Highest Values Of Grain Yield Research Articles

Physiological and antioxidant responses of synthetic hexaploid wheat germplasm under drought

BackgroundAs a result of the world population and climate change impact increases (especially in arid environments), there is a critical need for high-yield, drought-tolerant wheat. Synthetic hexaploid wheat derived lines (SHW-DL), were created artificially by crossing different durum wheat cultivars (AABB) with accessions of Aegilops tauschii (DD), a beneficial source of new genes for common bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Here, we studied the response of a panel of 91 SHW-DL for drought tolerance based on physiological, antioxidant enzyme activities, and drought tolerance indices.ResultsA wide range of variation and high values of heritability observed for grain yield, physiological and antioxidant traits indicating that the SHW-DL panel constitutes a valuable gene source for drought tolerance improvement of wheat. Despite decreases in grain yield (YLD), leaf area index (LAI), and relative water content (RWC) an increase in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) was observed. Moreover, drought streass increased the antioxidant enzyme activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), and also photosynthetic pigments, proline (Pro), and MDA content. With higher values of grain yield, physiological and biochemical traits such as photosynthetic pigments, and RWC, and lower content of MDA, and peroxidase (H2O2) activity, SHW-DL performed better compared to common wheat lines under water stress conditions.ConclusionsDifferent responses to water stress within the germplasm and between synthetic and common wheat suggest that selection for adaptive and suitable genotypes is possible for drought tolerance in synthetic wheat germplasm. Genotypes 54, 98, 102, 105, 122, 124, 143, 159, 196, and 198 were identified to be directly used in breeding programs or indirectly by crossing them with other wheat germplasm collections.

Growth Response and Economics Variability in Hybrid Pigeonpea to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization

Aims: To study the growth response and economic variability in hybrid pigeonpea to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Study Design: Factorial randomized block design. Place and Duration of Study: A field experiment was conducted on deep black cotton soils of Regional Agricultural Research Station, Lam during kharif season, 2018-19 in hybrid pigeonpea (ICPH-2740). Methodology: The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) comprised of four levels of nitrogen in first factor (N1: 20 kg ha-1, N2: 40 kg ha-1, N3: 60 kg ha-1, N4: 80 kg ha-1) and three levels of phosphorus allotted to second factor (P2O5) (P1: 50 kg ha-1, P2: 75 kg ha-1, P3: 100 kg ha-1). Results: The higher values of grain yield (1900 kg ha-1 & 1833 kg ha-1), net returns (Rs.60522/- & Rs.57181/-) and B:C ratio (1.62 & 1.54) were found with application of nitrogen (60 kg ha-1) and phosphorus (75 kg ha-1), respectively. Conclusion: It was concluded that in Krishna agro-climatic zone of Andhra Pradesh, an application of 60 kg N ha-1 and 75 kg P2O5 ha-1 was applied for getting economically higher grain yield in hybrid pigeonpea.

Defining the target population of environments for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding in Italy based on historical data

AbstractGrain yield plateau is a serious concern in many countries, including Italy. A specific‐adaptative strategy might apply to contrast this unfavourable condition. This study aimed to investigate the gain in grain yield and yield‐related traits of bread wheat in Italy over a 16‐year period. A historical dataset concerning 105 sites across Italy and observations on grain yield, heading date, plant height and thousand kernel weight was used. The target population of environments (TPEs) were defined using several environmental parameters. The results showed that while there was a general increase in thousand kernel weight over the 16 years, there was no significant improvement in grain yield and heading date. By contrast, plant height showed a slight decrease over the years. The study also identified five TPEs presenting different climate scenarios in Italy. The TPEs showed varying levels of performance for the traits of interest, with the Po valley (TPE4) showing the highest values for grain yield and thousand kernel weight. The study also identified the best‐performing genotypes for each TPE, providing valuable insights for future wheat breeding programmes in Italy.

