genital and anterior labial nerves. In connection with the above, most authors do not recommend the transobturator access for younger patients. The purpose of the study. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of suburethral sling surgery by transobturator access in patients under 45 years of age suffering from stress and mixed forms of urinary incontinence. Materials and methods. A single-center, retrospective observational study was conducted. The anamnestic data of the patients, efficacy (according to the examination in the chair, questionnaires ICIQ-SF, IIQ-7) and safety (the presence of erosions of the synthetic prosthesis, dyspareunia and chronic pain by examination, survey and questionnaires VAS, ODI) were evaluated. The analysis of the obtained data was carried out using the Microsoft Excel data array processing program. Results. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 61 patients participated in the study. The subjective effectiveness of the operation was 98.3%, the objective effectiveness was 95%. No erosion of the synthetic prosthetic device was observed in any patient. Chronic pain persisting for more than 1 month was noted in 1 patient (1.7%). Complaints of dyspareunia were also noted in only 1 patient (1.7%). Conclusion. The obtained results indicate the high efficiency and safety of transobturator access, and allow us to conclude that the use of transobturator access as a technique for primary implantation of a suburethral sling in young patients is justified.

Otimização de parâmetros de processamento de alta pressão para realçar os atributos de qualidade de vieiras (Nodipecten nodosus)

ABSTRACT: Seafood is one of the most important sources of nutrients. However, they have a short shelf-life and the traditional preservation methods may generate losses in their natural flavour and nutrients. Thisstudy evaluated and optimize the High Pressure Processing (HPP) regarding pressure level (200-400 MPa) and holding time (0-5 min) applied to lion’s paw scallop (Nodipecten nodosus) to reduce microbial contamination while maintaining desirable characteristics. Response surface methodology with a Box-Behnken design and Desirability function were employed to simultaneously optimize these quality attributes. HPP enhanced microbial quality at 200 MPa/5 min, despite promoting inadequate physical-chemical modifications in the adductor muscle of the scallop. In such processing condition, in spite of a slight increase in muscle humidity which could be of benefit, pH increase was also verified, as well as a decrease in water holding capacity (WHC). At more severe level (400 MPa/5 min), a decrease in the shear force related to instrumental texture and in Whiteness (W) and Luminosity (L*) related to color was observed. Simultaneous optimization provided a value of 365MPa / 2min where physicochemical characteristics would be the more similar to the scallop without facing a preservation process.

Hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy: surveillance to surgery - a current concepts review.

This review brings together a multidisciplinary, multinational team of experts to discuss the current state of knowledge in the detection and treatment of hip displacement in cerebral palsy (CP), a global public health problem with a high disease burden. Though common themes are pervasive, different views are also represented, reflecting the confluence of traditional thinking regarding the aetiology and treatment of hip displacement in CP with emerging research that challenges these tried-and-true principles. The development of hip displacement is most closely related to gross motor function, with radiographic surveillance programs based on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS), the goal being early detection and timely treatment. These treatments may include non-operative methods such as abduction bracing and Botulinum Neurotoxin A (BoNT-A), but outcomes research in this area has been variable in quality. This has contributed to conflicting opinions and limited consensus. Soft tissue lengthening of the hip adductors and flexors has traditionally been employed for younger patients, but population-based studies have shown decreased survivorship for this treatment when performed in isolation. Concerns with the identification of hip displacement in very young children are raised, noting that early reconstructive surgery has a high recurrence rate. This has prompted consideration of viable minimally invasive alternatives that may have better success rates in very young children with CP, or may at least delay the need for osteotomies. Recent reports have implicated the role of abnormal proximal femoral growth and secondary acetabular dysplasia as a primary cause of hip displacement, related to ambulatory status and abductor function. As such, guided growth of the proximal femur has emerged as a possible treatment that addresses this purported aetiology, with promising early results.

Reliability of the K-Force Muscle Controller Dynamometer on Eccentric and Isometric Hip Adduction Strength

Reliability of the K-Force Muscle Controller Dynamometer on Eccentric and Isometric Hip Adduction Strength

Effect of the Hip Flexion Angle on Changes in the Thickness of the Transversus Abdominis during Hip Adduction Exercise

Effect of the Hip Flexion Angle on Changes in the Thickness of the Transversus Abdominis during Hip Adduction Exercise

Effects of Abdominal Drawing-In Technique and Hip Joint Adduction on Abdominal Muscle Thickness during Bridge Exercise according to Knee Angle&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;

Effects of Abdominal Drawing-In Technique and Hip Joint Adduction on Abdominal Muscle Thickness during Bridge Exercise according to Knee Angle&lt;sup&gt;*&lt;/sup&gt;

A New Effective And Reliable Technique For Bleeding Control İn The Modified Stoppa Approach To Acetabulum Quadrilateral Region Fractures; Ligate The Obturator Artery

