Highway Map Research Articles

Inventarisasi Kepadatan Perlintasan Sebidang Kereta Api Berdasarkan Warna Peta Jalan pada Aplikasi Google Maps di Kota Madiun”

Through this research, it is expected to know the characteristics of the level of traffic density around railway crossings and contribute to improving the safety and efficiency of railway crossings in Indonesia.How is the inventory of vehicle traffic density at railway crossings in Madiun City? Based on the color condition of the highway map in the Google Maps application. The method carried out is to collect historical data on traffic conditions on the google map application at a specified JPL point with a certain period of time, namely during the morning, afternoon and evening rush hours, traffic density condition data is shown with certain color indications. As comparison data, samples of live-traffic data are taken on Google Maps which will be analyzed and identified the level of density of railway crossings. Data analysis was carried out to identify railway crossing points that are prone to congestion in the city of Madiun. Through analysis of railway crossing density data, crossing points that have high, medium and low density levels will be identified. Color condition data shows that the plot crossing on JPL 138 has a frequency percentage of 50.37% and 47.71% of the distance is green, with the level of vehicle traffic density is not dense to rather dense. JPL 138 crossing on the side of Jalan Yos Sudarso – Pahlawan has a higher level of traffic density.

Review: The Old Spanish Trail Auto Highway Archive and Map

Review: The Old Spanish Trail Auto Highway Archive and Map

Geologic Highway Map of Rio de Janeiro State: a product to stimulate geotourism and broadcast Rio de Janeiro's geodiversity

Geologic Highway Maps are used in several countries to disseminate, inform and entertain travelers who drive along main highways. They bring, in a language style accessible to the general public, information about the observable nature along roads, showing local and regional geodiversity on a map, in geological sections and at specially chosen stops. The remarkable geodiversity of the Rio de Janeiro state is considered to be the result of a complex geological and geomorphological evolutionary history, resulting in several geotouristic attractions. Although there are many important initiatives for dissemination of Rio de Janeiro's geodiversity, such as the Caminhos Geologicos Project, the Rio de Janeiro state still remains with a wide geotouristic potential yet to be explored. In this sense, this work presents the Geologic Highway Map of the Rio de Janeiro State (GHMRJ), in its final stage of design, as a product to propagate geodiversity and encourage geotourism. GHMRJ is an unprecedented initiative in Brazil, and a new way of publicizing geotourism bringing geoconservation of Rio de Janeiro's geodiversity into the spotlight.

Fighting Westway: Environmental Law, Citizen Activism, and the Regulatory War That Transformed New York City by William W. Buzbee

