Hind Wing Pads Research Articles

The Exact Morphology of the Species Ephemera pieli Navás, 1934 from Eastern China (Ephemeroptera: Ephemeridae).

The original description and outline figure of the mayfly Ephemera pieli Navás, 1934, were based on male subimagoes, and its morphology and taxonomic status have not been confirmed since then. However, recently collected materials from eastern China, including all stages of this mayfly, reveal several unique characteristics that indicate E. pieli is a valid species in the subgenus Ephemera (Ephemera). These characteristics include forewings with numerous dark dots, hindwings or hind wingpads with one or two distinct median dots, penes covered mostly by the subgenital plate, and the apex of the penis bluntly extended. A neotype is designated.

Skolomystax, a new genus for the Australian species formerly included in Centroptilum Eaton (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

A new genus, Skolomystax n. gen. is described to include the Australian mayflies previously assigned to the genus Centroptilum (Baetidae). Based on an integrated taxonomic analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and morphology, 12 species are assigned to this new genus, comprising two new combinations, S. elongatus (Suter, 1986) n. comb. and S. collendus (Harker, 1957) n. comb., and ten new species described in the nymphal stage: S. brevis n. sp., S. chionotos n. sp., S. dyarrbi n. sp., S. gippslandicus n. sp., S. goorudensis n. sp., S. hawkingi n. sp., S. leichhardti n. sp., S. paschei n. sp., S. tasmaniensis n. sp., and S. vulgaris n. sp. A species known only from the original description by Harker (1957) is assigned as S. collendus n. comb.; the type material is lost, so it is not treated in detail and its validity remains uncertain. Adults of S. elongatus, S. hawkingi n. sp. and S. leichhardti n. sp. are also included. Skolomystax is closely related to Apobaetis, Callibaetis, Callibaetoides and Waltzoyphius, but differs from them in the combination of a wide notch in the labrum with a basal pair of denticles, 3-segmented maxillary palps, hind wing pads present, and single gills without folds. A key to the nymphs of all species of Skolomystax, except S. collendus, is given.

First report of the genus Tenuibaetis (Ephemeroptera, Baetidae) from Thailand revealing a complex of cryptic species.

A new species of the genus Tenuibaetis Kang & Yang, 1994 is described from Thailand and the genus is reported for the first time from this country. Tenuibaetispanhaisp. nov. is easily distinguished from other known Tenuibaetis by the complete absence of hindwing pads. Molecular evidence based on COI confirmed the validity of the new species. Additional putative species of Tenuibaetis based on molecular evidence only are considered as Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) without description. The morphological characters of the new species and its closely related species are discussed; a key to the Oriental species is provided.

A new species and new record of the genus Platybaetis Mller-Liebenau, 1980 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) from Eastern Himalaya, India.

A new species of Platybaetis viz., P. selvai sp. nov. is described herein based on larval collections from Tangon stream in the state of Arunachal Pradesh in Eastern region of Indian Himalaya. It can be differentiated by the following combination of characters: (i) posterior margin of abdominal segments IX with rounded 'U shaped spines; (ii) anterolateral margin of gills IVII with minute setae; (iii) claw with 78 denticles; (iv) paracercus composed of 1011 segments; (v) hindwing pads reduced, small. Brief ecological notes are appended.

A rare new species of Leptohyphes Eaton (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from the Lost World.

A new species of Leptohyphes Eaton (Ephemerotera: Leptohyphidae) is described, diagnosed and illustrated from nymphs collected in the Pantepui region in Southeastern Venezuela. Leptohyphes kukenan sp. nov. is similar to Leptohyphes populus Allen because they share a unique character for the genus: male compound eyes are divided. Other unique characters for the new species include a plesiomorphic gill structure, with imbricated ventral lamellae, and paired subapical denticles on tarsal claw. The new species show a unique combination of characters that distinguish it from L. populus and all other species of Leptohyphes: fore and hind margin of femora with spines on strong elevated sockets, part of body and legs covered by small pale spots, tarsal claws with 4-5 marginal denticles and a subapical pair of submarginal denticles, pronotum with large rounded lateral projection, hind wing pads absent in female, gill formula 8/7/7/4/1, operculate gill with imbricated ventral lobes, and gill V without ventral extension on dorsal lamella.

