High Concentrations Of Tributyltin Research Articles

The study on contamination of bottom sediments from the Odra River estuary (SW Baltic Sea) by tributyltin using environmetric methods

We present the first comprehensive study on the occurrence of tributyltin (TBT) in the Odra River estuary (SW Baltic Sea) that encompasses both densely populated and urbanized agglomeration Szczecin city, and sparsely populated biosphere reserves “Natura 2000”. Relationship between TBT and physicochemical parameters of bottom sediments such as granulometry total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), acid volatile sulfide (AVS), As, and metals: Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Mn, Mo, Pb, Sn, and Zn was investigated in 120 samples collected in 2017 and 2018. The highest TBT concentrations were over 3000 ng g−1 (dry weight). They were observed in samples collected in the vicinity of the ship maintenance zones of the Szczecin city. Despite the EU ban on its use since 2003, TBT is still present in the environment. Environmetrics analyses such as correlation, cluster, and principal component analysis of obtained results revealed that the main source of sediments contamination by TBT, metalloids, and metals is likely related to the maritime industry: shipyards, ship maintenance as well as ports and marines. TBT is still present in the bottom sediments because of its emission to the environment with dust and paint chips formed during sandblasting cleaning of ship surfaces. The pollutant is further transported with water current to remote localization in the Szczecin Lagoon. Slow water exchange between the Szczecin Lagoon and the Baltic Sea favors accumulation of pollutants in the lagoon sediments. Therefore, it is necessary to implement environmentally friendly methods into ship maintenance and management of the materials from dredged waterways, harbors, and marinas.

Modified, optimized method of determination of Tributyltin (TBT) contamination in coastal water, sediment and biota in Sri Lanka

Tributyltin (TBT) is a toxic organotin compound that belongs to the group of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and it is documented to cause severe sexual disorders development in aquatic fauna. According to the present study, The TBT concentration in coastal water ranged from 303 ± 7.4 ngL−1 to 25 ± 4.2 ngL−1 wherein sediment was from 107 ± 4.1 ngKg−1 to 17 ± 1.4 ngKg−1. TBT in Perna viridis was found to range from 4 ± 1.2 ngKg−1 to 42 ± 2.2 ngKg−1 wet weight and in ascending order of the body weight. The highest TBT level in water and sediment was found in the Colombo port where the highest level of TBT in P. viridis (42 ± 2.2 ngKg−1) was recorded from the Dikkowita fishery harbor. A positive correlation between the number of male P. viridis and TBT level (p < 0.05) suggests possible reproductive impairment in aquatic animals exposed continuously to a high concentration of TBT.

Development and Application of a Novel QuEChERS Method for Monitoring of Tributyltin and Triphenyltin in Bottom Sediments of the Odra River Estuary, North Westernmost Part of Poland.

A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) extraction method combined with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for determination of organotin compounds (OTC) has been newly developed. The novel analytical method was validated and the quality of the results was tested by the use of certificate reference material of freshwater sediment BCR 646. The method was applied in determination of OTC concentration in real samples of bottom sediments collected from the Polish part of Odra River Estuary. The samples came from locations with different anthropogenic impact. Additionally, the extraction recovery of OTC and matrix effect on MS signal response was investigated based on those real environmental samples. It was found that organic compounds and anthropogenic contaminations present in bottom sediments may affect extraction efficiency of the organotin compounds (OTC) and change the matrix effect on MS signal response. The highest concentrations of tributyltin were found in bottom sediments collected from locations in vicinity of the Szczecin harbor and shipyards. The presence of triphenyltin above limit of detection (5 ng TPhT/g of sediment) was observed only in two samples and its concentration was several times lower compared to concentration of tributyltin (from 58 ng/g to 5263 ng/g). In spite of the fact that, the application of TBT-based paints on hull of vessel entering EU ports has been banned by European Commission regulation No. 782/2003 since 2008, the OTC compounds are still present in bottom sediment and pose significant threat to the environment. This threat should be taken into account during dredging of waterways and other hydrotechnical works.