Reviewed by: Fighting Westway: Environmental Law, Citizen Activism, and the Regulatory War That Transformed New York City by William W. Buzbee Robert D. Lifset Fighting Westway: Environmental Law, Citizen Activism, and the Regulatory War That Transformed New York City. By William W. Buzbee. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2014, 292 pages, $24.95 Cloth. In 1973 a truck fell through the West Side Highway, landing on the road below. The highway, running from 42nd Street to the Battery along the west side of Manhattan Island, was in serious disrepair rendering it unusable. In response, state and city planners devised a clever and creative solution: extend the western boundary of Manhattan into the Hudson, rebuild the highway under this landfill and above it place a large park. By adding this new highway to the federal interstate highway map, ninety percent of the costs of the project would be paid for by the federal government. Westway would provide a large infusion of federal money (estimated initial costs of $1–2 billion for a 4.2-mile highway, making it the most expensive highway in the nation) to solve a transportation problem. But the larger purpose of the project was to spark the redevelopment of New York City's Lower West Side. The landfill and buried highway would create new land the city could sell or lease at a time of fiscal crisis. Ironically, the decision to bury the road under landfill in the Hudson River emerged from the lessons learned by decades of community activism opposing the destruction and dislocation caused by Robert Moses' many highway projects. The road would displace no one and have only a slight impact on nearby neighborhoods. Between 1970 and 1985 every New York City mayor and New York State governor, both US Senators, the city unions and banking establishment supported Westway. Westway was never built. Now, we have in William Buzbee's new book a full understanding of precisely how and why this project was stopped. In the process it clears away what Buzbee describes as the myths surrounding Westway's defeat. Buzbee guides the reader through the legal strategy, court cases, regulatory decisions, briefs, and judicial decisions that marked the many twists and turns of the Westway fight. By examining all the relevant primary sources while conducting an impressive number of oral history interviews, Buzbee has produced an impressive history. [End Page 130] Buzbee advances three primary factors for Westway's demise. First, Westway's opponents benefitted from the leadership provided by a consistent and savvy group, none of whom was more important than Marcy Benstock of the Clean Air Alliance. In contrast, Westway's supporters, while consisting of much of the city and state's economic and political elite, often had no single individual planning strategy to push the project forward. Second, a change in federal law allowed for trading in highway money for mass transit funding expanding the ranks of Westway opponents to include advocates for mass transportation. It also helps explain why many city, state, and federal legislators from New York were against Westway. What sense did it make to spend billions (estimates of the cost grew and the final price tag may have been in the tens of billions) on a highway while the subway was falling apart? Westway could never escape the impression that it was largely designed as a means to use federal money to disproportionately benefit the city's powerful real estate and financial interests. Finally, Westway ran into the high legal barrier created by section 404 of the Clean Water Act (1972). Section 404 required the Army Corps of Engineers (the federal authority responsible for granting permits to dump fill into navigable waters) to deny a permit if a proposed project does not need to dump fill material into those waters; or if that fill were to cause significant degradation of an aquatic resource, especially harm to important fishery breeding grounds and habitat; or if an action's impacts were uncertain. Westway supporters found a reliably compliant partner in the Army Corps of Engineers, which twice issued permits only to see them overturned by a federal judge whose injunctions were upheld by the 2nd Circuit Court of Appeals...

Cycling the Mojave

Cycling the Mojave Kevin Honold (bio) There were times when I would talk to my bicycle or the sky. Usually, it was just a greeting or an observation. “Hello, moon,” I would say on its appearance, or, “That was a good ride, wasn’t it?” to my bicycle leaning into a bush. And whenever I spoke, my voice would startle me with its intrusiveness, and the words jarred like a casual profanity. John Van Dyke writes, in The Desert, You perhaps think to break the spell by raising your voice in a cry; but you will not do so again. The sound goes but a little way and then seems to come back to your ear with a suggestion of insanity about it. When I read those words, months after the trip, I felt comforted, and I knew that nothing John Van Dyke could do would ever lessen my love for him, though he’s been dead these hundred years. I don’t know why people take long bicycle rides. There are as many reasons as people who do it. A man in Needles asked me why I was cycling to Flagstaff and I said, without deliberating much, that sometimes I needed to kick the shit out of myself. I was surprised at how [End Page 59] readily he understood exactly what I meant, even when I didn’t. Some things we do without knowing why, but with a kind of faith that the purpose will be made plain with time, and we don’t examine the issue overmuch because few people care enough to question us about it anyway. Cycling is like that. California City, California, April, 2013 I packed a point-and-click camera, sunscreen, a pouch of Drum tobacco, an air pump, a water pack, headlamp, highway map, sleeping bag, bivouac tent, two long-sleeved shirts, one sweater, one pair of long underwear, knit hat, poncho, rain hat, a pencil and notebook, a ditty bag of toiletries, a multi-purpose bike tool, spare tube, tin cup, two pair of socks, two pair of underwear, electrical tape, binoculars, and a bird guide. For heating food and water I had an Esbit stove and thirty heat tabs. One tab heats a pint of water, enough for a cup of oatmeal and a cup of coffee. The Esbit stove is a German product, the same kind of stove that Wehrmacht troops carried into Russia in 1941. The tabs ignite readily in rain and wind. At Tony’s place in California City, laying out my gear on the bed in the spare room, I had to decide what to leave behind. This culling is both liberating and nauseating. You have to commit to doing without. A sleeping mat is nice to have, but you can sleep without one. A paring knife with a plastic handle weighs a fraction of a Swiss Army knife. I’m not certain but I would bet that Swiss infantrymen are not issued Swiss Army knives and I’m confident they don’t pedal the Alps with collapsible nail files and corkscrews. At night, Tony and I sat on the porch and talked about family and drank beer. He had recently returned to the United States from a yearlong assignment in Afghanistan, where he worked as a contractor at a remote base. He invited me out to California, guessing that I was feeling restless, and he was right, but that was an easy call, since most of us are restless most of the time. We talked about being middle-aged, [End Page 60] unmarried men without children. We talked about the twenty years that had passed since the Army, and the things in life that remained to be done. The things we might have done differently, the places we wished we could return to. He gave me an e-reader as a gift for the ride. He showed me how to use it and we loaded it with e-books. That gift solved a big problem. During past cycling trips I had carried too many pounds of real books. I hung around at his place a few more days, because it takes me some time to work...

