Hill Shape Research Articles

Effect of Grain Size Distribution on Pore Size Distribution Characteristics in a Conglomerate Reservoir from an Alluvial Fan Via Artificial Rock Approach

Summary Conglomerate is characterized by a multiscale grain stacking structure and various pore size distribution modes (PSDMs), significantly affecting multiphase fluid movement and transport in porous media. The multimodal structure and complicated PSDM are related to grain size distribution. However, the relationship between grain size distribution and pore structure characteristics remains unclear, which makes it hard to investigate using natural rocks affected by a single factor. Herein, a newly developed full-pore-scale artificial rock approach was used in this work to provide the ideal samples for experimental research. A bimodal distribution model was adopted to characterize the grain size distribution features quantitatively. Furthermore, the relationship between lithofacies, permeability, and PSDM was analyzed. The results demonstrate that grain size distribution includes coarse grain distribution (CGD) and fine grain distribution (FGD). As the average value of FGD increases, the permeability of conglomerate and sandstone have different decreasing trends. The increases in the grain size difference between CGD and FGD can decrease the most frequent and average pore radius, while the PSDM of conglomerate transforms from a steep peak shape to a hill shape. Furthermore, PSDM relates to permeability and lithofacies in an alluvial fan environment. The maximum permeability of sandstone with PSDM of hill shape is about 40 md while that of conglomerate is about 70 md. The grain and pore size distribution of artificial rocks is highly similar to that of natural rocks compared with natural rocks within the alluvial fan of Karamay conglomerate reservoirs. The findings are significant for robust determination in reservoir evaluation and development.

Morphological Study of the Mandibular Lingula and Antilingula by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography.

The patterns of the lingula and antilingula are crucial surgical reference points for ramus osteotomy. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides three-dimensional images, and patient radiation dose is significantly lower for CBCT than for medical CT. The morphology of the mandibular lingula and antilingula of ninety patients (180 sides) were investigated using CBCT. The lingula were classified as having triangular, truncated, nodular, and assimilated shapes. The antilingula were classified as having hill, ridge, plateau, and plain shapes. The patients' sex, skeletal patterns (Classes I, II, and III), and right and left sides were recorded. The most to least common lingula shapes were nodular (37.8%), followed by truncated (32.8%), triangular (24.4%), and assimilated (5%). The most to least common antilingulae were hill (62.8%), plain (18.9%), plateau (13.9%), and ridge (4.4%) patterns, respectively. The lingula and antilingula had identical patterns on both sides in 47 (52.2%) and 46 patients (51.1%), respectively. Sex and skeletal pattern were not significantly correlated to lingula and antilingula shapes. No significant correlation was observed between lingula and antilingula shapes.

Effect of pyrazine in PEDOT:PSS thin films: Structural, optical, optoelectrical, and electrical analysis

The pristine PEDOT:PSS and different weight amounts of pyrazine in PEDOT:PSS thin films were prepared using the doctor-blading technique on a borosilicate glass substrate. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of the effect of pyrazine in PEDOT:PSS thin films were presented for the first time of this admixed solution. More accuracy in the surface of thin films was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) which revealed the granular deposits on the film surfaces. Some hill shapes and the distribution of agglomerated grains were also observed on the thin films. The PEDOT:PSS with pyrazine has a preferred orientation to be an orthorhombic crystal structure. The crystallite sizes were reduced from 230.40 nm to 101.81 nm for 30–60 mg pyrazine in the PEDOT:PSS. The energy band gap (Eg) value of pristine PEDOT:PSS is of 3.50 eV with Urbach energy (EU) of 336.10 meV. The alteration Eg values from 3.52 to 3.67 eV was obtained with the estimated EU values in the range of 283.16–324.62 meV depends on various amounts of pyrazine. The linear optical parameters, i.e., the refractive index, optical electronegativity, real/imaginary dielectric constants, extinction coefficient, and optical conductivity were investigated and explained by the changes in the formation, nucleation, growth of clusters, and particle arrangement. As the spectrum increased, the highest χ(1), χ(3), and n2 values were obtained for the 80 mg pyrazine in PEDOT:PSS of 0.110, 2.562 × 10−14 esu, and 6.219 × 10−13 esu, respectively. The electrical conductivity was clearly increased for pyrazine exceeding 40 mg from 1.85 × 102 to 3.84 × 102 S/cm and the figure of merit was in the range of 4.34 × 10−2 to 4.68 × 10−2 Ω−1. Thus, the novelty of this work can show that pyrazine in the range of 40 mg–80 mg is the optimum condition to synthesize non-linear optical (NLO) materials, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs).

