Highway Landscape Research Articles

Research on Visual Quality Evaluation Method of Tourist Highway Based on Virtual Driving

This paper studies the visual quality evaluation method along the tourist highway from the driver’s first perspective, selects five evaluation indexes from the aspects of driver’s driving reaction and physiological reaction, and establishes a “man-vehicle-road” visual quality evaluation method model of tourist highway. Through BIM + VR technology, the tourist highway scene is built for virtual driving experience and evaluation, and different landscape design schemes and dynamic effects of tourist highway are reproduced virtually. Combined with questionnaire survey and physiological data feedback, the tourist highway landscape is evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively, and a qualitative and quantitative evaluation method for the visual quality of tourist highway is put forward. It provides decision-making basis for local relevant departments to carry out landscape design quality evaluation along tourist highways, and realizes high-quality development of tourist highways.

Research on the segmentation method of a highway landscape corridor zone

Highway landscaping is an important part of highway construction, which plays a role in highway engineering to ensure traffic safety, alleviate visual fatigue, manifest culture, and many other roles. In the actual highway landscape design, the concept of highway landscape planning and design remains unclear, the content is complex, and the design lags behind the main construction of the problem. Different landscape themes should be set for different sections of the road to enable the motorway landscape to play its role, and the reasonable division of the highway landscape paragraph nodes and the determination of different landscape themes are the keys to the problem. This study collects natural and humanistic materials along the highway, arranges and classifies them through the cluster analysis method, and then divides the highway landscape into paragraphs through the fusion of cluster analysis and node control method. Then, the landscape resources in the paragraphs are integrated and refined to define the theme of the paragraphs, the landscape of the paragraphs based on the theme of the paragraphs is generated to bring out the regional cultural connotation, and a highway paragraph landscape theme division process is constructed. Finally, based on the survey of the landscape status quo of the Zhunxing Highway, the landscape theme division method is applied to verify its scientificity. The research results show that the highway paragraph landscape division method based on the cluster analysis method can effectively reflect the landscape characteristics of different road sections, enrich the road landscape design content, reflect the regional cultural characteristics, reduce the phenomenon of driver fatigue due to the landscape content of a single driving, and protect the traffic safety of the highway. This method can effectively guide the highway landscape paragraph planning and node design, has simple operation, and has strong practicality.

Quantitative evaluation of attraction intensity of highway landscape visual elements based on dynamic perception

In order to quantify the aesthetic attraction of visual elements of highway landscape space, the concept of visual attraction intensity of highway landscape space is proposed, and the factors and indicators of visual attraction elements are clarified. Based on the perspective of human factors, taking passengers as the main attraction, taking 30 landscape elements from three typical highway landscape scenes, namely mountain highway landscape, plain highway landscape and elevated highway landscape, as the research object. The real-time evaluation and data processing system of subjective landscape preference has been independently developed, and combined with the processing and analysis of human-machine-environment synchronous quantitative analysis technology and in-depth learning, a “subjective+objective” quantitative evaluation model of highway landscape visual element attraction intensity based on dynamic perception has been constructed, revealing the quantitative relationship between highway landscape visual attraction elements and attraction intensity, The quantitative method and action law of the attraction intensity of highway landscape and the dynamic aesthetic perception of the attraction subject is clarified. It is found that the change of highway planning alignment, high green view rate and low enclosure have positive effects on the subjective preference score of the landscape (0.690), and there is a significant positive correlation between green view rate and enclosure; the richer the landscape elements such as mountains, trees and water bodies, the stronger the visual attraction, but the complexity of the landscape elements increases the cognitive load of the area of interest. Among the physiological indicators, there are significant correlations between EEG and ECG (0.790), EDA and ECG (0.632), and subjective preference and passengers' eye-movement behavior and EDA; as well as the change pattern of attraction intensity based on the dynamic perception of tunnel area. The results show that the attraction intensity of visual elements of highway landscape space based on dynamic perception is consistent with human aesthetic preference, visual perception and physiological response, which verifies the scientificity, appropriateness and accuracy of eye-movement analysis method and physiological analysis method for quantitative evaluation of aesthetic preference of highway landscape.