Intelligent Path Analysis System about Based on the Sharing Information of Highway

With the development of highway construction and technology, various highways could be integrated via the Internet. According to the relevant highway map, we could notice the serious loop network problem. To provide useful information for the highway companies, we need to identify the path of vehicles on the highway network by using the sharing information of highways. This research analyzes some polysomic identification of path about several main expressways; furthermore, it provides a new path-identification method that is the time scheduling match based on the dynamic weights. The new path-identification method includes the later polysomic analysis and statistical analysis on the flow of vehicles, which is able to offer the highway companies sound information. Moreover, the research also establish the smart analysis system about path based on the sharing information of highways, then using data to test the efficiency of the analysis system.

Mapping the brain: of mice and men

“When we set out to develop the Allen Mouse Brain Atlas some 8 years ago, there were those who said it couldn’t be done”, recalls Allan Jones, chief executive offi cer of the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle (WA, USA). Those doubters were proved emphatically wrong in 2006, when the Institute published the fi rst genomically and anatomically complete map of the mouse brain, allowing users of the free resource to pinpoint the expression of genes in the mouse brain at the level of individual cells. The atlas has already notched up more than 500 citations in peerreviewed studies. But for Jones, the mouse brain was just a warm-up. “Model systems are fantastic tools for modern science, but we ultimately want to understand the human brain in its normal and disease context, and a comprehensive human brain dataset certainly helps”, Jones told The Lancet Neurology, after the Institute launched its latest application: the Allen Human Brain Atlas. Like the mouse brain atlas, the human brain atlas is free to access, and was designed from the outset with researchers in mind. “It displays the gene-expression map for any gene in the human brain in an interactive platform so the user can spin, splice, or manipulate the image in just about any way...and then navigate directly to the detailed, raw data underlying the 3D summary views”, explains Jones. And if you still want more, there are a host of other tools to investigate the data online, along with all the original images, gene-expression data, and MRI data to download.

