Highway Mode Research Articles

Forecasting of Freight Demand Transportation (Case Study in Lampung Province, Indonesia)

Forecasting the volume of freight has a significant importance for future decisions for the entire economy, as well as its individual participants. The transportation of goods between Sumatra and Java using the highway mode that accumulate with local transportation will greatly burden roads in Lampung province. This research was conducted to predict the pattern and amount of movement of goods in the future. The modelling is conducted for the plan period up to 20 years based on growth predictions of geographical, social, economic and traffic flow. This study conducted a process of Sequential Demand Model (Planning Model 4 stages) by using software Transplan Version 8. Transportation patterns in 2040 is predicted will be dominated by continuous trips with domination of movement from Java to South Sumatra, or otherwise. Both the transportation between internal zones and external zone to internal zone have a significant increase. The most strategic main line freight in Lampung for today and in the future is along the Bakauheni-South Sumatra and Bengkulu-South Sumatra both through toll roads, national roads, and railways.

Improvement of the Traffic Management of Deactivated Al-Faris Al-Arabi Signalized Roundabout in Baghdad City

Baghdad city, the capital of Iraq has mainly suffered from influences of transportation highway modes especially at intersections. Traffic management system TMS leads to improve the level of service LOS of the intersections by reducing traffic congestion, delay and time wasted during travel. This research studied the improving of TMS for deactivated Al-Faris Al-Arabi signalized roundabout that considered the important area near city center. Traffic data collected manually by group of engineers during March and April, 2018. Highway Capacity Software HCS2010 used to assess and improve the TMS for current and future forecasted flow. Results showed that roundabout operating on LOS F with a high delay of time and saturation flow. Three solutions proposed to improve the traffic conditions considering of modifying the geometric features with changing and optimizing the timing plan of traffic signals. It showed a highly improving in LOS from F to B, improving saturation flow to less than one and reducing in delay time to about 43 times of that at existing conditions. In addition to analysis results, 18 years has been expected to carry the future forecasted data. Finally, architectural model has been achieved to display the pre and post improvement of the study area.

Experimental Analysis of Calculation of Fuel Consumption Rate by On-Road Mileage in a 2.0 L Gasoline-Fueled Passenger Vehicle

The five-driving test mode is vehicle driving cycles made by the Environment Protection Association (EPA) in the United States of America (U.S.A.) to fully reflect actual driving environments. Recently, fuel consumption value calculated from the adjusted fuel consumption formula has been more effective in reducing the difference from that experienced in real-world driving conditions, than the official fuel efficiency equation used in the past that only considered the driving environment included in FTP and HWFET cycles. There are many factors that bring about divergence between official fuel consumption and that experienced by drivers, such as driving pattern behavior, accumulated mileage, driving environment, and traffic conditions. In this study, we focused on the factor of causing change of fuel efficiency value, calculated according to how many environmental conditions that appear on the real-road are considered, in producing the fuel consumption formula, and that of the vehicle’s accumulated mileage in a 2.0 L gasoline-fueled vehicle. So, the goals of this research are divided into four major areas to investigate divergence in fuel efficiency obtained from different equations, and what factors and how much CO2 and CO emissions that are closely correlated to fuel efficiency change, depending on the cumulative mileage of the vehicle. First, the fuel consumption value calculated from the non-adjusted formula, was compared with that calculated from the corrected fuel consumption formula. Also, how much CO2 concentration levels change as measured during each of the three driving cycles was analyzed as the vehicle ages. In addition, since the US06 driving cycle is divided into city mode and highway mode, how much CO2 and CO production levels change as the engine ages during acceleration periods in each mode was investigated. Finally, the empirical formula was constructed using fuel economy values obtained when the test vehicle reached 6500 km, 15,000 km, and 30,000 km cumulative mileage, to predict how much fuel consumption of city and highway would worsen, when mileage of the vehicle is increased further. When cumulative mileage values set in this study were reached, experiments were performed by placing the vehicle on a chassis dynamometer, in compliance with the carbon balance method. A key result of this study is that fuel economy is affected by various fuel consumption formula, as well as by aging of the engine. In particular, with aging aspects, the effect of an aging engine on fuel efficiency is insignificant, depending on the load and driving situation.