Aim: This study aims to share the methods of managing foci that cause bleeding in the modified Stoppa approach to acetabulum quadrilateral region fractures. In addition, it is to reveal the amount of perioperative bleeding and the clinical effect of ligated arteries in patients whose surgery was performed with advanced bleeding control technique. Patients and methods: Between May 1, 2020, and June 30, 2023, perioperative bleeding data of 13 patients with acetabulum quadrilateral region fractures operated on with a modified Stoppa approach and advanced bleeding control technique were evaluated retrospectively. Age, gender, fracture mechanism, fracture side, fracture type, amount of perioperative bleeding, and follow-up periods were determined. The clinical effect of ligated arteries was observed in the postoperative period. In the CT scans taken in the postoperative period, the diameters of the gluteal muscles and adductor muscles were compared to the healthy side. Results: Of the 13 patients included in the study, 5 were women, and 8 were men. While the average age was 35.6 years, the average follow-up period was 15.3 months. The average number of sponges used during the modified Stoppa approach and the amount of bleeding measured with an aspirator was 284.2 ml. The middle area of the gluteal muscles compared to the healthy side was 0.89, while the average area of the adductor muscles was 0.89. No problems related to the ligated vessels were observed in any patient during the postoperative period and outpatient follow-up. Conclusions: Routine ligation of the obturator artery does not have any clinically observable adverse effects, and with advanced bleeding control, it facilitates both the hemodynamic management of the patient in terms of anesthesia and the management of the surgical field for the surgeon.

PyLKB1 regulates glucose transport via activating PyAMPKα in Yesso Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis under high temperature stress

Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a classical serine/threonine protein kinase and plays an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis through phosphorylate AMP-activated protein kinase α subunit (AMPKα). In this study, a homologous molecule of LKB1 with a typical serine/threonine kinase domain and two nuclear localization sequences (NLSs) was identified in Yesso Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis (PyLKB1). The mRNA transcripts of PyLKB1 were found to be expressed in haemocytes and all the examined tissues, including gill, mantle, gonad, adductor muscle and hepatopancreas, with the highest expression level in hepatopancreas. PyLKB1 was mainly located in cytoplasm and nucleus of scallop haemocytes. At 3 h after high temperature stress treatment (25 °C), the mRNA transcripts of PyLKB1, PyAMPKα, and PyGLUT1 in hepatopancreas, the phosphorylation level of PyAMPKα at Thr170 in hepatopancreas, the positive fluorescence signals of PyLKB1 in haemocytes, glucose analogue 2-NBDG content in haemocytes, and glucose content in hepatopancreas, haemocytes and serum all increased significantly (p < 0.05) compared to blank group (15 °C). However, there was no significant difference at the protein level of PyLKB1 and PyAMPKα. After PyLKB1 was knockdown by siRNA, the mRNA expression level of PyGLUT1, and the glucose content in hepatopancreas and serum were significantly down-regulated (p < 0.05) compared with the negative control group receiving an injection of siRNA-NC. However, there were no significant difference in PyGLUT1 expression, glucose content and glucose analogue 2-NBDG content in haemocytes. These results collectively suggested that PyLKB1-PyAMPKα pathway was activated to promote glucose transport by regulating PyGLUT1 in response to high temperature stress. These results would be helpful for understanding the function of PyLKB1-PyAMPKα pathway in regulating glucose metabolism and maintaining energy homeostasis under high temperature stress in scallops.

Relation Y-Balance Test and Lower-limb Strength of Sport Science Faculty Students at the Arab American University

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the Y-balance test (YBT) distance and the lower-limb strength of Sport Science Faculty students at Arab American University. Forty (40) collegiate students aged (19.80 ± 1.26) years, enrolled in the second semester of the 2022-2023 academic year from the sports science department, volunteered for this study. The participants underwent MMT (Manual Muscle Testing) to evaluate the maximum muscle strength of the lower limbs, including hip flexion, hip extension, hip abduction, hip adduction, hip internal rotation, hip external rotation, knee flexion, knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion, and ankle plantar flexion). Additionally, they performed the Y-Balance Test (YBT) evaluations in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the means between two groups, specifically males and females, to assess the differences. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to quantify the linear relationships between YBT distances and lower-limb strength. The hip extension was positively correlated with the YBT distances in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral distances. Furthermore, hip flexion and hip abduction were positively correlated with the anterior and posteromedial YBT distances. Knee flexion and knee extension strength showed a positive correlation with the YBT anterior distance. In conclusion, there was a weak correlation between lower-limb strength (hip flexion, hip extension, hip abduction, knee flexion, and knee extension) and dynamic postural control, as measured by the YBT, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).

First record of blister pearls in the oyster Hyotissa hyotis (Linné, 1758) from Pliocene deposits at Sidi Brahim, Lower Chelif Basin (north-west Algeria)

Fossil pearls are rare but important palaeoecological indicators in proving the former presence of parasites. A single right valve of Hyotissa hyotis from the Pliocene of Sidi Brahim shows numerous blister pearls inside the adductor muscle imprint. At the same locality, numerous shells with smooth adductor scars and without any blisters, have been collected. The structures in the studied valve can be assigned to blister pearls with high confidence due to their similarity to other Cenozoic pearls from Austria. The blister pearls likely formed as a reaction to parasite infestation. It is possible that some parasites especially targeted areas associated with the adductor muscles in the oyster genus Hyotissa, because similar blister pearls have previously been described in a congeneric species, H. squarrosa, from the Miocene of Austria.