Association of Inflammation, Ectopic Bone Formation, and Sacroiliac Joint Variation in Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is considered a multifactorial condition characterized by ectopic new bone formation in the spinal ligament. Recently, its connections with inflammation as well as sacroiliac (SI) joint ankylosis have been discussed. Nevertheless, whether inflammation, spinal ligament ossification, and SI joint changes are linked in OPLL has never been investigated. In this study, whole-spinal computed tomography and serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were obtained in 162 patients with cervical OPLL. Ossification lesions were categorized as plateau and hill shapes. Accordingly, patients were divided into plateau-shaped (51 males and 33 females; mean age: 67.7 years) and hill-shaped (50 males and 28 females; mean age: 67.2 years) groups. SI joint changes were classified into four types and three subtypes, as previously described. Interactions among ossification shapes, hs-CRP levels, and morphological changes in the SI joint were investigated. The plateau shape was more common in the vertebral segments (59.5%), compared to the hill shape, which was predominant in the intervertebral regions (65.4%). Serum hs-CRP levels in the plateau-shaped group (0.11 ± 0.10 mg/dL) were significantly higher than those in the hill-shaped group (0.07 ± 0.08 mg/dL). SI joint intra-articular fusion was the main finding in the plateau-shaped group and showed significantly higher hs-CRP levels compared to the anterior para-articular bridging, which more frequently occurred in the hill-shaped group. Our findings suggested a possible inflammation mechanism that might contribute to the new bone formation in OPLL, particularly the plateau shape.

Field and numerical investigations on the environmental vibration and the influence of hill on vibration propagation induced by high-speed trains

The environmental vibrations induced by high-speed trains have been taken as a real problem regarding to the safety of adjacent buildings and structures, safe operation of train, settlement and deformation of foundation and so on. It is vital to comprehensively figure out the laws of vibration propagation and the influence of the terrain conditions on vibration. To this end, an in-site vibration test was carried out to measure the vibrations of pier top, flat ground, and the hill induced by high-speed trains. The influences of train speed and the hill on vibration were studied in time- and frequency-domain in detail. And the train operation status was analyzed based on synchroextracting transform (SET). Moreover, a finite element model was established to investigate the influences of the hill location and hill shape on vibration propagation. The results indicate that the vibrations on the hill are significantly larger than those of the top of pier and the flat ground. The frequency components of the vibration are closely relative to the train speed and terrain condition. And the hill location and shape have obvious influence on vibration propagation. This research provides some practical and helpful recommendations for mitigation and control vibration.

POD analysis of spatiotemporal characteristics of wake turbulence over hilly terrain and their relationship to hill slope, hill shape and inflow turbulence

In this study, the turbulent wake flow fields over isolated 2-D ridges and 3-D hills with different slopes and oncoming flow conditions are predicted by large-eddy simulations (LES). The coupling effects of hill slopes, hill shapes and inflow turbulence on the spatiotemporal characteristics of wake turbulence over hilly terrain are clarified in terms of turbulent statistics and unsteady flow patterns. The snapshot-based proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) technique is then adopted to elucidate the physical meaning of wake turbulence over hilly terrain. The numerical results show that the vertical distributions of turbulent statistics and the unsteady flow patterns in the wake of hilly terrain are jointly determined by hill slopes, hill shapes and oncoming flow conditions. Additionally, the snapshot-based POD method is capable of reconstructing a large amount of fluctuating kinetic energy in the wake of hilly terrain with a few low-order POD modes. Moreover, the primary wake patterns and their relations to hill slopes, hill shapes and oncoming flow conditions are identified. On the horizontal plane, the wake turbulence structures of 3-D gentle/steep hill are dominated by the asymmetric elongated streak structures and a pair of counter-rotating vortices, respectively. On the vertical plane, the main patterns of hill wake are often featured by the recirculating flow, and the size of recirculation bubble is highly dependent on hill slopes and hill shapes.