Investigation of Alternative Bicycle Pavement Markings with the Use of a Bicycle Simulator

The past decade has seen increased public interest in sustainable transportation modes in the United States. However, there is a relative lack of guidance regarding standards and specifications for bicycle facilities compared with the highway mode. This project sought to address this deficiency through the investigation of alternative pavement markings for bicycle wayfinding and proper bicycle placement at signalized intersections as part of the federal Nonmotorized Transportation Pilot Program in Columbia, Missouri. This evaluation was accomplished with a bicycle simulator study and postsimulator survey with 27 participants. A network of 37 intersections with characteristics similar to intersections in Columbia was created with the ZouSim simulator. The survey included questions regarding bicycling habits and preferences for the alternative markings. For wayfinding, two alternative types of pavement markings and the signage recommended by the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) were evaluated. Both the survey and the simulator results indicated that the Type 2 wayfinding markings with a green circle performed better with respect to visibility and delineating the bicycle route. The bicycle placement portion of the study investigated three alternative types of markings as well as the MUTCD markings and signage to help riders position their bicycle at the correct location to receive a green signal. The bicycle placement results indicated that the Type 1 and Type 2 experimental detector markings resulted in the fewest number of missed detections, while the Type 1 marking was the preferred alternative of the survey participants.

A study of traveler behavior under traffic information-provided conditions in the Beijing area

ABSTRACTThe quality of traffic information has become one of the most important factors that can affect the distribution of urban and highway traffic flow by changing the travel route, transportation mode, and travel time of travelers and trips. Past research has revealed traveler behavior when traffic information is provided. This paper summarizes the related study achievements from a survey conducted in the Beijing area with a specially designed questionnaire considering traffic conditions and the provision of traffic information services. With the survey data, a Logit model is estimated, and the results indicate that travel time can be considered the most significant factor that affects highway travel mode choice between private vehicles and public transit, whereas trip purpose is the least significant factor for private vehicle usage for both urban and highway travel.

Cooling Performance Characteristics of the Stack Thermal Management System for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles under Actual Driving Conditions

The cooling performance of the stack radiator of a fuel cell electric vehicle was evaluated under various actual road driving conditions, such as highway and uphill travel. The thermal stability was then optimized, thereby ensuring stable operation of the stack thermal management system. The coolant inlet temperature of the radiator in the highway mode was lower than that associated with the uphill mode because the corresponding frontal air velocity was higher than obtained in the uphill mode. In both the highway and uphill modes, the coolant temperatures of the radiator, operated under actual road driving conditions, were lower than the allowable limit (80 °C); this is the maximum temperature at which stable operation of the stack thermal management system of the fuel cell electric vehicle could be maintained. Furthermore, under actual road driving conditions in uphill mode, the initial temperature difference (ITD) between the coolant temperature and air temperature of the system was higher than that associated with the highway mode; this higher ITD occurred even though the thermal load of the system in uphill mode was greater than that corresponding to the highway mode. Since the coolant inlet temperature is expected to exceed the allowable limit (80 °C) in uphill mode under higher ambient temperature with air conditioning system operation, the FEM design layout should be modified to improve the heat capacity. In addition, the overall volume of the stack cooling radiator is 52.2% higher than that of the present model and the coolant inlet temperature of the improved radiator is 22.7% lower than that of the present model.

Benchmarking Transportation Safety Performance via Shift-Share Approaches

The measurement of safety performance is a critical task for transportation agencies to monitor the quality of services and evaluate operation efficiency. This article presents and compares safety performance between and among four passenger transportation modes in the United States—highway, transit, railroad, and aviation—using national data from 2002 through 2010. The research utilizes data collected and reported by transportation agencies to meet federal reporting requirements and does not involve the collection of additional data. After a brief review and comparison of transportation-safety performance definitions, the authors evaluate three different types of metrics: number, ratio, and rate, which are applied to all four modes. This article highlights the approach used to compare the share of fatalities/injuries of a particular mode to its share of personal (for highway mode) or passenger (for transit, rail, and aviation) miles traveled compared to the overall multimodal passenger transportation systems. The “shift-share” method is a viable approach to achieve consistent apples-to-apples comparisons. The study shows that aviation and rail are the safest modes for travel between cities, and transit is safer than automobiles for local travel.