Grain yield and its contributing traits in promising sweetcorn hybrids

AbstractThe augmentation of domestic sweetcorn (Zea mays L. saccharata) production in semiarid regions necessitates the development of new superior hybrids with high yield potential. This study aimed to identify the most influential characteristics contributing to sweetcorn grain yield in these regions. Nineteen promising sweetcorn hybrids and the commercial hybrid KSC403su as the control were examined using a randomized complete block design with three replications in a 2‐year study (2021–2022) at the Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Institute Center (ARREO) in Mashhad, Iran. The combined analysis of variance revealed significant variances attributed to genotype (G) for all studied traits, while year (Y) and G × Y effects were significant for most characteristics. Phenotypic correlations indicated a highly significant association of grain yield with grain depth (r = 0.79, p < 0.01), kernel number per row (r = 0.75, p < 0.01), row number per ear (r = 0.63, p < 0.01), ear length (r = 0.58, p < 0.01), and ear diameter (r = 0.57, p < 0.01) traits. Path analysis results emphasized the critical role of traits such as grain depth, row number per ear, and ear length, showcasing a highly significant positive direct impact on grain yield and also a significantly positive association with grain yield. In this study, hybrids PSM3, PSM4, PSM9, PSM16, and PSM19 exhibited the highest values for grain yield and yield‐contributing traits, suggesting their potential for further research in multiple locations with varying environmental conditions before being recommended to farmers.

THE NEED FOR CHALKING AND CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS APPLICATION ON THE ALBOTA ALBIC LUVISOL

A field experiment was carried out at SCDA Pitești, on an Albic Luvisol with a 25.0-25.2% clay content, with soy crop, Raluca TD variety. Seeds were treated with Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum, the density was 45-50 germinable grains/m2, and the distance between rows 50 cm. Fertilizers were applied during the vegetation cycle as follows: Dual 1 liter/ha, Décor 0,5 liters/ha, and Pulsar 1 liter/ha. The experimental design included 12 variants with the following chemical fertilizers doses: N0P0, N40P40, and N80P80. Agrocalcium (a product obtained by lime fine grinding, with a minimum 90% calcium carbonate content) and Doloflor (100% BIO fertilizer based on bitter spar with a minimum 50% calcium and magnesium oxide content) were used as chalking. Doloflor application as powder and granules in a 2.5 t/ha dose without N and P fertilization modified the soil reaction and pH registered values of 5.3-5.5, in the moderately acid reaction domain. Doloflor powder and granules in 2.5 t/ha dose together with N40P40 and N80P80 fertilizers doses determined very high mobile phosphorus content values (95-97 mg/kg). Mobile potassium contents in the analyzed variants are low ((100-125 mg/kg). Grain yield ranged from 1,483 to 2,053 kg/ha. The lowest yield resulted in the unfertilized and unlimed control. The highest values of grain yield were obtained when applying liming doses together with complex fertilizers.

Effect of Pre-and Post-Emergence Herbicides Application on Weed Flora, Yield, and Economics in Kharif Maize (Zea mays L.)

Nowadays labor charges have significantly increased the production cost of maize in India. Hence, to overcome this problem a field experiment entitled “Effect of pre-and post-emergence herbicides on weed flora, yield and economics in Kharif maize (Zea mays L.)” was conducted at Crop Research Center, ITM University, Gwalior during the Kharif season of 2021. The texture of the experimental field was sandy loam, having a pH of 7.6, organic carbon of 0.34, and available N, P2O5, and K2O of 164, 19.6 and 416.7 kg/ha, respectively. The field experiment was laid out in RBD (Randomized Block Design) with nine treatments and three replications. The results showed that among the herbicide treatments a significant reduction in the total weed density and dry matter of different weed flora were recorded with Atrazine 50% WP 1000 g/ha PE fb Topramezone 33.6% SC 25.2 g/ha POE, and found at par with Metribuzin 70% WP 400 g/ha fb Topramezone 33.6% SC 25.2 g/ha. Concerning the yield of maize, Atrazine 50% WP PE fb Topramezone 33.6% SC POE 1000 fb 25.2 g/ha, recorded significantly higher values of grain yield and stover yield of maize, as compared to other herbicide treatments. It may be concluded that Atrazine 50% WP1000 g/ha PE fb Topramezone 33.6% SC 25.2 g/ha POE, recorded highest WCE (91.25%) and superior with respect to grain yield of maize (5365 kg/ha) and economics (Net return Rs. 84377 and BCR Rs. 2.36) over all the weed control treatments.