Ultrabithorax is a key regulator for the dimorphism of wings, a main cause for the outbreak of planthoppers in rice.

Rice planthoppers, the most devastating rice pests, occur in two wing forms: the short-wing form for rapid population growth and long-wing form for long-distance migration, which together create the mechanism for outbreak. Here we show that Ultrabithorax (Ubx) is a key regulator for switching between the long- and short-wing forms of rice planthoppers. Ubx is expressed in both forewing and hindwing pads, which is different from the canonical model of Ubx expression. In brown planthoppers, expression of Ubx (NlUbx) is regulated by nutritional status of the rice host. High-quality young plants induce NlUbx expression leading to the short-wing form; low-quality ripe plants reduce NlUbx expression resulting in long-wing form. We also showed that NlUbx is regulated by the insulin receptors NlInR1 and NlInR2. The default expression of NlInR1 inhibits NlUbx resulting in long-wings, while high-quality hosts induce NlInR2 expression, which represses NlInR1 thus promoting NlUbx expression to produce short-wings.

<p><strong>An unusual ephemeropteran larva from the Lower Cretaceous dysodiles of Lebanon</strong></p>

Libanoephemera inopinatabranchia gen. and sp. nov., an ephemeropteran nymph from the Lower Barremian dysodiles of Lebanon, is herein characterized, described, illustrated and assigned to an incertae sedis family. It differs from all known ephemeropteran nymphs and is characterized by hypognathous mouthparts, hind wing pads not covered by fore wing pads, legs with five-segmented tarsi and presence of five pairs of gills on abdominal segments; abdominal segments I and III–V with two-branched gills; segment VI bearing complex gills with six branches.

Tapajobaetis, a remarkable new genus of Baetidae with spatulate claws (Ephemeroptera)

The Baetidae family is represented by 32 genera from the Neotropics. A new genus, Tapajobaetis , and a new species, T. labiosus , are described based on nymphs and adults from the Brazilian Amazon region. The nymph, with highly modified head and mouth parts is readily distinguished from other genera of this family by the following combination of characters: presence of fine, simple setae on scape and pedicel, labial and maxillary palpi elongated, hind wing pads vestigial, and claws spatulate, with about 140 denticles. Adults, on the other hand, are more similar to other Baetidae and are characterized by the absence of hind wings, anteronotal protuberance slightly truncate and genitalia with posterior margin of subgenital plate convex, forceps segment III elongate. The nymphs were found exclusively over leaves of Thurnia sphaerocephala (Thurniaceae), in areas with moderate currents, and possess modification in the labial palp, which seems to be adapted to collect fine material.

Two new species of Bungona Harker, 1957 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)from Borneo, Indonesia.

Two new species of Bungona, belonging to the subgenera Chopralla Waltz & McCafferty, 1987 and Centroptella Braasch & Soldán, 1980, are described based on larvae from Kalimantan (Borneo, Indonesia). Bungona (Centroptella) papilionodes n. sp. is the third species described for the subgenus. It can be distinguished from Bungona (Centroptella) longisetosa (Braasch & Soldán, 1980) and Bungona (Centroptella) soldani (Müller-Liebenau, 1983) by the length of the maxillary palp, the presence or absence of an additional small denticle on the lateral margin of the distal incisor, and the spination of the paraproct. This new report of the subgenus greatly increases its geographic range of distribution, as it was known only from Sri-Lanka and China. Bungona (Chopralla) bintang n. sp. is the seventh species described for the subgenus Chopralla and the second described from Borneo. It differs from others species of the subgenus and especially from Bungona (Chopralla) pusilla (Müller-Liebenau, 1984) (Borneo) by the combination of lacking hindwing pads, the particular spination of distal margins of tergites, and the shape of the maxillary palp. The two new species fit into the recently revised concepts of Chopralla and Centroptella and confirm the characters used to support these taxa as valid subgenera.