Modal Comparison of Domestic Freight Transportation Effects on the General Public

Data from 2001 to 2009 were used to update the 2009 modal comparison study conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute, which used data from 2001 to 2005. The objective was to develop performance measures of rates per ton-mile to facilitate multimodal comparisons between inland towing, rail, and truck in six topical areas: cargo capacity, traffic congestion, energy efficiency, air quality, safety, and infrastructure. The study focused on several vital issues from a snapshot in time. Credible publicly available and independently verifiable data from federal, industry, and academic sources were used. The scope of the study and several data limitations necessitated the use of assumptions that were based on sound engineering principles, as well as development of innovative methods, to arrive at plausible results and fulfill the study's unconventional objectives. The study results showed that waterborne transportation continued to compare favorably with rail and highway modes for the examined performance measures. Any waterborne freight diversion to either of the two modes likely would result in serious negative effects on freight transportation operations and in possible system breakdowns. Chain reaction effects would jeopardize the well-being of the general public and the national economy.

An examination of some safety issues among commercial motorcyclists in Nigeria: a case study

The reduction of road crashes and injuries among motorcyclists in Nigeria requires a system inquiry into some safety issues at pre-crash, crash and post-crash stages to guide action plans. This paper examines safety issues such as age restriction, motorcycle engine capacity, highway code awareness, licence holding, helmet usage, crash involvement, rescue and payment for treatment among commercial motorcyclists. The primary data derived from a structured questionnaire administered to 334 commercial motorcyclists in Samaru, Zaria were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression technique. There was total compliance with age restriction and motorcycle engine capacity. About 41.8% of the operators were not aware of the existence of the highway code. The odds of licence holding increased with highway code awareness, education with above senior secondary as the reference category and earnings. The odds of crash involvement decreased with highway code awareness, earnings and mode of operation. About 84% of the motorcyclists did not use crash helmet, in spite of being aware of the benefit, and 65.4% of motorcycle crashes was found to be with other road users. The promotion of safety among motorcyclists therefore requires strict traffic law enforcement and modification of road design to segregate traffic and protect pedestrians.

The Plan Guidelines for Villages under the Background of Nomadic Settlement — A Case Study of Luqu County in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

“The Project of Nomadic Settlement” is one of the major construction tasks for “Gannan Important Water Supply Ecological Functional Area of Yellow River”. Because of the distribution of population and settlements have obvious discreteness and wavering in alpine pasture, it is necessary to plan and guide agricultural and grazing villages during the process of the construction of nomadic settlements, spatial displacement and integration of population and settlement. The nomadic habitation mode in Luqu county undergoes four stages. At present, it adopts four settlement modes, that is, centralized settlement mode in the county town, settlement mode in the village, settlement along the highway mode and dispersed settlement mode, involving a total of 2,645households,13,783people and be arranged in 21 settlements. The paper adopts 14 indicators related conditions of economic development, social development conditions, geographic conditions, measures the overall strength of 24 administrative villages in Luqu, the whole villages are divided into four grade. The results show that the suburban villages are better than the surrounding villages and towns, pure pastoral farming are better than farming-pastoral villages. Accordingly, 24 villages are divided into four types—community-based villages, developing villages, controlling villages, and revoking-merging villages. Finally, it also proposes the path on village plan guidelines.

O USO DO GEOPROCESSAMENTO NA ELABORAÇÃO DE MAPAS TEMÁTICOS DAS REDES DE TRANSPORTE DE CARGAS: uma aplicação à Mesorregião do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba

This article aims to present the utility of data geoprocessing on the elaboration of networks thematic maps that represents the spatial dimensions of freight transportation. For so, it is utilized the solid geo-referenced database of the National Plan of Logistics and Transportation from the Ministry of Transportation, which, worked by geoprocessing techniques, in a GIS environment, allowed the creation of freight transportation maps that approaches the railway mode representative and the highway mode illustrative of this spatial setting chosen, which is the “Triângulo Mineiro e Alto do Paranaíba” Mesoregion. In this way, it is established a methodology to assist the many studies that work and discuss the freight transportation, as well your variants, being possible your application to the whole national territory.