Response to Skodol Letter

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Communications and UpdatesFull AccessResponse to Skodol LetterJonathan Shedler, PH.D., Aaron T. Beck, M.D., Peter Fonagy, Ph.D., Glen O. Gabbard, M.D., Otto Kernberg, M.D., Robert Michels, M.D., and Drew Westen, Ph.D.Jonathan ShedlerDenver, Colo.Search for more papers by this author, PH.D., Aaron T. BeckPhiladelphia, Pa.Search for more papers by this author, M.D., Peter FonagyLondon, United KingdomSearch for more papers by this author, Ph.D., Glen O. GabbardHouston, Tex.Search for more papers by this author, M.D., Otto KernbergWhite Plains, N.Y.Search for more papers by this author, M.D., Robert MichelsNew York, N.Y.Search for more papers by this author, M.D., and Drew WestenAtlanta, Ga.Search for more papers by this author, Ph.D.Published Online:1 Jan 2011https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10101466rAboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail To the Editor: We are pleased that the DSM-5 Personality and Personality Disorder Work Group is considering feedback from the larger mental health community and invites continuing dialogue. We look forward to seeing the revised personality disorder proposal to which Dr. Skodol refers.We reiterate our conviction that while dimensional trait models are useful as research tools, they are of limited relevance and utility in clinical practice. They should not be offered in lieu of clinically coherent personality prototypes, nor offered in a way that competes with or complicates the use of a prototype-based diagnostic system.A good diagnostic system is like a good map in that it must accurately depict the territory. However, sometimes one requires a road map, sometimes a topographical map, and sometimes a political map. A mountaineer in a wilderness region will have little use for a highway map, regardless of its accuracy.We do not consider the trait model map inherently better or worse than the personality prototype map. Rather, we believe it is the wrong map for clinical purposes. The two kinds of maps address completely different questions. Academic personality researchers ask questions about the relationships among variables in a general population. Dimensional trait models help answer such questions. Clinical practitioners need to understand the interrelation of psychological processes in an individual patient. Personality prototype models facilitate such understanding. Neither approach is more scientific than the other; it is a matter of what questions one is trying to answer. The primary purpose of DSM is the clinical diagnosis of patients. We therefore believe that the DSM-5 diagnostic system for personality disorders should be based on personality prototypes, not trait dimensions.We strongly agree with Dr. Skodol's wish to select DSM-5 prototypes on “good scientific rationales.” The prototypes used in DSM-5 should be those that have emerged empirically in research specifically conducted to develop personality prototypes, that have demonstrated their clinical value-not borrowed from DSM-IV to “ease the transition” to DSM-5 or to an eventual predetermined dimensional trait model for DSM-6.The empirical literature on personality trait models developed independently of the clinical practice literature and with little input from clinical practitioners. It reflects mainly the methods and concepts valued by academic researchers who do not interact with patients. It would be unfortunate if the official psychiatric diagnostic manual mirrored this bias, to the detriment of patient care.Denver, Colo.Philadelphia, Pa.London, United KingdomHouston, Tex.White Plains, N.Y.New York, N.Y.Atlanta, Ga.The authors' disclosures accompany the original commentary.accepted for publication in October 2010. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited ByForensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie, Vol. 9, No. 3Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2 Volume 168Issue 1 January 2011Pages 97-98 Metrics PDF download History Accepted 1 October 2010 Published online 1 January 2011 Published in print 1 January 2011