Investigation of the wake propagation behind wind turbines over hilly terrain with different slope gradients

In this study, a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical simulation with wind turbine simulated through actuator disk model was conducted to quantify the characteristics of wind turbine wake over two-dimensional Gaussian hills with different slope gradients. The simulated flow characteristics in the wind turbine wake, such as velocity deficit, wake expansion and wake centerline, were compared with those given by the Jensen wake model to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy of the current engineering wake model for the optimal design of wind turbine layout over complex terrain. For the gentle slope hill, the topography behind the wind turbine has a significant effect on the wake characteristics, which is not taken into account in the Jensen wake model. A new method for calculating wake velocity is proposed based on the local speed-up factor and the simulated velocity in the wake of wind turbine sited on flat terrain that can more reasonably predict the wake velocity over complex terrain. For the steep slope hill, the propagation of wind turbine wake is not related to the hill shape in the region behind the hilltop. The assumption that the wake centerline follows the surface of the hill in the Jensen wake model is no longer applicable. The recovery of wind turbine wake in the far wake region was always faster for the steep slope hill compared with the gentle slope hill case. This acceleration of wake recovery is thought to be closely related to the separation flow at the lee side of the hill, which highly restricts the downward deflection and expansion of the wind turbine wake.

The effect of parked wind turbines on wind flow and turbulence over a complex terrain

AbstractWind‐tunnel experiments were performed to study the wind characteristics on a parked wind turbine downwind of three types of hill and over a flat terrain. The focus of the study is on comparing wind characteristics on (a) a wind turbine standing alone and (b) this same type of wind turbine embedded in a wind farm. Particular emphasis is placed on the hill size and shape and the distance between the hill and the wind farm. The hill and wind‐farm models were subjected to an atmospheric boundary layer simulation to create realistic atmospheric conditions. Flow and turbulence were analyzed based on the measured mean flow velocity, Reynolds shear stress, turbulence intensity, and the power spectral density of velocity fluctuations. The experimental results reveal similar trends concerning (a) the wind characteristics obtained on a parked wind turbine embedded in a wind farm downwind of hills of various sizes and shapes and (b) the wind characteristics on this same type of parked wind turbine standing alone in the same position downwind of the same hills. In particular, the discrepancies in the mean flow velocity and turbulence intensity between these test cases are mostly below 5%, thus indicating that a complex terrain clearly has a dominant effect on the wind characteristics, while the effects of parked wind turbines on the wind characteristics are negligible. This important finding indicates that the structural loading of parked wind turbines situated on a complex terrain may be well calculated using the same procedures both for wind turbines standing alone and wind turbines embedded in wind farms if they are both placed at the same distance downwind of the same hills.

Simulating elastic wave propagation in 3-D layered transversely isotropic half-space using a special IBEM: Hill topography as an example

This paper provides an indirect boundary element method (IBEM) to elaborate elastic wave propagation in a layered anisotropic medium (simplified as transversely isotropic, TI) with three-dimensional (3-D) irregular free surfaces. The present method using a modified dynamic Green's function for point loads acting on an internal inclined plane as its kernel function, which has the merits of handling perfectly the stratification, without the problem of singularity and fine adaptability to complex models with surface irregularities. Accuracy of the IBEM solution is verified through comparison with existing results, and then a computer program combining parallel computation is developed to achieve numerical evaluation of the methodology. By taking the Gaussian, parabolic, and semi-ellipsoidal shaped hill topography in a TI half-space subjected to qP-, qSV- and SH-waves as examples, numerical studies are performed to demonstrate the influence of the TI parameters and hill's shape on the seismic ground motion. It is found that both the TI parameters and hill's shape have significant impacts on the surface responses, and the surface displacement amplitudes dependent heavily on the type of incident wave, frequency of excitation and incident angle.

Large eddy simulations of wind turbine wakes in typical complex topographies

AbstractThere is a need to clarify the coupling characteristics of terrain‐induced wind fields and wind turbine‐induced wake in wind farm micrositing. However, research investigating the effect of hill shape on this interaction is lacking. In addition, during the optimization of the layout of the turbines over topographies, the flow behind the turbines should be predicted in a fast way. After obtaining the wake flow of the turbine mounted on flat terrain and the flow over the topographies, there are mainly two superposition methods to predict the turbine wake flow over the topographies. One is to add the wind deficit following the location with a vertical distance of the hub height (D‐line). The other is to add the wind deficit following the streamline starting from the turbine center (B‐line). It remains unknown to what extent these two superposition methods can be adopted. Therefore, the effects of hill shape, wind turbine size, and turbine location are investigated. When the wind deficit, obtained from modeling the wake flow of the turbine mounted on flat terrain, is superposed following B‐line, the results are overall better than those when following D‐line.