Contamination of Tributyltin Compounds on Shellfish Uses Tolerable Average Residue Levels on Pulau Pramuka Kepulauan Seribu

Aims: This research is aimed to know the contamination of tributyltin (TBT) compounds on shellfish uses TARL. To determine the level of contamination in seafood, shellfish use the weight of an average person.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Ecology Laboratory and Central Laboratory, Padjadjaran University from January until April 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: The research was conducted purposive sampling consisted of 3 different location with a total 98 shell. Tributyltin analysis is to determine the level of tributyltin contamination in shellfish which can affect an individual in consuming tributyltin-contaminated shells. The results were statistically analyzed TARL carried out and analyzed descriptively.&#x0D; Results: 8 species of shellfish have been identified, Tellina virgata, Perna viridis, Anadara granosa, Anadara antiquata, Fragum unedo, Fimbria fimbricata, Gafrarium tumidum and Tridacna squamosa. The number of bivalves found was different at each station. The total number of shells identified in all 98 individuals from the three stations, Anadara granosa species is the dominant species found, this is because Anadara granosa shells can live in different types of habitats and their existence tends to dominate the open, coastal and estuary waters. The results of tributyltin analysis on shellfish showed TBT contamination in shellfish, each research location found different concentrations of tributyltin. Muara Angke pier was found to be the highest TBT concentration in meat in Perna viridis at 0.170 ± 0.0192 ng.g-1. From available TBT analysis data, the estimated daily TBT intake to the average person who likes seafood on Pramuka Island with a bodyweight of 60 kg is 0.54-10.2 ng TBT.person-1.day-1 through shellfish consumption. Although this value is still far from the threshold of a tolerable value of 15 g.person-1.day-1. The estimated daily intake of TBT through seafood products in Indonesia is among the lowest compared to developed countries, such as Japan (3000-100000 g.person-1.day-1), Canada (&lt;610-15000 g.person-1.day-1), USA (4000-45000 g.person-1.day-1), Finland (970-9700 g.person-1.day-1) and some Asian countries such as Thailand (228-45714 through shellfish consumption and the Philippines (2361-68312 through shellfish). Several things that affect daily consumption per capita in determining TARL are based on average values. This implies, that some populations consume more seafood products (fishermen, people who have a preference for consuming fish) than the average so that there is a greater risk of seafood that has been contaminated with tributyltin. Then TARL is based on the average person weighing 60 kg. A person with a lighter weight will receive relatively more compound tributyltin per kg of body weight.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the results of the research is the contamination of tributyltin compounds in shellfish seafood by 0.170 ng.g-1 with an estimated daily intake of TBT to the average person who likes seafood on Pramuka Island with a bodyweight of 60 kg is 0.54-10.2 ng TBT.person-1.day-1 through shellfish consumption.

On the effectiveness of tributyltin ban: Distribution and changes in butyltin concentrations over a 9-year period in Klaipėda Port, Lithuania

This study provides an insight on a long-term butyltin pressure, spatio-temporal changes and current tributyltin distribution in the Klaipėda Port sediments. Moreover, it examines whether the restrictions on tributyltin use led to a decreased pollution in the area. Changes over a 9-year period in tributyltin and its metabolites concentrations were analyzed in surface sediments from semi-enclosed bays of the Port. Reduction in organotin level was observed after tributyltin ban came into force: tributyltin concentration reached 3000 ng Sn g−1 d.w. in 2005 whereas 1793 ng Sng−1 d.w. was found to be the highest tributyltin concentration in 2013. The highest contamination was detected in the zones with ship maintenance activity. As late as in 2013, the latter areas still exhibited fresh tributyltin input while the progress of organotin degradation has been observed for other sampling stations along the Port.