Impact of Green Chitosan Nanoparticles Fabricated from Shrimp Processing Waste as a Source of Nano Nitrogen Fertilizers on the Yield Quantity and Quality of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars.

Waste from crustaceans has adverse effects on the environment. In this respect, shrimp waste was valorized for producing chitosan nanoparticles as a source for eco-friendly nano-nitrogen fertilizer. The application of nano-nitrogen fertilizers is a valuable alternative approach in agriculture due to its potential for reducing the application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers and increasing yield quality and quantity, thereby helping to reduce the worldwide food shortage. Chitosan nanoparticles were foliar sprayed at three volumes (0, 7, and 14 L/ha) and compared with mineral nitrogen fertilizer (M-N) sprayed at three volumes (0, 120, and 240 kg N/ha) and their combination on two wheat cultivars (Misr-1 and Gemaiza-11) during two consecutive seasons (2019/2020 and 2020/2021) in order to evaluate the agronomic response. The synthesized chitosan nanoparticles displayed characteristic bands of both Nan-N and urea/chitosan from 500–4000 cm−1. They are stable and have a huge surface area of 73.21 m2 g−1. The results revealed significant differences among wheat cultivars, fertilization applications, individual or combined, and their interactions for yield-contributing traits. Foliar application of nano-nitrogen fertilizer at 14 L/ha combined with mineral fertilizer at 240 kg/ha significantly increased total chlorophyll content by 41 and 31% compared to control; concerning plant height, the two cultivars recorded the tallest plants (86.2 and 86.5 cm) compared to control. On the other hand, the heaviest 1000-grain weight (55.8 and 57.4 g) was recorded with treatment of 120 kg Mn-N and 14 L Nan-N/ha compared to the control (47.6 and 45.5 g). The Misr-1 cultivar achieved the highest values for grain yield and nitrogen (1.30 and 1.91 mg/L) and potassium (9.87 and 9.81 mg/L) in the two studied seasons when foliarly sprayed with the combination of 120 kg Mn-N/ha + 14 L Nan-N/ha compared to the Gemaiza-11 cultivar. It can be concluded that Misr-1 exhibited higher levels of total chlorophyll content, spike length, 100-grain weight, grain yield in kg/ha, and nitrogen and potassium. However, Gemaiza-11 displayed higher biomass and straw yield values, plant height, and sodium concentration values. It could be economically recommended to use the application of 120 kg Mn-N/ha + 14 L Nan-N/ha on the Misr-1 cultivar to achieve the highest crop yield.

Effect of Water Deficit on Productivity of Some Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes

Two field experiments were laid out during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 growing seasons at Sakha region, Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Egypt to evaluate the productivity and stress tolerance of ten barely genotypes under full irrigation and water stress conditions. Eight traits for barley were measured: days to maturity, plant height, spike length, number of grains/spike, number of spikes/m2, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and grain yield. Also, stress susceptibility index (SSI) was calculated. Results showed that, all the studied traits were decreased under water stress conditions. Mean squares due to seasons, water treatments, genotypes and their interactions were significant or highly significant for most studied traits. From the results, Giza 133 and Line 3 were the earliest genotypes in maturity. Line 4 under normal irrigation and Giza 2000 and Line 5 under stress gave the highest values of grain yield and most of its components. From SSI data, Giza 124, Giza 126, Giza 2000, Line 3 and Line 5 considered as the most tolerant genotypes where it had values less than the unity. so, it can be used in improving barley productivity under water stress condition.

Economical Productivity of Maize Genotypes under Different Herbicides Application in Two Contrasting Climatic Conditions