The Effects of Canopy Morphology on Flow Over a Two‐Dimensional Isolated Ridge

AbstractMomentum and mass exchanges between the atmosphere and forests situated on complex terrain continue to draw significant research attention primarily because of their significance to a plethora of applications. In this paper, we investigated flows behavior on the leeward side of a two‐dimensional forested ridge under neutrally stratified conditions using large‐eddy simulations (LESs). The goal is to understand how variations in leaf area index (LAI), vertical canopy foliage distributions, and forest edge positions affect mean/turbulent flow statistics, momentum fluxes, and onset of recirculation patterns. Although pressure perturbations are dominated by the hill shape, it is demonstrated here that changes in canopy foliage distribution modulate intensities and patterns of the leeward adverse pressure gradients. Such changes in the adverse pressure gradients alter the mean velocity streamlines including the patterns and magnitudes of the leeward downward mean vertical velocity and the velocity variances and momentum flux in the wake region. While a downwind recirculation zone develops in all cases, the details regarding the incipient location and recirculation zone size vary including positions of the separation and reattachment points. Furthermore, changes in the strength and depth of the zone occur due to canopy‐induced changes in adverse pressure gradients, advection, and canopy drag. Because the recirculation zone impacts the local mean advective terms in momentum and scalar exchanges, the simulations here indicate that canopy morphology‐induced changes in the leeward flows have significant implications to both measurements and models of biosphere‐atmosphere exchange over complex terrain.

Study of wind-direction effects on flow fields over two-dimensional hills using large eddy simulations

Numerous studies have been performed to investigate the characteristics of flow fields over simplified topographies to understand the basic trend of the flow field evolution as a function of hill shapes, hill slopes, ground roughness, and oncoming flow stratifications. However, wind direction, which has a key function in determining flow structures, has rarely been examined. Accordingly, the effects of wind direction on flow fields over two-dimensional (2D) hills are investigated in this study using large eddy simulations. It is found that when the approaching wind direction is not normal to the ridge line, the wind direction behind the 2D hill is not parallel to the approaching wind direction. The recirculation bubble downstream of the hill is weakened, and a significant spanwise velocity behind the hill is observed as the wind direction angle increases. The main direction of the streamwise correlation is found to be normal to the ridge line when the wind direction is 45° rather than parallel with the oncoming wind. A distinct peak in the spectrum of streamwise velocity is identified when the wind direction is 45°. This spectral peak is caused by the periodic shedding of an organized spiral flow structure.

Unhappiness and age

I examine the relationship between unhappiness and age using data from eight well-being data files on nearly 14 million respondents across forty European countries and the United States and 168 countries from the Gallup World Poll. I use twenty different individual characterizations of unhappiness including many not good mental health days; anxiety; worry; loneliness; sadness; stress; pain; strain, depression and bad nerves; phobias and panic; being downhearted; having restless sleep; losing confidence in oneself; not being able to overcome difficulties; being under strain; being unhappy; feeling a failure; feeling left out; feeling tense; and thinking of yourself as a worthless person. I also analyze responses to a further general attitudinal measure regarding whether the situation in the respondent's country is getting worse. Responses to all these unhappiness questions show a, ceteris paribus, hill shape in age, with controls and many also do so with limited controls for time and country. Unhappiness is hill-shaped in age and the average age where the maximum occurs is 49 with or without controls. There is an unhappiness curve.

Development of Site-Specific Wind Hazard Map for Peninsular Malaysia via Spatial Modeling

The commonly used approach to predict and evaluate the wind risk in Peninsular Malaysia is to employ the basic wind speed (Vs) hazard map, which underestimates the real damage due to the limitation of factors considered by the current map. This paper aimed to develop a new wind hazard map for Peninsular Malaysia based on the site wind speed (Vsite) rather than the Vs using the Geographical Information System. The development of the Vsite map considered the effects of the Land Use Land Cover (LULC) and the topography conditions that were not taken into consideration by the Malaysian Standard during the development of the Vs map. The statistical analysis proved that the wind hazard in Peninsular Malaysia is directly proportional to the LULC and inversely proportional to the Hill Shape Multiplier. In addition, the results showed that the existing Vs map underrated the wind hazard in Peninsular Malaysia by almost 9.02% to 17.79% compared to the developed Vsite map. Therefore, the use of the newly developed map to evaluate the wind hazards will significantly enhance the assessment, and the new map has the potential to be incorporated into the Malaysian Standard for this purpose.