The evaluation of tributyltin concentrations in the sediments from the Port of Gdynia

Tributyltin (TBT) may affect various organisms. TBT has been used in antifouling paints for the protection of ship hulls and hence harbor sediments may contain high concentrations of TBT. This study shows TBT concentrations found in sediments from three basins (No. V, VI, and VIII) of the Port of Gdynia. TBT concentrations ranged from 291 to 1689 ngSn·g-1 d.w. and should be classified as highly contaminated and grossly contaminated [20]. These results indicate that TBT in harbour sediments is an environmental risk that may be emphasized by dredging operations in the region. However, obtained results confirm also the global tendency for depreciating content of TBT in port sediments after the global banning on the use of TBT in 2008.

Organotins in the aquatic media of secondary anabranches in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China

The Three Gorges Reservoir Region (TGRR) is one of the most sensitive areas of ecological environment in China. As vital backwater areas, the secondary anabranches of the TGRR were prone to eutrophication in Spring which would affect the distribution and transfer of organotins (OTs) among aquatic media. This study quantified the concentrations of butyltins (BTs) and phenyltins (PhTs) in water columns and aquatic media of two anabranches of the TGRR, the Daning River (DR) and the Xiaojiang River (XR) during the state of eutrophication. Our results showed that the average concentrations of BTs and PhTs in surface water are 43.91, 81.25 ng Sn L−1 in the DR, and 63.49, 69.21 ng Sn L−1 in the XR, respectively, and there were no obvious differences in the concentrations of BTs and PhTs across the water columns in the DR and XR. PhTs, especially monophenyltin (MPhT), are predominated in the dissolved phase, whereas BTs, especially dibutyltin (DBT), are predominated in both suspended particulate matter (SPM) and the sediment. Shipping and agricultural activity were likely the sources of OTs in both the DR and XR. High concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) are still present in the aquatic media of the TGRR, and pose a significant risk to aquatic organisms due to the potential for bioaccumulation. Therefore, it is necessary to further monitor and assess OTs especially PhTs in surface water, and to continue to restrict the use of OTs to protect the aquatic environment of the TGRR.

Butyltin compounds alter secretion of interleukin 6 from human immune cells.

Butyltins (BTs), tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) are organotin compounds that have been used in a variety of industrial applications; as a result, these compounds have been found in human blood. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a proinflammatory mediator that is produced by T lymphocytes and monocytes. It is responsible for immune response regulation as well as tissue repair and cellular growth. Both BTs decrease the ability of human natural killer cells to destroy tumor cells and alter the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma and IL-1 beta (β) from human lymphocytes ex vivo. Here, we show that BTs alter the secretion of IL-6 from increasingly reconstituted preparations of human immune cells. IL-6 secretion was examined after 24hour, 48hour or 6day exposures to TBT and DBT in highly enriched human natural killer cells, monocyte-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), PBMCs, granulocytes and a preparation combining both PBMCs and granulocytes (PBMCs + granulocytes). The results indicated that both BTs altered IL-6 secretion from all cell preparations. Significant decreases of IL-6 secretion were seen at the highest concentration of TBT (200nm) and DBT (5-2.5μm) while the lower concentrations of DBT (0.05 and 0.1μm) caused elevation of IL-6 secretion. The data indicate that BT-induced alterations of IL-6 secretion from immune cells may be a significant consequence of BT exposures that may potentially affect immune competence.

Organotins and new antifouling biocides in water and sediments from three Korean Special Management Sea Areas following ten years of tributyltin regulation: Contamination profiles and risk assessment

A simultaneous monitoring study on organotins (butyltins and phenyltins) and most frequently used alternative antifouling biocides (Irgarol 1051, Diuron, Sea-Nine 211 and M1) in water and sediments (n=44) collected from three Special Management Sea Areas operated by Korean government. The lower concentration of butyltins (BTs) than that of new antifouling biocides (NEW) was found in water but the significant greater concentration of BTs than that of NEW was still found in sediments. The tributyltin (TBT) levels in water exceeded the chronic criterion to protect seawater aquatic life at several sites. Even ten years after the ban of the use of TBT-based antifouling paint, the concentrations of TBT, Diuron and Irgarol 1051 in sediments from shipyards exceeded global sediment quality guidelines and potentially poses adverse risks on marine organisms and extremely high concentration of TBT up to 2304ng/g was found for a sediment collected at a shipyard.