Study on Highway Landscape Environment Assessment and Grading Method

The assessment and grading of a highway landscape environment is the basic work of highway route layout and landscape planning, and it is also a key link to whether the highway can be integrated into the surrounding environment. This article analyzes the connotation and value standard system of highway landscape assessment and proposes a highway landscape environment assessment method that combines a quantitative assessment and a humanistic assessment. Consequently, a highway landscape environment assessment indicator system with landscape features, environmental harmony, visual environment and environmental carrying capacity as assessment contents is constructed. Finally, using the set-pair analysis method, an evaluation model for grading the quality of the highway landscape environment is proposed. The model divides the highway landscape environment into four grades and proposes highway landscape planning and design strategies under the conditions of different grades. The theory is applied in the landscape planning of the Xi’an-Baoji highway in China. The results show that the overall assessment of the total indicator is “Grade 2”, the environmental carrying capacity of the subsystem is “weak”, and the landscape quality is “good”. This theoretical approach combines discursive cognition with quantitative analysis to achieve a systematic and refined assessment of the highway construction environment.

Research on driving visual comfort of two‐lane mountainous road based on traffic safety evaluation

AbstractIn order to obtain the quantitative relationship between multisource data from road landscape and driving visual comfort in two‐lane mountainous road, we collected the driver's eye movement data and road environment data through real vehicle tests. The threshold segmentation method and the target landscape area ratio method are used to process the visual image, and the spatial enclosure degree is used to express the driver's sense of spatial closure. In addition, an HSV color model is established to characterize the driver's visual perception of the mountain highway landscape environment. Combining the target landscape area ratio of road landscape with the amount of color information, the calculation method of road landscape information is obtained. According to the characteristics of normal distribution of pupil area ratio, five grades of driver's visual comfort level are proposed, and the regression relationship between comfort level and landscape information is established. The study found that there is a significant negative correlation between the amount of road landscape information and the driver's visual comfort. When the amount of road landscape information is less than 0.338, the driving comfort is higher, which is conducive to driving safety. However, when the amount of landscape information in the road area exceeds 0.644, the driving comfort decreases significantly, which is detrimental to driving safety.

A Further Study and Assessment on Geographic Information System: From Highway Ecological Landscape Environment Angle of View

With the development of the national economy, our country’s highway construction is developing in a more advanced and humane direction. On the basis of meeting traffic needs, people have begun to pay more attention to the construction of highway landscapes. Based on the understanding and integration of domestic and foreign landscape evaluation system research, this paper constructs a new type of highway landscape evaluation model and selects Zhangjiakou, one of the co-host cities of the Winter Olympics, to analyze and verify the model. We use the designed evaluation model to analyze and evaluate the three highways in the Zhangjiakou area. First, based on the analytic hierarchy process, the combination of qualitative and quantitative evaluation indicators is selected, and then, the GIS geographic information system is used to obtain the basic data of the quantitative indicators and the questionnaire method is used. The grade evaluation of three highways is realized, and the optimization measures and construction strategies for the landscape quality along the highway are proposed. The results show that the research results of this evaluation system are of great significance to the landscape construction along the line, the protection of landscape resources, and the development of tourist roads.

Gebze-Orhangazi-İzmir Otoyolunun Peyzaj Bitkilerinin Değerlendirilmesi

In this study, Gebze-Orhangazi-İzmir Highway, which is the longest completed highway in Turkey with a length of 426 km, landscape plants have been examined in terms of ecological, aesthetic and suitability criteria. Gebze-Orhangazi-İzmir Highway consists of 7 sections, namely Gebze-Orhangazi, Orhangazi-Bursa, Bursa-Susurluk, Susurluk-Balıkesir, Balıkesir-Kırkağaç, Kırkağaç-Manisa, and Manisa-İzmir. It has been determined that 107 landscape plant taxa are used in the whole study area. It has been determined that Gebze-Orhangazi section has the highest taxa diversity and Bursa-Susurluk section has the least taxa diversity. It is seen that a total of 6,144,974 plants are used in the whole highway. Of landscape plants which are used as taxa, 59.81% are exotic (foreign), 40.19% are natural (domestic). It has been found that 74.77% of them are resistant to frost, 63.55% of them are resistant to drought, and 37.38% of them are resistant to salinity. It is observed that 92.52% of the taxa are suitable for the highway landscape.