Three new species of Leptohyphes Eaton (Ephemeroptera: Leptohyphidae) from Colombia

Three new species of Leptohyphes Eaton 1882 (Ephemerotera: Leptohyphidae) are described, diagnosed and illustrated from nymphs collected in Colombia. Geographical ranges and ecological notes relating important environmental variables are given for each species. Leptohyphes andina sp. nov. is characterized by: forefemur length / maximum width 1.8-1.9, fore and hind margin of middle and hind femora with strong spines on elevated sockets, femoral surface covered by small pale spots, apex of femora with anterior margin roundly projected distally, tarsal claw only with 3-4 marginal denticles, pronotum with triangular lateral projection, hind wing pads present in female, gill formula 3/5/5/5/2, gill V with ventral extension on dorsal lamella. Leptohyphes quimbaya sp. nov. presents the following characters: body covered by hair-like setae, with paired short and blunt tubercles on abdominal terga V-IX, femora wide (forefemur length/ maximum width 1.6), fore and hind margin of femora with tiny spines, tarsal claws with 2-3 marginal denticles, pronotum with triangular (but apically blunt) lateral projection, hind wing pads present in females, gill formula 3/7/7/5/2, gill V without ventral extension on dorsal lamella. Leptohyphes calarca sp. nov. is distinguished by: pilose body, slender femora (forefemur length / maximum width 2.3), foremargin of middle and hind femora without spines, tarsal claws with 5 marginal denticles and 1 submarginal subapical denticle, pronotum strongly projected laterally, fore wingbuds blackish, hind wing pads present in females, gill formula 3/4/4/3/1, gill V with ventral extension on dorsal lamella.

Revealing the diversity of Cloeodes Traver, 1938 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in the Neotropics: description of eleven new species from Brazilian mountain ranges.

In the present work, based on material from distinct mountain ranges in Brazil, 11 new species of Cloeodes with hind wings or hind wing pads are described, illustrated and discussed. Among the new species, in C. aiuruoca, C. amantykyra, C. atlanticus, C. boldrinii and C. ioachimi, the apex of the fore femora in the nymphs is extremely projected (a characteristic previously found only in two species of the genus). Cloeodes guara and C. tracheatus share the presence of unusual large and dark gills. Cloeodes melanotarsus is readily distinguished by conspicuous blackish tarsi, C. lucifer by the bright yellow coloration of tergum I, and C. xyrognathos by blade-like incisors. Cloeodes magnus, besides being the largest species of the genus, with a body size reaching 12 mm, possess short maxillary palp. Comments on the presence of C. irvingi and C. opacus in Brazil are also provided. An interactive online key is provided for the nymphs of all the species of Cloeodes in which hind wing pads are present.

Redescription of Leptohyphes cornutus Allen, 1967 (Ephemeroptera:Leptohyphidae) and description of three related new species.

Leptohyphes cornutus Allen from Brazil (Santa Catarina) and Misiones, Argentina is re-studied from new material and newly diagnosed as follows: tubercles on head (two pairs), pronotum (two pairs, anterior pair very small), and mesonotum (two pairs), abdominal terga without paired tubercles, nor remnants of them; fore femur length/maximum width, 1.4-1.8; tarsal claws denticulation 4-11+1; hind wing pads present in females; gill formula 3/10/8/8/5. Three new species are described from the nymphal stage: 1) Leptohyphes airuoca sp. nov. from Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) characterized by: i) two paired tubercles on head, two pairs on pronotum, and one pair on mesonotum, abdominal terga VI-IX with single medial tubercle projecting from hind margin; ii) fore femur length/maximum width, 1.7-2.0; iii) tarsal claws denticulation 4+0; iv) hind wing pads absent in female; v) gill formula 3/9/9/7/6. 2) Leptohyphes cornutillus sp. nov. from Espirito Santo (Brazil), with: i) paired tubercles on head (two pairs), pronotum (two pairs, anterior pair very small), and mesonotum (three pairs), abdominal terga with remnants of paired tubercles on hind margin (blunt and short undulations in dorsal view); ii) fore femur length/maximum width, 2.1-2.3; iii) tarsal claws denticulation 6+1; iv) hind wing pads present in females; v) gill formula 3/11/9/9/6. And 3) Leptohyphes nebulosus sp. nov. from Espirito Santo (Brazil), with: i) two paired tubercles on head, one pair on pronotum, and one pair on mesonotum, abdominal terga VI-VII with paired submedian tubercles on hind margin; ii) fore femur length/maximum width, 1.6; iii) tarsal claws denticulation 5+1; iv) hind wing pads present in females; v) gill formula 3/9/9/9/6.