HEV Cruise Control Strategy on GPS (Navigation) Information

The main objectives of this paper are to demonstrate the development of the hybrid vehicle control system with the GPS (navigation) system of a vehicle travelling a pre-planned driving route. To verify the improvement in vehicle fuel economy, we developed the forward-facing simulator, which can be applied to the proposed HEVs control system. The proposed HEVs control system recognizes upcoming driving patterns because it has terrain (uphill, downhill) and speed information. The controller calculates the parameters related to pattern recognition during a sampling time to choose a comparable driving cycle and to classify into three driving modes (Urban/ Extra-urban/ Highway mode). Moreover, a dynamic programming approach is proposed to obtain the optimal fuel economy and the state of charge (SOC) trajectory. For this approach, we developed a rule-based controller to manage the battery SOC according to the target SOC range. The amount of the target SOC range depends on the driving pattern recognition during a specific time period. The conventional HEV control system sustains the battery SOC within a limited range. Compared with the conventional controller, the proposed control system, by using road slope and speed information, gives results that confirm improved fuel economy.

An Advanced Engine Thermal Management System: Nonlinear Control and Test

Internal combustion engine thermal management system functionality can be enhanced through the introduction of smart thermostat valves and variable speed electric pumps and fans. The traditional automotive cooling system components include a wax based thermostat valve and crankshaft driven water pump. However, servo-motor driven valves, pumps, and fans can better regulate the engine's coolant fluid flow to realize fuel economy gains and tailpipe emission reductions. To study these cooling system actuators, with accompanying nonlinear control strategy, a scale experimental system has been fabricated which features a smart valve, electric coolant pump, radiator with electric fan, and immersion heater. In this paper, mathematical models will be presented to describe the system's behavior. A nonlinear controller will then be designed for transient temperature tracking. Representative experimental results are presented and discussed to demonstrate the smart valve's operation in maintaining the temperature within a neighborhood of the target value for various scenarios including highway mode, full power with load disturbance, and quick heat.

Development of Energy Saving Power Steering

This paper shows the energy saving power steering system, which was named as KEEPS (Kayaba Electronic Controlled Energy Saving Power Steering). In a conventional hydraulic power steering system, the hydraulic pump always supplies enough quantity of oil to the hydraulic circuit. This extra oil flow increases driving torque of the pump, thus the hydraulic power steering system wastes energy. On the other hand, KEEPS can control oil flow electrically in accordance with the condition of a vehicle. In the measurement test for energy consumption of the power steering system with the actual vehicle on test courses, KEEPS got 48% less at city mode, 41% less at highway mode and 39% less at country mode compared with the conventional hydraulic steering system.

A network‐based model for estimating the market share of a new high‐speed rail system

This paper presents a novel application of static traffic assignment methods, but with a variable time value, for estimating the market share of high‐speed rail (HSR) in the northwest–southeast (NW–SE) corridor of Korea currently served by air, conventional rail and highway modes. The proposed model employs a time–space network structure to capture the interrelations among competing transportation modes, and to reflect their supply‐ and demand‐side constraints as well as interactions through properly formulated link‐node structures. The embedded cost function for each network link offers the flexibility for incorporating all associated factors, such as travel time and fare, in the model computation, and enables the use of a distribution rather than a constant to represent the time–value variation among all transportation mode users. To capture the value‐of‐time (VOT) of tripmakers along the target corridor realistically, this study has developed a calibration method with aggregate demand information and key system performance data from the NW–SE corridor.

The valuation of reliability for personal travel

The paper reviews progress made towards a general theory of the traveller's valuation of travel time reliability, and give some indication of recent empirical research in this area. In the progress it brings together a large number of theoretical and empirical results, many of which are only partly in the public domain. Key theoretical results relating to the highway mode are discussed, and expanded to take in the additional complexity of scheduled public transport services. The paper also deals with the problems of collecting empirical data, and describes a recent study carried out by the authors in the context of rail travel, showing how valuations can be derived.