Assessment of the bioaccumulation and biodegradation of butyltin compounds by Thalamita crenata in Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan

Butyltin compounds (BTs) are considered as endocrine disruptors or environmental hormones. It has been applied as an antifouling paint in marine vessel, and extensively in commercial, industrial and agricultural applications. In order to investigate the decomposition and accumulation of BTs in benthic crustacean, concentrations of BTs including TBT (tributyltin) and its metabolic products, i.e. MBT (monobutyltin) and DBT (dibutyltin), accumulated in Thalamita crenata in Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan were analyzed. The analysis results indicate different concentrations of BTs contained in hepatopanceas and muscle for the crustacean trapped at different locations. Additionally, concentration and composition of BTs found in the crustacean hepatopanceas and muscle also show differences. Hepatopancreas has higher concentrations of BTs than muscle; the BTs contained in hepatopancreas are mostly metabolic products of BTs, whereas the muscle contain higher concentrations of TBT. By the estimates of BDI (butyltin degradation index) and BSAF (biota-sediment accumulation factors), T. crenata shows slow degradation ability of TBT and relatively strong TBT accumulation. The sources of BTs accumulated in T. crenata include harbor sediment and the food that contains BTs.

Chemometric Analysis for Pollution Source Assessment of Harbour Sediments in Arctic Locations

Pollution levels, pollutant distribution and potential source assessments based on multivariate analysis (chemometrics) were made for harbour sediments from two Arctic locations; Hammerfest in Norway and Sisimiut in Greenland. High levels of heavy metals were detected in addition to organic pollutants. Preliminary assessments based on principal component analysis (PCA) revealed different sources and pollutant distribution in the sediments of the two harbours. Tributyltin (TBT) was, however, found to originate from point source(s), and the highest concentrations of TBT in both harbours were found adjacent to the former shipyards. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) ratios and PCA plots revealed that the predominant source in both harbours was pyrogenic related to coal/biomass combustion. Comparison of commercial polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) mixtures with PCB compositions in the sediments indicated relation primarily to German, Russian and American mixtures in Hammerfest; and American, Russian and Japanese mixtures in Sisimiut. PCA was shown to be an important tool for identifying pollutant sources and differences in pollutant composition in relation to sediment characteristics.

A REVIEW OF ANTIFOULING BIOCIDES CONTAMINATIONS IN INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, THAILAND AND VIETNAM

The concentrations and the distribution of organotin (OT) compounds and booster biocides in sediment and biological samples from Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam are reviewed. Basically, the concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) in these countries were within the levels that have been reported in developed countries. However, the concentrations of triphenyltin (TPT) and booster biocides were lower than the reported values. Concerning the spatial distribution of antifouling biocides, higher concentrations of OTs were detected in the industrial area and fishing ports. Among ASEAN countries, the highest concentrations of TBT and TPT were observed in Bitung, Indonesia, where many ships from Southeast Asia visit and is moored in the port. The ratio of detected alternative biocide differed from country to country. Especially, many booster biocides were detected and their concentrations were high in Vietnam.

Distribution of butyltins and alternative antifouling biocides in sediments from shipping and shipbuilding areas in South Korea

The occurrence and distribution of tributyltin (TBT) and alternative biocides were investigated in sediment from semi-enclosed bays, fishing ports, and large commercial harbors in Korea. Extremely high concentration of TBT (55,264ngSn/g) was detected near a large shipyard, even after a total ban on its use in Korea. Diuron was the biocide with the highest detection frequency and concentration levels, followed by Irgarol 1051. Sea-Nine 211 was detected at 3 of 32 stations surveyed. Dichlofluanid, zinc and copper pyrithiones levels were below the detection limits at all the stations surveyed. The relatively high levels of Diuron (9–62.3ng/g) and Irgarol 1051 (1.5–11.5ng/g) were detected in harbor and shipyard areas. Diuron and Irgarol 1051 levels including TBT in sediments from hot spots in Korea exceeded global sediment quality guidelines.