Cape St. Mary's

3 Bob Finch At six thirty a.m. Penny and I start out by car from St. John’s toward Cape St. Mary’s, home of the largest gannet colony in Newfoundland and the southernmost gannet breeding colony in the world. The day begins in darkness and continues in rain, not a promising start. We swing off the Trans Canada Highway (TCH) on route 100 just past the Whitbourne turnoff and continue down the long, empty stretch of highway to Freshwater. In Placentia we stop for breakfast at Harold’s Hotel, a place that looks as if it has remained stuck in the 1950s. At the counter is a sports trophy naming Harold “Freshman of the Year l973–74,” and also a light-box projecting a color photo of the town, which we turn on to get the attention of someone in the kitchen. A jukebox in the dining room has the usual mixture of current hits and old country and western standards. After breakfast we begin the long and spectacular drive down the coast road from Placentia to St. Bride’s, a distance of some forty-six kilometers, through a series of steep picturesque stream valleys, or barachois (pronounced, and sometimes spelled, “barasways”), all ending in impounded coves. There are small villages or sometimes only a single house at each of these stream outlets. Penny and I went to high school together in West Virginia, and we remark how much these villages resemble a seacoast version of the hollows and mountain towns of Appalachia. Most of the houses are one-story contemporary ranches painted in the usual Newfoundland fashion with two or three tones of bright boat paint, primary and secondary colors, often in distinct bands around the house. Penny explains to me the mortgage approval system in Newfoundland, which accounts for so much of the homogeneity Cape St. Mary's 4 Ecotone: reimagining place 4 of contemporary outport architecture. The Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC, a Crown corporation) must approve each house plan before the lender banks give a mortgage. They provide a limited range of approved house plans—fifty or so—or you can submit your own. But since the CMHC plans are free, buddy says, why should I pay to get my own? Most of these government-provided plans are ranch-style houses from the 1950s, a happenstance that has, over the past several decades,transformedthetraditionalarchitectureofmostNewfoundland outports into early versions of Levittown as painted by Mondrian. At St. Bride’s the last town before the turnoff to Cape St. Mary’s, the preferred color combination for houses seemed to be brilliant orange and green. Several young people stand by the roadside or next to barns on this Sunday morning with nowhere to go, nothing to do. There is an undistinguished motel in the town called the Bird Motel, but no sign or other indication of where the bird sanctuary itself is. As with so much of Newfoundland, including St. John’s, it is a place where one must know where something is in order to find it. Americans do not function well without signs. In fact, on some level we do not believe we are actually in a place—a city, a store, a national park—unless there is a sign to tell us so. The road out of St. Bride’s, shown on the official Provincial Highway Map as “scheduled to be paved” two years ago, soon turns to gravel. The landscape becomes flat, treeless, boulderless, and grassy. We see no cars, but at one point a huge, stuffed, toy bear is propped up against the road, as though hitchhiking. Since leaving Placentia, we have only passed a dozen cars and no hitchhikers (this being a risky activity in most of Newfoundland, where, except for the TCH, traffic is usually so sparse that one risks being stranded out in the middle of nowhere for an indeterminate period). After three of four kilometers we spot a single, small, white sign with “Bird Sanctuary” printed on one side only. From the turnoff it is some twelve kilometers to the lighthouse at the Cape along a potholed onelane dirt road. Paralleling the road is a single power...

The importance of bottlenecks in protein networks: correlation with gene essentiality and expression dynamics.

It has been a long-standing goal in systems biology to find relations between the topological properties and functional features of protein networks. However, most of the focus in network studies has been on highly connected proteins (“hubs”). As a complementary notion, it is possible to define bottlenecks as proteins with a high betweenness centrality (i.e., network nodes that have many “shortest paths” going through them, analogous to major bridges and tunnels on a highway map). Bottlenecks are, in fact, key connector proteins with surprising functional and dynamic properties. In particular, they are more likely to be essential proteins. In fact, in regulatory and other directed networks, betweenness (i.e., “bottleneck-ness”) is a much more significant indicator of essentiality than degree (i.e., “hub-ness”). Furthermore, bottlenecks correspond to the dynamic components of the interaction network—they are significantly less well coexpressed with their neighbors than nonbottlenecks, implying that expression dynamics is wired into the network topology.

Babbitt Who? The Decline of Small-Town America

towns of our cultural imagination are now the schmaltzy vision of Disneyland's Main Street, U.S.A., and the parody of The Simpson's Springfield. Small towns hardly register anymore. Even Babbitt, once the symbol of all that was malignant in small-town America, is largely forgotten, his name no longer a sign of anything to most people. Actual small towns, of course, are in dire straits. As Richard O. Davies states in Main Street Blues: The Decline of SmallTown America, America, with its dominant urban culture, has now passed them by, relegating them to the cruel obscurity that comes from being abandoned by a railroad or left off the federal interstate highway map (p. 1). The casual visitor to most of these towns will note this decay immediately. Central business districts are devastated, shopfronts are boarded up, and both streets and once elegant houses are in advanced states of disrepair. It is those features not automatically apparent to casual visitors that constitute the real tragedy of modern small-town life. Populated primarily by the elderly and by families attracted by the cheap rents, towns of less than 10,000 have larger concentrations of the poor, on a percentage basis, than cities do. Health care is generally inadequate, and both underfunded schools and social services are severely taxed, while domestic abuse, substance abuse, and teenage pregnancy are on the rise. Richard Davies grew up in one of these towns, Camden, Ohio. Today Camden is caught up in a slow but sure downward spiral, from which there is no escape. The town will not die, but neither will it flourish. A mood of quiet resignation seems to hover over the small valley in which it is located (p. 2). But during Davies' youth, Camden was a very different place,