Maize ranks first among worldwide production and an important source of human and animal feed. Its production can be affected by management practices and climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to estimate stability of yield and hundred grains weight of six maize genotypes during two growing seasons at two locations, subjected to four different treatments: T1 treatment—without herbicide, Control; T2 treatment—active substance Nicosulfuron and Motivell commercial preparation; T3 treatment—active substance Rimsulfuron and Tarot; and, T4 treatment—active substance Forasulfuron and Equip. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction—AMMI model and genotype × environment interaction—GGE biplot were used to estimate GEI—genotype by environment interaction. The results showed that the influence of genotype (G), year (Y), locality (L), treatment (T) and all interaction on hundred grains weight were significant. The share of genotypes in the total phenotypic variance was 64.70%, while the share in total interaction was 26.88%. The share of IPCA1 in terms of G × T interaction was 50.6%, while share of IPCA2 was 44.74%, which comprised together 94.80% of interaction. The first IPCA1 axis showed high share in the total interaction, which indicates out significance of genotype in total variation and interaction, while high level of IPCA2 indicates a significant treatment effect. Genotype L-6 had the same mass of 100 grains (37.96 g) during both years of testing, while genotype L-1, with 4.46 g, had the largest difference between years. This clearly indicates the influence of genotype but also stress under the influence of sulfonylureas and environmental factors. The maize genotype with the highest values of hundred grains weight, L-5 and L-6, expressed the highest values of grain yield (4665 kg ha−1 and 4445 kg ha−1).

Effect of zinc and boron management on yield and yield contributing characters of Aus rice (Oryza sativa)

Zinc (Zn) and boron (B) are two of the most important micronutrients for plants which play vital role in various metabolic functions. However, deficiency of these nutrients elements in agricultural soils is very common and it has been associated with lower yield of rice in many regions of the world. Therefore, a field experiment was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh during the period from May 2019 to August 2019 to study the effect of different levels of Zn and B fertilizers on the yield of Aus rice (cv. BRRI dhan48). The experiment included four levels of Zn fertilizer (ZnSO4.7H2O) management and three levels of boron fertilizer (boric acid) management. The Zn treatments were 0 kg/ha (control), basal application @ 10 kg/ha, basal application @ 5 kg/ha + soil application during active tillering stage @ 5 kg/ha, and foliar application (0.5% solution of ZnSO4.7H2O) during flag leaf stage. The B fertilizer managements were 0 kg/ha (control, 1.5 kg/ha basal application, and foliar application of 2% solution of H3BO3 during flag leaf stage. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Zn and B boosted all studied parameters of rice in comparison to their controls, i.e., no fertilization. The highest values for grain yield and almost all yield contributing characters of rice were obtained from foliar application of H3BO3 during flag leaf stage. The highest number of filled grains/panicle and grain yield were obtained from foliar application of ZnSO4.7H2O. The results also showed that grain yield of rice increased with increasing levels of both Zn and B up to 4.39 t/ha and 4.29 t/ha, respectively. For the maximum grain yield of Aus rice cv. BRRI dhan49, 2% solution of H3BO3 coupled with 0.5% of ZnSO4.7H2O solution should be applied during flag leaf stage. Further research should be conducted on different agro-ecological zones to assess the interaction between Zn and B in different soil types.

RESPONSE OF SOME WHEAT CULTIVARS TO SOWING METHODS AND SEEDING RATES UNDER SIWA OASIS CONDITIONS

Egypt produces about half of the 20 million tons of consumed wheat and imports the other half. So that Egypt became the world’s largest importer of wheat. Therefore, intensive efforts are being for enhancing wheat production to meet any local consumption particularly out of the Nile Valley, i.e. Siwa Oasis, Egypt, where salinity is considered of the major problem. However, Siwan farmers are not acquainted with wheat crop from the beginning sustain policy of wheat flour as well as with agricultural practices. Therefore, two on farm trials were carried out in Agricultural Experimental Station of Desert Research Center at Khemisa, Siwa Oasis during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons, to study the effect of sowing methods (broadcast and row) and seeding rates (30, 45, 60 and 75 kg/fed.) on two wheat cultivars, Triticum aesivum L., (Misr 2 and Sakha 94). Results indicated that row sowing method produced 37.2% and 12.5% more grain yield over traditional broadcast method in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. These increments may be due to a significant increase in number of spikes/m2, number of grains/spike and to some extent 1000-grain weight.Misr 2 wheat cultivar produced the highest biological, grain yields, harvest index and number of spikes/m2. On the other hand, Sakha 94 cultivar gave the highest value of number of grains/spike and 1000-grain weight in both seasons. The highest values of grain yield and harvest index were noticed with 45 and/or 60 kg/fed seeding rates in two seasons. Whereas, a gradual significant increase in number of spikes/m2 and biological yield was noticed with increasing seeding rates from 30 up to 75 kg/fed. However, 1000-grain weight tended to reduce with increasing seeding rates. So, it could be concluded that sowing Misr 2 wheat cultivar at 60 kg/fed., with row sowing method is suitable for wheat production under saline conditions at Siwa Oasis.