Tributyltin distribution and producing androgenic activity in water, sediment, and fish muscle

This study investigated the concentrations of Tributyltin (TBT) in water, sediment, and fish muscle samples taken from Kaohsiung Harbor and Kaoping River estuary, Taiwan. TBT concentrations in water and sediment samples ranged from less than 18.5 to 34.1 ng Sn L−1 and from 2.44 to 29.7 ng Sn g−1 weight per weight (w/w), respectively. Concentrations in the TBT‐contaminated fish muscle samples ranged from 10.8 to 79.6 ng Sn g−1 w/w. The TBT concentrations in fish muscle were higher than those in water and sediment samples. The fish muscle/water TBT bioconcentration factor (BCF) ranged from 590 to 3363 L kg−1. Additionally, the water samples were assessed for androgenic activity with an MCF7‐AR1 human breast cancer cell line. The androgenic activity ranged from 0.94 to 3.1 ng‐dihydrotestosterone per litre water (ng‐DHT L−1). Higher concentrations of TBT in water and sediment samples occurred in the dry season, but the androgenic activity had higher values in the rainy season.

Accumulation of organotins in wharf roach (Ligia exotica Roux) and its ability to serve as a biomonitoring species for coastal pollution

In this study, we measured the accumulation of tributyltin (TBT) in wharf roach (Ligia exotica Roux) and examined the species' ability to be used for TBT biomonitoring in coastal environments. In an exposure test, wharf roach were exposed to TBT via diet for 2d. TBT was accumulated in wharf roach, and its metabolite dibutyltin was detected. The concentrations of these compounds gradually decreased during the depuration period, but they were still detected 12d after exposure ceased (TBT 290±140ng/g; dibutyltin 1280±430ng/g). The biological half-life of TBT in wharf roach was estimated to be about 4d. In a field study conducted in 2011–2012, wharf roach were collected from 15 coastal sites in Japan and 3 sites in Manado, Indonesia. TBT was detected in both Japanese and Indonesian samples. The highest concentration of TBT was found in wharf roach collected at Bitung ferry port, Manado (57.9±16.5ng/g), which is close to a shipyard, and the highest concentration at a Japanese site was 12.3±6.2ng/g. Thus, we were able to detect organotins in the coastal environments by testing wharf roach, suggesting that L. exotica might serve as a good bioindicator for monitoring organotin pollution.

Trace elements in the sediments of a large Mediterranean marina (Port Camargue, France): Levels and contamination history

The study of trace elements (Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Hg) and butyltin concentrations in the sediments of Port Camargue enabled assessment of the levels and history of the contamination of the largest European marina linked with the use of antifouling paints. Surface sediments near the boat maintenance area were heavily contaminated with up to 1497μgg−1 of Cu, 475μgg−1 of Zn, 0.82μgg−1 of Hg, 94μgg−1 of Pb and over 10,000ngSng−1 of tributyltin (TBT). High concentrations of Hg and TBT indicate ongoing sources of these elements despite the ban on their use as biocides in paints. Sediment cores provided records of contamination since 1969. The peak concentrations of As, Hg, Pb and TBT in the sediment profile reflect their presence on boat hulls when the marina was built at the end of the 1960s. Degradation of TBT in the sediments near the boat maintenance area is slow compared to other less contaminated area of the marina.

High Tributyltin Contamination in Sediments from Ports in Indonesia and Northern Kyushu, Japan

Sediment samples were collected from 20 stations in the port areas around three cities (Jakarta, Bali and Manado) in Indonesia in 2011 and from 9 stations in the port areas in northern Kyushu, Japan in 2010. High concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) were found in sediments collected in front of the shipyard in Bitung port, Manado (4.25 μg/g wet weight) and in Benoa port, Bali (0.21 μg/g wet weight). High TBT concentra- tions were also detected in sediments from next to the shipyard in Hakata port (0.63 μg/g wet weight), Fukuoka, Japan. These results suggest that ports might be major sources of TBT pollution in Indonesia and Japan, even though TBT usage has been regulated in Japan since 1990.