Culture of the Wisconsin Official State Highway Map

Wood and Fels (1986) strikingly reveal that even a cartographic product as "taken for granted" as a road map is as much a tool of the maker as of the user. Indeed, a highway map comprises a sophisticated package of messages. In this paper, a series of State of Wisconsin official highway maps is examined to illustrate that each is a product of the culture in which it is produced. Map messages reflecting state institutional cultures are communicated through the principal state map image as well as through other map elements. Examples are selected from the 1920s to the present to highlight a changing transportation and mapmaking culture, appropriation of the official state highway map as a tool of tourism and gubernatorial promotion, and the presence of certain persistent and disturbing depictions of women and minorities. Wisconsin's official highway map is found to include both deliberate and unintentional reflections of the changing (and in some aspects, unchanging) state of the state.

Media Review

Abstract Abstract The Proctor Collection, 96 minutes; 1992; $52. Order from Keith Proctor, 88 Raven Hills Ct., Colorado Springs, CO 80919–1316. Reviewed by John Marshall. Fossils: Reptiles and Mammals, distributed by Films for the Humanities and Sciences, P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543–2053. VHS format, color; 20 minutes; $89.95. Reviewed by H. Gregory McDonald. The Last Word on Dinosaurs, distributed by Films for the Humanities and Sciences, P.O. Box 2053, Princeton, NJ 08543–2053. VHS format, color; 26 min.; purchase, $149, rental, $75. Reviewed by H. Gregory McDonald. Atlas of Metamorphic Rocks and Their Textures by S. W. D. Yardley, W. S. MacKenzie, and C. Guilford. Longman Scientific & Technical, Essex, England, and John Wiley & Sons, N.Y. 120 pages; 1990; $41.95 (softbound). Reviewed by R. V. Dietrich. A Collector's Guide to Maine Mineral Localities by W. B. Thompson, D. L. Joyner, R. G. Woodman, and V. T. King. Bulletin 41, 2d ed. Maine Geological Survey, Dept. of Conservation, State House Station 22, Augusta, ME 04333. 104 pages; 1991; $8.00 (softbound), plus $.48 sales tax for Maine residents. Reviewed by John Marshall. Rockhounding in Eastern New York State and Nearby New England by Dan and Kay Zabriskie. Many Facets, 438 New Korner Rd., Albany, NY 12205–3810. 46 pages; 1990; $7.95 (softbound). Reviewed by Vandall T. King. Geology of New York: A Simplified Account (N.Y.S. Museum education leaflet 28) by Y. W. Isachsen, E. Landing, J. M. Lauber, L. V. Rickard, and W. B. Rogers, eds. 284 pages; 1991; softbound. New York State Geological Highway Map (N.Y.S. Museum education leaflet 33) by W. B. Roberts, Y. W. Isachsen, R. D. Mock, and R. E. Nyahay. These two publications are available as a pair for $18.95 plus $1.50 shipping. Reviewed by R. V. Dietrich. Glossary of Mineral Species 1991 (6th ed.) by Michael Fleischer and Joseph A. Mandarino, Mineralogical Record, Box 35565, Tucson, AZ 85740. 262 pages; 1991; $16 ppd. (spiralbound). Reviewed by Vandall T. King, Ivan Kostov, Sofia, Bulgaria. Geology of National Parks (4th ed.) by A. G. Harris, E. Tuttle, and S. D. Tuttle. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, la. 652 pages; 1990; $34.95 (softbound). Reviewed by R. V. Dietrich.