Some Nutrients Availability in Rice Soil under Utilization of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of Sakha Agricultural Research Station; Kafr El-Sheikh, throughout the summer season of 2017 and 2018 to examine the nutrients status in rice soils under the utilization of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Egyptian hybrid rice one (EHR1) variety was used. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with four replications, where main plots were assigned to NPK fertilizer treatment and sub-plots were allocated to organic material treatments. The NPK fertilizer’s treatments were full dose, 2/3, 1/3 of NPK recommended doses and control (without any mineral fertilizers application). The recommended doses of NPK are 165 kg N ha-1, 36 kg P2O5 ha-1 and 58 kg K2O ha-1. The organic material treatments were control (without any organic materials application), rice straw compost, farm yard manure, chopped rice straw and mixture of chopped rice straw and farm yard manure (1:1). The application rate of the organic materials was 7 tons ha-1 for each treatment. The studied characteristics were the available ammonium (ppm), nitrate (ppm), phosphorus (ppm), potassium (ppm), zinc (ppm) as well as grain yield (t ha-1). Soil samples were collected at 30, 45 and 60 days after transplanting (DAT) and after rice harvest during the two study seasons. The available nutrients in soil tended to increase as NPK fertilizer levels increased and by the application of organic materials. Available NH4 markedly increased after flooding reached its high peak at 30 DAT and then declined to the minimum values at harvest. The high peak of NO3 was observed at 30 DAT, then started to decline afterward and reached its minimum values at harvest. The highest amount of available K was obtained at 45 DAT and then decreased continuously with crop growth, reaching the lowest values at harvest time. Current data reveal that the maximum available Zn was found at 30 DAT. The application of a full recommended dose of NPK mineral fertilizer combined with compost or farm yard manure and compost alone produced the highest values of grain yield.

Response of some durum wheat genotypes (Triticum durum Desf.) for Potassium fertilization levels in newly reclaimed soil.

The proper amount of fertilizer application is the main factor affecting the grain yield and its components of durum wheat. Hence, the field experiment was carried out in the winter seasons of 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, at Research Farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, to study the effects of potassium fertilizer levels (zero, 25, 50 and 75 kg K2O /fed.) on yield and its components of four durum wheat genotypes (Bani Suef 6, NGB 7214, NGB 5399 and NGB 4816). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used in split-plot with three replicates. The results showed that potassium fertilizer levels were significantly affected on all studied characters except plant height in the 1st and 2nd seasons, and harvest index in the 1st season only, as well as genotypes had significantly effect on yield and its components traits in both growing seasons. Bani Suef 6 and NGB 7214 genotypes produced the highest values of grain yield compared to other genotypes in both seasons. Moreover, NGB 7214 accession produced the maximum values of spike length (cm), No. of Spike /m2, No. of grain/spike, 1000-grain weight (g), biological yield (ton/fed.) and straw yield (ton/fed.) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. In general, the highest grain yield (20.27 and 19.70 ard./fed.) were obtained by Bani Suef 6 genotype when fertilized with 75 kg K2O /fed., and NGB 7214 genotype when fertilized with 50 kg K2O /fed. interaction treatments, respectively.

Increase maize productivity and water use efficiency through application of potassium silicate under water stress

In Egypt, water shortage has become a key limiting factor for agriculture. Water-deficit stress causes different morphological, physiological, and biochemical impacts on plants. Two field experiments were carried out at Etay El-Baroud Station, El-Beheira Governorate, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt, to evaluate the effect of potassium silicate (K-silicate) of maize productivity and water use efficiency (WUE). A split-plot system in the four replications was used under three irrigation intervals during the 2017 and 2018 seasons. Whereas 10, 15, and 20 days irrigation intervals were allocated in main plots, while the three foliar application treatments of K-silicate (one spray at 40 days after sowing; two sprays at 40 and 60 days; and three sprays at 40, 60, and 80 days, and a control (water spray) were distributed in the subplots. All the treatments were distributed in 4 replicates. The results indicated that irrigation every 15 days gave the highest yield in both components and quality. The highly significant of (WUE) under irrigation every 20 days. Foliar spraying of K-silicate three times resulted in the highest yield. Even under water-deficit stress, irrigation every fifteen days combined with foliar application of K-silicate three times achieved the highest values of grain yield and its components. These results show that K-silicate treatment can increase WUE and produce high grain yield requiring less irrigation.