Anionic surfactant enhanced bacterial degradation of tributyltin in soil

The effect of an anionic surfactant, sodium dihexylsulfosuccinate (SDHS) addition on remediation of tributyltin (TBT) contaminated soil was investigated. Aerobic soil-slurry batch experiments were used to determine the adsorption, desorption, and bacterial degradation of TBT as well as its metabolites such as dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT). The extent of butyltin adsorption over the concentration range of 1–100 mg Sn l−1 was in the order of MBT > DBT > TBT. The sub-critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDHS (i.e., 10 mM) did not increase the amounts of desorbed TBT at the beginning of experiment, however, it enhanced the bacterial degradation of 100 mg Sn kg−1 TBT as seen from the increasing amounts of DBT and MBT in the liquid phase after 2 weeks. At the same time, the desorbed TBT was re-adsorbed to the soil in the experiment without SDHS. The complex of TBT and SDHS monomers was expected to enhance the interaction of TBT with indigenous soil bacteria. At supra-CMC SDHS (i.e., 70 mM), the desorbed TBT was not degraded because high concentrations of TBT and SDHS posed synergistic toxic effects to the bacteria. Consequently, the presence of anionic surfactant at sub-CMCs will be beneficial for the cleanup of TBT contaminated sites.

Organotin residues in Rock Shell, Thais clavigera, and their sources in Kagoshima Bay, Japan

Organotin compounds (OTCs) such as tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT), which are contaminating many coastal areas, are known to induce imposex in female gastropods. Hence, imposex induction in the Rock Shell Thais clavigera from 2003 to 2010 and OTC concentrations in the water, sediments, T. clavigera and in their prey were investigated from 2004 to 2006 at Iso (reference site) and Akobaru (polluted site) in Kagoshima Bay, Japan. Almost all female Rock Shells at Akobaru had imposex induction, but none at Iso. Higher concentrations of TBT and TPT in sediments (123 ng g-1 dry weight for TBT and 6.4 ng g−1 for TPT), Rock Shell (97 ∼ 182 ng g−1 for TBT and less than detection limit for TPT) and their prey (2.7 ∼ 289 ng g−1 for TBT and 1.8 ∼ 4.1 ng g−1 for TPT) were detected at Akobaru as compared to Iso. However, TBT and TPT in the water at Akobaru were less than 3.6 ng l−1 and less than 0.2 ng l−1, respectively. These results suggested that prey organisms were the main sources of organotin compounds in Rock Shells, while the source of these compounds in prey organisms was possibly the sediments or suspended particles.

Ecotoxicological evaluation of tributyltin toxicity to the equilateral venus clam, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae)

Tributyltin (TBT) is the most common pesticide in marine and freshwater environments. To evaluate the potential ecological risk posed by TBT, we measured biological responses such as growth rate, gonad index, sex ratio, the percentage of intersex gonads, filtration rate, and gill abnormalities in the equilateral venus clam ( Gomphina veneriformis). Additionally, the biochemical and molecular responses were evaluated in G. veneriformis exposed to various concentrations of TBT. The growth of G. veneriformis was significantly delayed in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to all tested TBT concentrations. After TBT was administered to G. veneriformis, the gonad index decreased and the sex balance was altered. The percentage of intersex gonads also increased significantly in treated females, whereas no intersex gonads were detected in the solvent control group. Additionally, intersex gonads were detected in male G. veneriformis specimens exposed to relatively high TBT concentrations (20 μg L −1). The filtration rate was also reduced in a dose-dependent manner in TBT-exposed G. veneriformis. We also noted abnormal gill morphology in TBT-exposed G. veneriformis. Furthermore, increases in antioxidant enzyme activities were observed in TBT-exposed G. veneriformis clams, regardless of dosage. Vitellogenin gene expression also increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in G. veneriformis exposed to TBT. These results provide valuable information regarding our understanding of the toxicology of TBT in G. veneriformis. Moreover, the responses of biological and molecular factors could be utilized as information for risk assessments and marine monitoring of TBT toxicity.