Hereditary Highway Map: Assessing the Toll

Hereditary Highway Map: Assessing the Toll

The Highway Map as a Social Studies Resource

The Highway Map as a Social Studies Resource

New Geologic Map of United States--Procedures and Techniques Used in AAPG Geological Highway Map Project: ABSTRACT

One of the AAPG projects is the preparation of a new Geological Map of the United States with a superimposed highway network. The map, on a scale of 1:1,875,000, will include the 48 conterminous states. It is being published in 11 parts, each covering a region of approximately 270,000 sq mi, printed on a 28 × 36-in. sheet. Six regional maps have been published and the remaining 5 are 25-75% complete. A new base map has been prepared from information furnished by the USGS. Information from the USGS, the various state geological surveys, and other sources is synthesized to produce the various elements on the map. Approximately 50 overlays are prepared for the front side of each regional map. Good registry is achieved by use of a pin registry system. About 50 colors are used on each regional map; over 100 colors will be used in the series. The maps are printed on a 4-color press. Upon completion of the series AAPG will have (1) a geologic map of the United States; (2) about 50 related columnar sections; (3) a geologic cross section network of about 19,000 mi in length; (4) a set of paleogeographic maps of the United States by epochs showing deposition, uplift, and igneous activity; and (5) a subjective tectonic map of the United States. End_of_Article - Last_Page 359------------

The Construction of Keys

THE making of keys is an important function of the systematist, one which has not perhaps received the attention it deserves. Although in certain groups of the animal kingdom it is doubtful if we know even a small fraction of the extant species and genera, it seems to me that the making of keys to the known genera and species would be a great service to systematic zoology. The correlation of information concerning the various families, subfamilies, tribes, subtribes, genera, and species which these keys provide is one of the most important contributions which the mature student of a group can make. Systematic zoology needs many new students and I believe that there is no better way of encouraging the beginner than to make workable keys available for his use. When he collects an animal and identifies it for himself with a well-organized key, he is gratified with his accomplishment and far more likely to remember the name than if told it by his teacher. Making the necessary observations and decisions required in following a key will provide a lasting impression of that particular organism. There is a feeling, however, among some systematic zoologists that keys are difficult to construct. Perhaps this feeling is engendered by certain published keys which are exceedingly difficult to follow to any satisfactory conclusion. I cannot refrain from quoting at this point a key devised by the late Charles M. Barr to the species of the genus Paradoxus (Fig. 1). It seems unbelievable, but the couplets in this key, while not quoted verbatim, were inspired by couplets from a well-known monograph. Furthermore I am sure that many a zoologist, by searching the literature from his particular field, could concoct a key equally ridiculous. I quote this key only because I feel that it will bring into sharp relief some of the things that a key should not be. Perhaps it will serve as well to call our attention to the steps involved in making a key and the precautions necessary to eliminate as many errors as possible. To make a key without any errors is almost impossible. But if a systematic zoologist will take the time to study the specimens in his collection, and the literature describing the various members of the group under consideration, the making of a fairly satisfactory key is not too difficult. Almost certainly, if he will organize his material, follow the necessary procedure and use a little imagination, he can construct a clear and useful key. Before we proceed further, let us attempt to define our field and thus limit it. First of all there may be some confusion between a key and a synopsis. A synopsis may be defined for our purposes as a condensed, summarized description of some taxonomic group. The primary function of a synopsis, therefore, should be to point out the multiple interrelationships within the group. Synopses are very important for the mature student, but are not intended for the use of the beginner. They are not intended, on the other hand, to replace the keys which are necessary for both the beginner and the mature student. A key is, as near as possible, an infallible guide to the identification of the group of animals under consideration. It is, if you please, a highway map to guide you to your destination. It is not a guidebook to the important historical, commercial, or otherwise noteworthy sights along the highway. The guiding principles in making a key are relatively few. They are clearly understood by most systematic zoologists, but are, however, not always followed with meticulous detail. The key to the