Application of Benefit-Cost Analysis to the Proposed California High-Speed Rail System

A high-speed rail system operating on a dedicated right-of-way that results in a significant volume of trips being diverted from the air and highway modes can be expected to generate significant benefits. The major benefits that will accrue to both users and nonusers from the construction and operation of such a system are described. Both intercity and urban travel benefits are included in the analysis. A methodology for how these diverse benefits can be quantified is presented, and, importantly, it is shown how these benefits can be monetized for input into a comprehensive benefit-cost analysis. Of the 11 types of benefits examined, 4 were found to produce the bulk of the benefits of the high-speed rail system. For the present purposes, benefit-cost analysis is a public-sector evaluation tool that compares all the benefits of a project to society with all the costs of a project. The objective is to ascertain whether all the benefits do in fact exceed all the costs. The major benefits include the revenues derived from high-speed rail users, the high-speed rail user benefits (consumer surplus) net of fares paid, the travel time savings to urban commuters, and the value of time savings to intercity air travelers. Actual data have been taken from the proposed California highspeed rail system to illustrate the benefits that can be expected from such a system and the discrete steps that have been undertaken in the benefit-cost analysis.

10.2172/565217

The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 17 is a statistical compendium prepared and published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) under contract with the Office of Transportation Technologies in the Department of Energy (DOE). Designed for use as a desk-top reference, the data book represents an assembly and display of statistics and information that characterize transportation activity, and presents data on other factors that influence transportation energy use. The purpose of this document is to present relevant statistical data in the form of tables and graphs. Each of the major transportation modes is treated in separate chapters or sections. Chapter 1 compares U.S. transportation data with data from other countries. Aggregate energy use and energy supply data for all modes are presented in Chapter 2. The highway mode, which accounts for over three-fourths of total transportation energy consumption is dealt with in Chapter 3. Topics in this chapter include automobiles, trucks, buses, fleet vehicles, federal standards, fuel economies, and high- occupancy vehicle lane data. Household travel behavior characteristics are displayed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 contains information on alternative fuels and alternative fuel vehicles. Chapter 6 covers the major nonhighway modes: air, water, and rail. The last chapter, Chapter 7, presents data on environmental issues relating to transportation.

Statewide Programming: Implementing Transportation-Policy Objectives

This paper reviews several prominent state of the practice prioritization methods, describes the ranking methodology for highway mobility improvements used by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), and presents empirical results. The new mobility prioritization methodology constitutes a flexible, inclusive framework for assessing independent projects relating to all highway modes and responding directly to state policy goals. It uses a mathematical ranking algorithm to determine the optimal priority order of projects for programming on the basis of cost-efficiency, degree of community support, environmental impacts, mode integration, and land-use-plan compatibility. Because dollar values cannot be assigned to a full range of quantifiable criteria, the project benefit cost ratios are supplemented by the other four categories of risk criteria with disparate unit measures. Based on the first year of implementation, a strict adherence to priority order using the WSDOT prioritization method...

Efficiency drive comes to chemical transport

In the highly regulated field of chemical transportation cost-conscious producers, uncertain of the effects of deregulation, will attempt to streamline operations to optimize use of all carriers. The most obvious changes will be in the railroad, trucking and barge lines that carry most chemicals to market. Chemical companies will pay more attention to safety and will optimize their use of various types of transportation. The aim will be to emphasize regular bulk shipment and reduce small-volume, irregular shipments. This will mean more barging and unit trains and less trucking. This article discusses the cost of distribution of chemicals and the targets among carrier modes for cost savings. A survey showed that highway modes account for 47% of the total chemical transportation, railroads just under 47% and barges only 6%. Chemical companies which feel that the best potential break on increasing transportation costs is competition among carriers, are backing deregulation or proposals for less regulation. The possible effects of deregulation of railroads and of lesser regulation of inland waterway carriers are discussed.