Effectiveness Analysis on Human-Machine Information Interaction of Intelligent Highway

Different human-machine collaboration modes and driving simulation tests with the orthogonal method considered are designed for a series of typical intelligent highway landscapes. The feedback of drivers under different interaction modes is evaluated through NASA-LTX questionnaire, driving simulator, eye tracker, and electroencephalograph (EEG). This optimal interaction mode (including voice form, broadcasting timing, and frequency) of each driving assistance scene in CVI (Cooperative Vehicle Infrastructure) environment under the conditions of high and low traffic is determined from subjective and objective perspectives. In accordance with feedback of these subjects on each set scene, the voice information structure of each assistance mode plays the most important role on drivers followed by the broadcasting timing and frequency. These broadcasts which provide good effects include scenarios such as various assistance scenes at curves and an early warning timing at a long-distance trip as well as a high early warning frequency; in addition, as for an exit-tip assistance scenario, a voice mode assistance is preferred; and for various speed assistance scenes, the beep mode is better. Furthermore, it is found that, at a higher traffic level but a short-distance trip, an early warning timing is favored generally for various scenes while under a low traffic level, a long-distance early warning timing is better.

Human Smell-Technology Initiatives: Can Smell Improve Road Safety?

Online communication until now has involved only two of our senses: sight and hearing. However, research is emerging to communicate smell in numerous human-based applications. This paper reviews several general applications of smell, discusses the status of implementing smell to improve road safety, and presents other vital considerations. The general applications include smelling screens, mobile notifications, virtual reality, highway landscaping, outdoor environments, video games, and presentation technology. The road safety implementation addresses driver performance, smell effects on driver performance (cognitive and psychological), and two emerging in-vehicle smell systems (empathetic-car system and CO2 filtration system). Based on this review, can smell be used to improve road safety? The answer is Yes and No since some smell scents positively affect drivers, while others adversely affect them. Other considerations include digital smell technology (DST), driving simulator studies, and online resources. In particular, with the DST, it is possible to sense, transmit, and receive smell through the internet.

Monotonous Driving Environment along Highway and Driver Behaviour in Malaysia: A Review


 
 
 Driver alertness, behaviour, and performance are central aspects of road traffic safety to achieve sustainable mobility. In addition, the type of environment where mobility occurs tend to affect drivers. Typically, monotonous stretches along highway deteriorate drivers’ vigilance thus leading to fatigue, drowsiness, and even crashes. Based on extensive review of related literature, this paper shall present the various issues of monotonous driving environment, countermeasures, as well as related research in Malaysia, aside from highway landscaping and other fatigue related road safety issues. Despite the significant amount of research on such issues, due to the current development trend and the highly motorised nature of Malaysia, there is need for more robust research especially in terms of countermeasure improvement and appraisal as well as development of monotony effect indices.
 
 

The Application Strategy of Tourism Highway Landscape Design

In the context of China's economic development, tourism resources have been continuously developed, and the aesthetic requirements of tourism highway are higher and higher. In order to ensure the good ecological environment and promote the sustainable development of tourism highway in the process of highway construction, it is necessary to analyze the relevant strategies of tourism highway landscape design.

Changes in the Heavy Metal Levels in Highway Landscaping and Protective Effect of Vegetative Materials

Anthropogenic activities due to increasing population and traffic density are responsible for a great portion of highway pollution. The heavy metal accumulation in highway routes poses a risk both for agricultural areas and residential areas. The study investigated the changes in heavy metal accumulation along a 200 km long portion of the D300 highway passing through Elazığ, Bingöl, and Muş, cities located in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey. The heavy metal accumulation in 46 soil samples collected in 2018 and 2019 from 5 different land classes was analyzed using the ICP-MS device in an accredited laboratory. The analysis results were explained using different statistical methods depending on the standard, annual change, land class, and vegetation. Although the majority of the soil samples were within acceptable levels, the chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) levels of certain samples were above the standard levels. Considering the land classes, compared with other areas, residential areas (RA) contained higher levels of zinc (Zn); agricultural areas (AA) contained higher levels of chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb); and unqualified areas (UA) contained higher levels of copper (Cu). Considering vegetation, the tree- and bush-covered soil samples contained lower amounts of Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Cd but higher levels of Zn and Pb compared with herbaceous or bare soil samples. A similar case also applies to the soil samples that were covered with Quercus sp., a natural plant cover on the route. The results and other similar studies have shown that there should be at least 15 m long ecological corridors (pollution-resistant tree-bush vegetation) between highway routes and both agricultural and residential areas.