Large Eddy Simulations of the Flow Fields over Simplified Hills with Different Roughness Conditions, Slopes, and Hill Shapes: A Systematical Study

Turbulent flow fields over topographies are important in the area of wind energy. The roughness, slope, and shape of a hill are important parameters affecting the flow fields over topographies. However, these effects are always examined separately. The systematic investigations of these effects are limited, the coupling between these effects is still unrevealed, and the turbulence structures as a function of these effects are still unclear. Therefore, in the present study, the flow fields over twelve simplified isolated hills with different roughness conditions, slopes, and hill shapes are examined using large eddy simulations. The mean velocities, velocity fluctuations, fractional speed-up ratios, and visualizations of the turbulent flow fields are presented. It is found that as the hill slope increases, the roughness effects become weaker, and the roughness effects will further weaken as the hill changes from 3D to 2D. In addition, the fractional speed-up ratio at the summit of rough hills can even reach to three times as large as that over the corresponding smooth hills. Furthermore, the underestimation of the ratios of spanwise fluctuation to the streamwise fluctuation by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-1 is quite obvious when the hill shape is 3D. Finally, coherent turbulence structures can be identified for smooth hills, and as the hill slope increases, the coherent turbulence structures will experience clear evolutions. After introducing the ground roughness, the coherent turbulence structures break into small eddies.

Study of the flow fields over simplified topographies with different roughness conditions using large eddy simulations

The parameters influencing the wind turbine fatigue load calculations, such as two-point correlations Ruu, power spectrum density Su, turbulent length scale Lu, skewness Sku, and kurtosis Kuu of the wind are examined. Four simplified topographies, i.e., a 3D hill with smooth ground (3Ds), a 3D hill with rough ground (3Dr), a 2D ridge with smooth ground (2Ds), and a 2D ridge with rough ground (2Dr) are considered to investigate the influence from the shape of the topography and the ground roughness conditions. Ruu was found to vary considerably for different hill shapes and ground roughness conditions. Sku and Kuu peaked in the shear layer region in the smooth cases, but not in the rough cases. Su exhibited concentration in the wake in the 3Ds, 3Dr, and 2Ds cases, but not in the 2Dr case. In addition, a prominent increase in Lux was observed just above the summit of the smooth 3D hill. The flow fields were further visualized using the enstrophy and Q-criteria. Coherent turbulent structures were observed to exist in the wake in the 3Ds, 3Dr, and 2Ds cases, whereas the flow was highly mixed in the wake in the 2Dr case.

Patterns of short-term and long-term surgical outcomes and prognostic factors for cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament between anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion and posterior laminoplasty.

To compare short-term and long-term surgical outcome patterns between anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) and laminoplasty (LP) in patients diagnosed with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) and identify factors affecting surgical outcomes based on follow-up duration. During short-term follow-up period, surgical outcomes between ACCF and LP were similar. However, there were several reports that long-term surgical outcomes were superior in the ACCF compared with LP. Surgical outcomes between ACCF and LP according to follow-up period changed. This study enrolled 70 patients who underwent ACCF and 63 patients who underwent LP between 2005 and 2012. Patterns of surgical outcomes were analyzed in accordance with surgical procedures. Furthermore, these patients were divided into two subgroups in respect of follow-up duration: the short-term group (less than 48months) and the long-term group (more than 48months) group. Occupying ratio, type of OPLL, shape of ossified lesion, cervical sagittal alignment, grade of signal intensity on MRI, and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score were examined. Surgical outcomes of ACCF went into reverse at 48-month follow-up period. In the short-term group, JOA recovery rate had no difference between ACCF and LP. In the long-term group, the ACCF recovery rate (78.5 ± 31.0) was significantly higher than the LP recovery rate (48.4 ± 54.9) (P = 0.008). In the short-term group, old age (p = 0.011), hill shape (p = 0.013), and high grade of MRI signal intensity (p = 0.040) had negative effects on recovery rate. On the other hand, in the long-term group, LP (p = 0.021) and a high grade of MR signal intensity (p = 0.017) independently and negatively affected recovery rate. Long-term surgical outcomes of ACCF became better than those of LP at more than 48-month follow-up period. High-grade MRI signal changes and the LP surgical procedure were independent negative factors for long-term surgical outcomes in patients with OPLL. Direct decompression of the spinal cord with ACCF provides better long-term stable neurologic outcomes than LP.