Evaluation of Newly Bred Durum Wheat Lines under Salinity Stress

Salt stress have negative impact on crop productivity, so plant breeders interested in obtaining improved lines with high productivity and salt stress tolerance. This study conducted in two seasons (2016/2017 & 2017/2018) to study genetic behavior of nineteen lines of durum wheat, obtained from Arab Center for Studies of Arid Zones and Dry Lands (ACSAD), at Ras-Sudr in two experiments, the first irrigated by salinity of 3900 ppm and the second with 6300 ppm. Variation of lines showed high significance for all traits and three lines, ACSADs: 1487, 1566 and 1567, recorded the highest values ​​for grain yield; its components and straw yield/plant. Results of phenotypic correlation between traits showed positive and significant correlation between grain yield/plant and each of straw yield/plant, spike length, number of spikelets/spike, number of grains/spike and 1000 kernel weight, indicating their significant on grain yield under stress. Six lines in the first group of cluster analysis showed positive association with grain yield, its components and all tolerance indices except SSPI, also their high yield under both conditions. The principle component analysis and cluster analysis revealed positive and high significant correlation between plant grain yield under both conditions, indicating high performance under non-stress resulted in relatively to high yield under stress. The same correlation occurred between both grain yield/plant under non-stress and stress with each of: STI, MP, GMP, and HM; but negative and significant correlation with ATI and SSPI indices. Two best lines, ACSADs 1566 and 1567 can be selected as improved ones under salinity.

Effect of Intercropping of Some Oil Summer Crops with Maize under Levels of Mineral N and Nano N Fertilizers

In Egypt, we have a big gap between our production and consumption of edible oil accounted by more than 95%. In recent few years many attempts and efforts were pushed to increase our production, one of these attempts is intercropping of oil summer crops with maize to increase the production in addition to provide the soil with natural nitrogen. Therefore, two field experiments were carried out at Mallawi Agricultural Research Station, Minia, ARC, during 2018 and 2019 seasons, to study the effect of intercropping three oil crops on productivity, quality and profitability of maize and using different rates of N nano + mineral fertilizer .A complete Randomized Block Design in a split plot arrangement. Main plots were devoted for the following soybean, groundnut and sesame 50% of the recommended. The following rates of fertilizer , 100 % N mineral fertilizer, 100% N nano fertilizer,75% nano+25% mineral fertilizer, 50% nano + 50% mineral fertilizer and 25 % nano+ 75% mineral fertilizer added for maize and three oil crops from recommended does were allocated in the sub- plots. The intercropping groundnut with maize gave the highest values of grain yield (23.25 & 21.61) ardab/fad in the both seasons respectively. The intercropping groundnut with maize and using 75% N nano fertilizer +25% N mineral fertilizers recorded the highest values for land Equivalent Ratio (LER). The pattern of maize- 50% groundnut intercrop fertilized with 75% nano fertilizer N +25% mineral fertilizer N of the recommended for maize were more profitable for farmer.

STUDIES ON THE GENETICAL COMPONENTS USING THE TOP CROSS MATING DESIGN IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