핀란드 고속도로 방음벽 색채 사례연구 - 헬싱키(Helsinki)에서 요엔수(Joensuu) 방향 방음벽을 중심으로

According to the improvement of a landscape level, color studies of environmental noise barriers on domestic highways are actively conducted, while improvements on beautiful roads are still required on many highways. In response, this study conducted an on-site survey and analysis of the color of environmental noise barriers on highways, focusing on Finland, which seeks to preserve the national ecological environment as a top priority. The results of this study are as follows: First, the tendency of color applied to environmental noise barriers in Korea is gradually considered the relationship with the surrounding landscape rather than individual color use and induced from high to low chroma, and recognized the importance of comprehensive maintenance of highway landscape through color guidelines. Second, on-site inspections showed that the color of the Finnish highway environmental noise barriers was applied with a strict and restrained range of materials and colors and maintained a safe and pleasant highway environment. Third, in order to maintain a calm color landscape, it is necessary to strengthen the connection with the entire city

Study on the Law of Drivers’ eye Movement Index in Different Landscape Environment

To study the law of drivers’ eye movement indices,indoor simulation driving experiment method was adopted, two-lane second-class grassland highway was designed to simulate real road conditions. 48 subjects were selected for the experiment,groups were divided according to different driving ages, three eye movement sensitive indexes including fixation duration, pupil diameter and scan range were extracted, the variation rule of eye movement index of drivers with different experience under different landscape environment was quantified. It was found that the relationship between the landscape environments and eye movement index was U-shaped,the changes of eye movement indexes of drivers at different driving ages were different.The results showed that 4/km was the optimal threshold number of combined elements.In this environment, the change rate of driver eye movement index was the largest,extraction information was the most;When the number of elements was greater than or less than 4/km, the change rate of driver eye movement index would decrease. The results could provide reference for improving and optimizing the design of grassland highway landscape environment.

Research on Evaluation Index System of Mountain Expressway Landscape Coordination

To better evaluate the effect of mountainous expressway landscape restoration scientifically and reasonably, this paper discussed the evaluation index system of mountainous expressway landscape coordination. Based on scientifically grasping the meaning and characteristics of mountainous expressway landscape coordination, 15 first-level evaluation indicators and 36 second-level evaluation indicators were selected from four aspects: internal highway landscape coordination, external environment coordination, road landscape coordination, and landscape and safety coordination. The index constructed the evaluation index system of mountainous expressway landscape coordination and explained the significance of the evaluation index. To serve the purpose of evaluating the coordination of the mountain road landscape, the constituent factors of the secondary indicators were standardized and scored to achieve the grading and quantification of the indicators. This paper also discussed the evaluation method of highway landscape coordination, which can enrich the theory and method system of mountain highway landscape coordination evaluation to a certain extent.

Land of Chabot: A Highway Landscape as a Monument to a Painter

In the contemporary metropolitan landscape of Rotterdam, the open landscape spaces that once surrounded the city have been reduced to components in a hybrid field. When the polders were still expansive, with an omnipresent horizon, and big skies, they were depicted extensively by the Dutch landscape painter Henk Chabot (1894-1949). Chabot is the Rotterdam painter of an oeuvre that is associated with angular, realistic expressionism of many layers of paint in hard colours, who painted heavily emphasised skies over poor countryside, or monumental portraits of refugees or farmers. For fifteen years, he lived and worked in a studio by the river Rotte. Now, only a relic of the farmland where he lived remains: an interstice between motorways, recreation parks, and suburbs that seemed to be overlooked in the frenzy of urban planning processes. The reason this interstice still exists is that it has been reserved for a future motorway for the last 30 years, and in the not-so-distant future will become the tunnel entrance for the new A16 motorway. As a left-over space, the terrain seems non-descript. However, it does have the implicit characteristics of a ‘landscape theatre’: introducing the processes and the scale of landscape as self-evident elements of the city, and heralding the open polder landscape twenty minutes away. It borrows its physical boundaries from the Rotte river dyke, the heemtuin (botanical garden) adjacent to the Ommoord apartment blocks, the access road to Ommoord, the industrial estate, and residential area in Terbregge. Such a “borrowed boundary” can be seen as a defining trait of the landscape theatre. The open space that is defined by this borrowed boundary and the central point of the tunnel entrance, is a secluded, self-contained place, removed in time and space, insulated against the everyday reality and, aside from the public realm of streets, squares, and parks, from the hustle and bustle of urban life: a place “outside”.