Revealing granitic basement of Garba Hill, Muara Dua Region, South Sumatera based on landsat images, structure, and petrography

The basement that forms the three large basins on the island of Sumatra (North Sumatra basin, Central Sumatra Basin and South Sumatra basin) is very interesting to study. Previous studyers reported the basement phenomenon of South Sumatra basin is very exceptional because all of the basement boundaries are exposed on the surface. The highland of basement that forms the Garba Hill in Muara Dua, South Sumatra has been identified using Landsat Image band 432 and 753. Hue interpretation from Muara Dua’s area landsat image indicates resistance level of rock, water and vegetation.The blue hue on the image portrays river that flows in this area, like Komering River.The pink, gray and light green hues were identified as lack of resistance of bedrock lithology and interpreted as granitic rocks that had been weathered. The dark green to black hue in the form of original hill shape at an altitude of 798 m above sea level illustrates that the vegetations are thick with more resistance of bedrocks lithology, and based on field observation, crystalline rock in the form of granite was found. This interpretation has been supported by structural observation result and petrographic analysis of several samples of the crystalline rock. The basement alignment pattern observed in the SRTM image indicates trends of N320-350°E. This phenomenon is consistent with the NNW-SSE pattern resulted from structural study. This rock has a mineral composition consisting of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, feldspar and biotite. This set of minerals characterizes granitic magma. The specialty of basement in South Sumatera basin need to be studied in more detail using the fission track method to know the evolution of the basic thermal history of the bedrock.

Breaking out of panels: Formal expressions of subjectivity in Ellen Forney’s Marbles and Una’s Becoming Unbecoming

Abstract The comics panel, many comics critics will agree, is the medium’s basic formal, structuring element. ‘Breaking out of Panels’ examines how experimentation with panel shape and frame in graphic memoir confronts readers with the subjectively felt quality of experiences, perceptions and events. In it, I propose to study not so much the placement of panels on a page, but rather their shape to ask how the use of panels in graphic memoir can serve to represent, but also multiply and fracture the outward manifestation of the protagonist’s inward, subjective vision of self. The article begins by tracing the importance of panel shape in graphic memoir, a comics genre that portrays the experiencing-I of an individual character not only across the embodiment of that character but also by way of formal stylistic devices, such as panel shape and frame. It then engages in a close examination of Ellen Forney’s Marbles: Mania, Depression, Michelangelo, and Me (2012) to detail how panel shape is used to manifest the distinction between real experience and the mental processing of that experience. Reaching the conclusion that Marbles’ experimentation with panels relays a hesitancy of perception and voice, the article addresses the unusual panel shapes and the absence of panel frames in Una’s Becoming Unbecoming. Focusing on the metaphorical meaning of the hill shape that recurs throughout the book, the article reaches the conclusion that the absence of recognizable panel shapes and frames in this graphic memoir speaks volumes to Una’s mental anguish and rage at having been the victim of sexual violence. ‘Breaking out of Panels’ concludes that both graphic memoirs experiment with panel shape and frame to express the wavering of self-knowledge, the complexity of subjectivity and elusive emotional states that impact one’s sense of self. It ends by suggesting that perhaps the comic panel can no longer be considered to be the medium’s basic unit of meaning.

Santa Lucía: imágenes de un cerro que mira una cuidad

We propose here to analyze a series of images that will allow us to understand the connections between a hill and a city through the interpretation of the panoramic view and its diverse visual derivations in the nineteenth century. This allows us to reflect on the particular role occupied by the Santa Lucia hill in Santiago de Chile, this hill being a point of confluence for nineteenth-century representations of this capital city. What kind of relationships between the hill and the city do these images convey? In what degree does this total and elevated view determine the comprehension and the visual construction of the city? And the other way around: in what degree does the hill shape the images of the city and lead to a particular way of seeing? With this visual trajectory, we hope to answer these and other questions about the perception of space and the experience of urban landscape in the nineteenth century.