Cryptonympha dasilvai sp. nov. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) do Brasil

Cryptonympha dasilvai sp. n. (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) é descrita baseada em ninfas coletadas nos estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, Região Sudeste do Brasil. A nova espécie pode ser diferenciada de C. copiosa Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty, única outra espécie do gênero, por apresentar: labro não estreitado anteriormente; prosteca esquerda sem cerda longa, robusta e pilosa na margem mediana; projeção distomediana do segundo artículo do palpo labial curta; vestígios de tecas alares posteriores; garras com duas fileiras de dentículos; padrão de coloração abdominal; e maior número de espinhos no paraprocto. O gênero é pela primeira vez registrado para o estado do Rio de Janeiro.

Baetidae (insecta: ephemeroptera) de nova xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brasil: novos registros e descrição de uma nova espécie de cloeodes traver

Estudos realizados principalmente no município de Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, levaram-nos à descoberta de diversas espécies de Baetidae. Enquanto uma delas representa uma nova espécie de Cloeodes, aqui descrita, as outras representam novos registros para o estado ou até mesmo para o Brasil. A nova espécie, Cloeodes auwe sp. nov., pode ser diferenciada das demais espécies do gênero pela seguinte combinação de caracteres: padrão de coloração corporal; palpo maxilar longo, porém claramente com dois artículos; terceiro artículo do palpo labial robusto e de ápice truncado; garras relativamente longas (0,5 vezes o comprimento do respectivo tarso), tecas alares posteriores ausentes e número de espinhos na margem posterior do tergito 3 e paraprocto. Além dessa espécie, os seguintes táxons de Baetidae também foram encontrados: Adebrotus amazonicus, Americabaetis alphus, Apobaetis sp., Aturbina georgei, Baetodes sp., Callibaetis sp.1, Callibaetis sp.2, Camelobaetidius janae, Cryptonympha sp., Harpagobaetis gulosus, Paracloeodes binodulus, Spiritiops silvudus, Waltzoyphius fasciatus e Zelusia principalis.

Description of Caenoephemera shangyuanensis, gen.nov., sp.nov. (Ephemeroptera), from the Yixian Formation

AbstractA fossil mayfly nymph Caenoephemera shangyuanensis, gen.nov., sp.nov., discovered in the lower part of the Upper Jurassic – Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Jianshangou, Beipiao district, West Liaoning, China, is described. It has several archaic features typical of Paleozoic mayfly nymphs, such as 5 tarsal segments and hind wing pads not covered by fore wing pads, but also exhibits specialized modern features, such as a short metathorax, abdominal tracheal gills, and cerci. It appears to be intermediate in structure between Paleozoic and extant mayfly nymphs.

A new species of Procloeon from Taiwan (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

Abstract Following a recent review and redefinition of the genus Procloeon Bengtsson a new Oriental species, Procloeon tatualis sp. nov., is described based on larval material. The new species apparently represents a new generic record for Taiwan. Prior to revisionary studies, the species would have been assigned to the enigmatic genus Centroptilum Eaton due to its possession of hind wing pads. The new species is most closely related to the P. pulchrum (Eaton) species cluster of Europe.