Integrating Four Human Senses into Highway Landscape Process: A System Approach

Current highway landscape design guidelines focus only on the visual aspect of the landscape. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for highway landscape planning/design that considers all four senses (vision, sound, touch, and smell). The framework includes advanced technologies, such as electroencephalograms, electromyograms, galvanic skin response, and light detection and ranging that are used to evaluate the and physiological aspects of all users (drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists). In addition, two new elements are included in the framework: landscape consistency and the pavement as a landscape. The traditional landscape applications (structural features and transportation elements) and the emerging applications (tunnels, freeways, pedestrian paths, and cyclist paths) are described. Important landscape considerations, including sustainability, traffic safety, persons with disabilities, and education and research are discussed. The proposed framework, which reflects emerging developments in China, Europe, and other countries, should be of interest to highway practitioners involved in highway landscaping design.

Ecological Retaining Wall for High‐Steep Slopes: A Case Study in the Ji‐Lai Expressway, Eastern China

Research on the retaining structures for high‐steep slopes is extremely significant because of its real‐world applications and far‐reaching implications. A flexible geocell‐reinforced ecological retaining wall as a high‐steep slope protection scheme was developed and applied to the slope protection project of the Ji‐Lai Expressway by analyzing the reinforcement mechanism of the geocell used. The lateral displacement and Earth pressure distribution on the flexible ecological retaining wall applied to the high‐steep slope were studied using finite element numerical simulations and verified using field experiments. Results reveal that the wall maximum horizontal displacement is 2/3 H away from the wall toe because of the replacement of the upper part of soil. There is an obvious bucking effect on the active Earth pressure around the stiffened site, and the flexible deformation of the retaining wall helped effectively release some of the Earth pressure. Consequently, the measured value is lower than the theoretical value. Through this case study, it is demonstrated that the flexible ecological retaining wall as a slope protection technology can be successfully applied to steep slopes with a height of more than 15 m. Moreover, it brings significant advantages for protecting the ecological environment and improving the highway landscape.

Agro-tourism in Nepal: A Rural Development Perspective

This library based paper presents potentiality of agro-tourism in Nepal from rural development perspective. In doing so, focuses are given to fundamentals and management of agro-tourism as well as interface between agro-tourism and rural development. This paper argues that agro-tourism not only emphasizes on good health and environment protection but also creates economic opportunities to the poor farmers, unemployed youths and women. That is why Tourism Vision 2020, Tourism Policy 2007 and National Tourism Strategy Paper (2018-34) have given more focused on rural tourism in general and agro-tourism in particular. However, there are many challenges such as proper management of agro-tourism farms, road accessibility, better health care facilities and evidence based policies related to organic farming and agro-tourism marketing. Finally, this paper suggests performing different activities such as garden visit, harvesting and farm stay, farm restaurants, leisure fishing, highway landscape, agro-diversity conservation and marketing of local organic products for developing and promoting agro-tourism in more potential destinations.

Classification and Recognition of Regional Landscape Elements of Highway in Guangdong Province

Highway landscape and its regional elements think that it has the essential characteristics of various cultural phenomena, the functions of reproduction, dissemination and evolution, and the cultural diversity. Like all things in nature, it evolves with the changes of the times and the erosion of the historical river. Aiming at the historical changes of the region along the highway and the important activity space of continuing the local context, this paper studies the expression forms and recognition methods of the regional elements in the landscape by excavating the historical context of the region. The research results of this paper can be used in highway construction to better identify regional landscape elements and inherit historical and cultural factors.