The field experiments were carried out in two successive summer seasons 2014 and 2015 at the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, in El-Raheb, Egypt to evaluate yellow inbreed lines of maize through line x tester analysis. A total of twenty-five (Zea mays L.) yellow S4 lines were used to establish the experiment materials. Two testers of yellow maize were used in this investigation to make all possible line x tester crosses. The two testers used in this study were Giza 658 and Sids 3120. Two check verities were used in this investigation their names are single cross Giza 168 and Giza 176. The most important results For grain yield (ard/fed), twelve, four and eight top crosses gave higher grain yield compared with the highest check Giza 168 under HD, ND and combined data, respectively. The top crosses L3 x T1 and L3 x T2 were the highest values for grain yield under this study. Therefore, the inbred line L3 was useful in maize breeding programs. The inbred lines L3, L4, L9, L11 and L14 desirable significant GCA effects for grain yield (ard/fed). Thirteen top crosses showed significant positive SCA effects for grain yield (ard/fed) under HD, ND and their combined. Also, the top crosses L1 x T2 and L11 x T2 were significant under high plant density. The top cross L3 x T1 was the higher value of heterosis relative to two check varieties for grain weight per ear weight and grain yield. Also, eight top crosses were highly significant heterosis relative to two check varieties for grain yield (ard/fed).

Inoculation of rhizobia increases lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) yield in soils from Piauí and Ceará states, Brazil

ABSTRACT The inoculation of rhizobia in lima bean can increase its yield and contribute to smallholder farms. In this study, the potential of rhizobia in increasing the lima bean yield was evaluated in two regions from Piaui and Ceara states. The experiments were conducted in field comparing three rhizobia strains (UFPI32, UFPI38, UFPI59), one strain of reference to Phaseolus vulgaris (CIAT899) and two controls (with and without nitrogen). The parameters of nodulation, N accumulation and yield varied between treatments and locations. The nodule biomasses were higher in UFPI59 and UFPI32 (Piaui), and CIAT899 and UFPI32 (Ceara). The highest values of nodule size were found in treatments UFPI59 in both locations. Lima bean presented highest values of leaf N in UFPI59 and CIAT899. The highest values of grain yield were found in the treatment UFPI59 as compared to CIAT899 and the controls. The results confirmed the potential of UFPI59 in promoting nodulation, N accumulation, plant growth and yield of lima bean in both locations.

STUDIES ON THE GENETICAL COMPONENTS USING THE TOP CROSS MATING DESIGN IN MAIZE (Zea mays L.)

The field experiments were carried out in two successive summer seasons 2014 and 2015 at the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, in El-Raheb, Egypt to evaluate yellow inbreed lines of maize through line x tester analysis. A total of twenty-five (Zea mays L.) yellow S4 lines were used to establish the experiment materials. Two testers of yellow maize were used in this investigation to make all possible line x tester crosses. The two testers used in this study were Giza 658 and Sids 3120. Two check verities were used in this investigation their names are single cross Giza 168 and Giza 176. The most important results For grain yield (ard/fed), twelve, four and eight top crosses gave higher grain yield compared with the highest check Giza 168 under HD, ND and combined data, respectively. The top crosses L3 x T1 and L3 x T2 were the highest values for grain yield under this study. Therefore, the inbred line L3 was useful in maize breeding programs. The inbred lines L3, L4, L9, L11 and L14 desirable significant GCA effects for grain yield (ard/fed). Thirteen top crosses showed significant positive SCA effects for grain yield (ard/fed) under HD, ND and their combined. Also, the top crosses L1 x T2 and L11 x T2 were significant under high plant density. The top cross L3 x T1 was the higher value of heterosis relative to two check varieties for grain weight per ear weight and grain yield. Also, eight top crosses were highly significant heterosis relative to two check varieties for grain yield (ard/fed).

Multivariate analysis of soybean genotypes

The experiments were conducted using randomized complete block design with three replications at the research field of Agriculture Botany Division, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal in 2016 and 2017 to evaluate sixteen soybean genotypes using multivariate analysis. The results showed the significant (p <0.05) differences among genotypes for plant height, days to maturity plant and hundred seeds weight and grain yield. Cluster analysis based on these traits, sixteen soybean genotypes were divided the genotypes into four clusters. The soybean genotypes grouped into cluster 1 showed the highest value for days to maturity. The genotypes belonged to cluster 2 had the highest values for grain yield and plant height. The principle components analysis showed that PC1 and PC2 having eigen values the highest than unity explained 76.6% of total variability among soybean genotypes attributable to plant height, days to maturity, number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight and grain yield. The genotypes showing wide diversity in cluster and principle component analysis can be used as parents in hybridization programs to maximize the use of genetic diversity and expression of heterosis and develop high yielding soybean varieties.